U.S. patent number 3,884,623 [Application Number 05/333,289] was granted by the patent office on 1975-05-20 for xerographic fuser roller.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Van Dyk Research Corporation. Invention is credited to William Frederick Slack.
United States Patent |
3,884,623 |
Slack |
May 20, 1975 |
Xerographic fuser roller
Abstract
An arrangement for fusing dry xerographic toner to a paper sheet
by passing the sheet between the rollers, at least one of which is
heated. The heated roller is tapered along its length in concave
configuration, so that the tendency of the paper to wrinkle is
substantially eliminated.
Inventors: |
Slack; William Frederick
(Andover, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Van Dyk Research Corporation
(Whippany, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23302160 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/333,289 |
Filed: |
February 16, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
432/60; 219/216;
432/228; 492/27; 492/46; 100/328; 100/334; 100/176; 219/469 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/2053 (20130101); G03G 2215/2064 (20130101); G03G
2215/2061 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/20 (20060101); G03g 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;432/59,60-62,227,228,35,45 ;34/41,116,240,117,120 ;219/216,388,469
;100/93RP ;226/190 ;29/123,122,129.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 4, Sept.
1971..
|
Primary Examiner: Camby; John J.
Assistant Examiner: Yuen; Henry C.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lessler; Arthur L.
Claims
I claim:
1. Xerographic fusing apparatus, comprising:
a relatively rigid generally concave hollow cylindrical fuser
roller mounted for rotation about the longitudinal axis thereof,
the diameter of said roller being linearly and symmetrically
tapered along said axis with respect to the center thereof, from a
maximum value at each end to a minimum value at the center, said
fuser roller comprising a metal cylinder having an outer layer
comprising polytetrafluoroethylene disposed thereon;
a radiant heating element disposed along said longitudinal axis
within the interior of said fuser roller for heating said fuser
roller to a desired xerographic toner fusing temperature;
a cylindrical pressure roller comprising a metal core surrounded by
a cylinder comprising elastomeric material, and an outer layer
comprising polytetrafluoroethylene disposed thereon, said pressure
roller being disposed in juxtaposition with said fuser roller, said
pressure roller being mounted for rotation about the longitudinal
axis thereof,
said longitudinal axes being mutually parallel and spaced apart a
given distance such that the peripheries of said rollers engage
each other along the entire length of the line of contact
thereof,
said fuser roller having a taper from the center to each end
thereof such that the diameter of said fuser roller increases on
the order of 0.001 inch per inch of length thereof; and
transport means for feeding paper sheets having xerographic toner
thereon between said rollers.
Description
This invention relates to xerographic copying apparatus and
processes, and more particularly to an improved apparatus for
fusing xerographic toner to a support sheet.
In the practice of xerography, an electrostatic image of a desired
pattern is formed on an insulating surface. This is usually
accomplished by providing a photoconductive insulating material
affixed to a conductive backing, uniformly electrostatically
charging the photoconductive surface (typically by a corona
charging technique), and subsequently exposing the charged
photoconductive surface to an electromagnetic radiation pattern
(usually a visible light pattern) of the image to be reproduced.
The electromagnetic radiation pattern discharges the
photoconductive surface in the areas where the surface is
irradiated, thus forming an electrostatic charge pattern on the
photoconductive surface corresponding to the pattern of the desired
image.
In order to render the image defined by the electrostatic charge
pattern visible and permanent, the photoconductive surface is
contacted with thermoplastic microscopic particles which may be in
the form of a fine powder, the particles having been provided with
an electrostatic charge opposite in sign to the charge remaining on
those portions of the photoconductor which have not been discharged
(or which have only been partially discharged) by the incident
electro-magnetic radiation. As a result, these microscopic
particles (commonly known as "toner") adhere to the photoconductor
only in those areas which retain an electrostatic charge, i.e.
those areas which have not been irradiated.
The pattern of thermoplastic toner particles which corresponds to
the pattern of the desired image is subsequently either (i) fused
to the photoconductive surface to form a permanent image or (ii)
transferred to another surface, which may comprise ordinary paper,
and subsequently fused thereto.
A common fusing arrangement presently utilized employs a heated
roller which is maintained at a temperature above the melting or
softening point of the toner material. The supporting sheet having
the desired pattern of toner particles thereon is brought into
contact with the heated roller, which softens or melts the toner
particles and presses them against the supporting sheet.
This heated roller fusing arrangement performs reasonably well when
relatively small paper supporting sheets are used, such as the
common 8 1/2 by 11 inch letter size or 8 1/2 by 14 inch legal size
sheets. However, it has been found that wrinkling of the paper
results when sheets of substantially greater length and width are
passed through the fusing apparatus.
While the reason for this wrinkling effect has not been
conclusively established, it is believed to be due primarily to
lateral shrinkage of the paper due to evaporation of moisture as
the paper passes through the fusing apparatus.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an
improved fusing apparatus of the heated roller type in which
wrinkling of the supporting sheet is substantially reduced or
eliminated.
As herein described, there is provided xerographic fusing
apparatus, comprising a first generally concave cylindrical roller
mounted for rotation about its longitudinal axis, and a second
generally cylindrical roller mounted for rotation about its
longitudinal axis. Means is provided for disposing the rollers in
juxtaposition with their axes mutually parallel so that the
peripheries of the rollers engage each other. Means is also
provided for heating at least one of the rollers.
In the drawing:
FIG. 1 illustrates the wrinkling effect introduced by fusing
apparatus according to the prior art;
FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate cross-sectional and side views
respectively of fusing apparatus according to a preferred
embodiment of a present invention; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the theoretical principle of operation of
the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, a sheet of plain paper 10 contains a pattern of
xerographic dry thermoplastic toner particles 11 thereon, the toner
particles 11 being electrostatically adherent to the paper sheet 10
and arranged in a pattern corresponding to the image of a desired
copy. The toner particles 11 have been disposed in the desired
pattern by a suitable xerographic apparatus (not shown) which is
well known in the art.
The fusing apparatus shown in FIG. 1 comprises an upper relatively
rigid heated fuser roller 12 and a lower relatively compliant
unheated pressure roller 13. The rollers 12 and 13 are disposed
with their longitudinal axes mutually parallel and spaced apart a
distance such that the periphery of the fuser roller 12 engages and
slightly deforms the periphery of the pressure roller 13. An
internal heating element within the fuser roller 12 maintains the
surface temperature thereof at a value (typically on the order of
300.degree. to 400.degree. F.) above the melting or softening point
of the toner particles 11.
The paper sheet 10, supported by a suitable web transport (not
shown), is passed between the fuser roller 12 and pressure roller
13 in the direction indicated by the arrow 14. As the paper sheet
passes between the rollers, the heated fuser roller 12 contacts the
toner particle-covered surface of the paper sheet 10 and fuses the
toner particles 11 thereto. In order to prevent toner particles
from adhering to the rollers 12 and 13, the rollers are preferably
covered with an outer layer of a suitable low surface-free-energy
non-stick material such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
While relatively small paper sheets 10, having dimensions on the
order of 8 1/2 inches wide (measured in a direction perpendicular
to the arrow 14) by 11 or 14 inches long (i.e. measured in the
direction of the arrow 14) pass between the rollers 12 and 13 with
little or no distortion, it has been observed that extensive
wrinkling of somewhat larger sheets, such as those 14 inches wide
and 17 inches long, occurs when the sheets are passed between the
rollers 12 and 13.
These wrinkles appear as long creases 15 oriented in the direction
of paper travel, i.e. the direction of the arrow 14. The creases 15
begin as narrow folds in the paper and gradually widen as the
length of the paper passed between the rollers 12 and 13 increases.
Attempts to substantially and consistently reduce or eliminate the
creases 15 by substituting various types of paper for the paper
sheet 10 have proven unsuccessful.
On the other hand, when the fusing arrangement shown in FIG. 1 was
replaced by the improved apparatus shown in FIG. 2, the creases 15
disappeared, even when paper sheets 14 inches wide and 17 inches
long were passed through this fusing arrangement.
The major difference between the fusing apparatus shown in FIG. 2
and that shown in FIG. 1 is the substitution of a concave fuser
roller 16 for the cylindrical fuser roller 12 shown in FIG. 1.
As seen in FIG. 2a, the improved fuser roller 16 comprises a hollow
metal generally cylindrical core 17 formed of a suitable heat
conductive material such as copper. The outer surface of the copper
cylinder 17 has a sand-blasted finish with a nickel layer 18 plated
thereon. Disposed on the nickel plated surface of the cylinder 17
is an outer coating or layer 19 comprising
polytetrafluoroethylene.
Typically, the thicknesses of the copper core 17, nickel layer 18
and outer sheath 19 may be on the order of 0.250, 0.0005 and 0.002
inches, respectively.
In order to heat the fuser roller 16 to the desired xerographic
toner fusing temperature, a radiant heating element 20 is situated
on the longitudinal axis 21 of the fuser roller 16 within the
hollow interior thereof. The heating element 20 preferably
comprises a quartz infrared heating lamp.
The cross section of the fuser roller 16 is circular. However, the
diameter of the fuser roller tapers along the length thereof, so
that the side view of the fuser roller 17, as shown in FIG. 2b,
presents a generally concave appearance, with the fuser roller 16
having a maximum diameter d.sub.1 at each end thereof and a minimum
diameter d.sub.2 at the center thereof. Preferably, the cross
section of the fuser roller 16 is tapered in a linear fashion
between the center and the ends thereof.
Although tests were not conducted with various curved tapers, it is
believed that the linear taper provides optimum performance. In
addition, the linear taper roller is simpler and more economical to
manufacture than a curved taper roller.
Typically, the fuser roller 16 may have a length L on the order of
15 inches, a maximum diameter d.sub.1 on the order of 2.3600 inches
and a minimum diameter d.sub.2 on the order of 2.3525 inches, the
difference between d.sub.1 and d.sub.2 being 0.0075 inches,
corresponding to a linear taper of 0.001 inches per inch of
length.
It is highly desirable that the taper of the fuser roller 16 be
symmetrical with respect to the center thereof, since any asymmetry
in the taper will result in a tendency for paper sheets passed
through the fusing arrangement to drift to one side or the
other.
Disposed in juxtaposition with the relatively rigid fuser roller 16
is a relatively compliant pressure roller 22, the longitudinal axis
23 thereof being spaced from the longitudinal axis 21 of the fuser
roller 16 by a distance such that the peripheries of the rollers 16
and 22 are in contact along the entire lengths thereof. Since the
fuser roller 16 is tapered in a generally concave manner, it is
necessary for the pressure roller 22 to be deformed more at its
outer ends than at the center thereof, in order to insure full line
contact between the two rollers.
Preferably, the pressure roller 22 comprises a metal core 24,
preferably steel, surrounded by a cylinder 25 comprising an
elastomeric material such as silicone rubber, and an outer sheath
or jacket 26 comprising polytetrafluoroethylene. The diameter of
the steel core 24 may typically be on the order of 2.75 inches,
with the diameter of the silicone rubber cylinder 25 and the
thickness on the outer sheath 26 preferably being on the order of
3.50 and 0.020 inches, respectively.
In order to obtain sufficient heat transfer from the fuser roller
16 to a paper sheet 39 which may be passed between the rollers 16
and 22 in the direction of the arrow 27 to properly fuse
xerographic toner disposed on the upper surface thereof (i.e. the
surface contacted by the heated fuser roller 16), the deformation
of the pressure roller 22 should preferably be such that the length
a of the contact region of the peripheries of the rollers 16 and 22
is on the order of 0.3 inches.
Positioned adjacent to the fuser roller 16 and pressure roller 22
is a paper transport 28, which is constructed in a manner well
known in the art, and comprises a porous endless belt 29 which is
moved about the rollers 30 in a counterclockwise direction, so that
the upper surface of the belt 29 moves in the direction of the
arrow 27. Paper sheets having toner particles on the upper surfaces
thereof are retained in contact with the upper portion of the belt
29 by vacuum resulting from continuous removal of air from within
the belt 29 by a suitable vacuum source (now shown). Movement of
the belt 29 then conveys the paper sheets 39 toward the region of
contact between the rollers 26 and 22, the sheets thereafter being
moved through the fusing apparatus by frictional contact with the
fuser and pressure rollers, which are mounted for rotation about
their longitudinal axes 21 and 23 in the directions indicated by
the arrows 31 and 32, respectively.
While the precise reason why the fusing arrangement shown in FIG. 2
is able to provide fusing of relatively wide and long paper sheets
without wrinkling thereof has not been conclusively established, it
is believed that the concave design of the fuser roller 16 results
in subjecting the paper sheet to outward lateral stress, thus
effectively tensioning the paper and permitting it to shrink
uniformly in the lateral direction. The manner in which the concave
design of the fuser roller 16 is believed to accomplish this result
will be best understood by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 of the
drawing.
FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate side and end views respectively of a
convex roller 33. It is well known that when a web travels across
such a convex roller, the web tends to center itself on the roller.
That is, webs 34 and 35 respectively, moving in contact with the
periphery of the roller in a direction into the drawing, are
subjected to lateral forces which tend to move the webs 34 and 35
toward the center or point of greatest diameter of the roller 33.
It is believed that this tendency is due to the fact that the
peripheral speed of the roller increases toward the center thereof,
thus causing the side of each web closest to the center to be drawn
toward the center.
An experimental fuser roller having the convex configuration shown
in FIG. 3 was fabricated and tested. It was found that the creases
caused by this configuration were much worse than those caused by a
precisely cylindrical fuser roller. This effect is believed to be
due to the exertion of forces tending to push each area of the web
toward the center thereof, thus causing a "bunching" of the
web.
On the other hand, the concave web 36 shown in side and end views
respectively in FIGS. 4a and 4b has a cross section such that the
peripheral speed of the roller increases in a direction toward the
outer ends thereof. This profile tends to cause individual small
webs 37 and 38 thereon to drift toward the outer ends. Thus each
region of a large single web disposed on the roller 36 is subjected
to a lateral force away from the center of the roller, thus
effectively subjecting the web to lateral tension and resisting any
tendency toward formation of creases when the web shrinks laterally
due to evaporation of moisture during the fusing process.
Inspection of FIG. 4 makes it evident that it is important for the
concave profile of the roller to be symmetrical about its center,
since any asymmetry will result in unequal lateral outward forces,
and cause the web to drift to one side or the other of the
roller.
* * * * *