U.S. patent number 3,882,547 [Application Number 05/404,254] was granted by the patent office on 1975-05-13 for padding structure.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Riddell, Inc.. Invention is credited to Gerard E. Morgan.
United States Patent |
3,882,547 |
Morgan |
May 13, 1975 |
Padding structure
Abstract
A padding structure for use in helmets and other athletic
equipment. The structure is characterized by a resilient padding
arrangement which is adapted to be manufactured in different sizes
whereby the equipment can be fit to the requirements of different
wearers, and the padding structure is also characterized by the
ability to absorb the force of impacts in a highly efficient manner
irrespective of the particular fitting requirements. The structure
consists of a housing of substantially air-impervious material
containing a sandwich comprising a first layer of slow-recovery
resilient material and a second layer of a softer resilient
material. The softer material is adapted to be included in various
thicknesses to accommodate different fitting requirements whereby
the padding structure can be utilized for wearers having
substantially different needs. The fitting material is of a density
such that it will be normally slightly compressed without affecting
the slow-recovery material so that the impact attenuating ability
of the latter is not affected. The housing for the sandwich
preferably defines at least one small opening whereby air is
adapted to be discharged from the housing in response to an impact
for thereby assisting, e.g. to the extent of about 10 percent, in
absorbing the force of the impact.
Inventors: |
Morgan; Gerard E. (Lake Forest,
IL) |
Assignee: |
Riddell, Inc. (Chicago,
IL)
|
Family
ID: |
23598835 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/404,254 |
Filed: |
October 9, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
2/414;
267/117 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A42B
3/121 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A42B
3/04 (20060101); A42B 3/12 (20060101); A42b
003/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;2/3R,3A,3B,3C,4,5,6,7
;267/117 ;46/523,524 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schroeder; Werner H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McDougall, Hersh & Scott
Claims
That which is claimed is:
1. A padding structure for use in protective equipment whereby the
structure can be fit to the wearer and will provide for energy
attenuation upon receipt of an impact to which the wearer is
subjected, said structure comprising a housing of flexible,
substantially air-impervious material, a sandwich of resilient
padding positioned within the housing, said sandwich comprising a
first layer of slow-recovery material and a second layer of softer
fitting material, and a backing for supporting the sandwich and
housing whereby the housing and sandwich are disposed between the
backing and the wearer's body when the protective equipment is in
use, said first layer being positioned adjacent said backing and
said second layer being disposed on said first layer with the
wearer's body being immediately adjacent said fitting material,
said fitting material being normally partially compressed and said
slow recovery material being uncompressed when the padding
structure is in use whereby the padding structure snugly engages
the body, and wherein said fitting material and said slow-recovery
material are adapted to be substantially compressed when absorbing
the force of an impact.
2. A structure in accordance with claim 1 including a helmet shell,
and means associated with said backing securing said padding
structure to the interior surface of the helmet shell.
3. A structure in accordance with claim 2 wherein said backing
comprises a stiff plastic band, a plurality of housing and sandwich
combinations mounted on the band, and wherein a plurality of bands
are located in different positions on the helmet shell
interior.
4. A structure in accordance with claim 3 wherein an assembly of
one of said bands with a plurality of housing and sandwich
combinations extends over the interior front surface of the shell
for engagement of the combinations with the wearer's forehead, at
least one additional such assembly extending over the interior top
surface of the shell for engagement with the top of the wearer's
head, and at least one additional such assembly extending over the
back interior surface of the shell for engagement with the back of
the wearer's head.
5. A structure in accordance with claim 4 wherein the fitting
material of the housing and sandwich combinations in the assembly,
at the back of the shell is relatively softer than the fitting
material of the housing and sandwich combinations in the assembly
at the front of the shell.
6. A structure in accordance with claim 1 wherein said housing
defines at least one small opening for the passage of air into and
out of the housing.
7. A structure in accordance with claim 6 wherein said housing is
formed of a heat sealable plastic material, and wherein a plurality
of housings are formed in an integral assembly, and means for
securing the integral assembly as a unit to said backing.
8. A structure in accordance with claim 7 wherein the housings in
an assembly are formed from a first plastic sheet forming a bottom
wall portion for the housings, and a second plastic sheet defining
a plurality of blisters receiving said sandwiches, said sheets
being heat sealed together to form said assembly of housings, and
wherein said means securing said assembly to said backing comprises
fasteners positioned between said assembly of housings and
extending through said first and second sheets.
9. A structure in accordance with claim 1 wherein said backing
comprises a stiff plastic band, a support for the band, and means
for removably attaching the band to said support whereby padding
structures including sandwiches of different sizes can be mounted
on the support.
10. A structure in accordance with claim 9 wherein said support
comprises a helmet shell with said padding structures mounted on
the interior wall of the shell, said backing defining openings, and
studs carried by the shell for receipt in said openings to secure
the structures to the shell, said studs being removably received in
the openings of the bands whereby the same helmet shell can be
adapted to wearers with different head sizes by interchanging
structures having sandwiches of different sizes.
11. A structure in accordance with claim 10 wherein the
slow-recovery material of each sandwich is of constant
thickness.
12. A structure in accordance with claim 1 wherein said slow
recovery material will deflect less than about 0.01 inches when
subjected to a static load of about 1 pound per square inch, and
said softer fitting material will deflect at least about 0.03
inches when subjected to a static load of about 1 pound per square
inch.
13. A padding structure for use in protective equipment whereby the
structure can be fit to the wearer and will provide for energy
attenuation upon receipt of an impact to which the wearer is
subjected, said structure comprising a sandwich of resilient
padding, said sandwich comprising a first layer of slow-recovery
material and a second layer of softer fitting material, said
slow-recovery material deflecting less than about 0.01 inches when
subjected to a static load of about 1 pound per square inch, and
said softer fitting material deflecting at least about 0.03 inches
when subjected to a static load of about 1 pound per square inch,
and a backing for supporting the sandwich whereby the sandwich is
disposed between the backing and the wearer's body when the
protective equipment is in use, said first layer being positioned
adjacent said backing and said second layer being disposed on said
first layer with the wearer's body being immediately adjacent said
fitting material, said fitting material being normally partially
compressed and said slow recovery material being uncompressed when
the padding structure is in use whereby the padding structure
snugly engages the body, and wherein said fitting material and said
slow-recovery material are adapted to be substantially compressed
when absorbing the force of an impact.
14. A structure in accordance with claim 4 wherein two such
assemblies extend over the back interior surface of the shell,
these last mentioned assemblies comprising an upper assembly for
engagement with the back of the wearer's head and a lower assembly
for engagement with the back of the wearer's neck.
Description
This invention relates to a padding structure particularly suited
for use in articles designed to provide protection, such as in
athletic equipment, hard hats, crach helmets and the like. The
invention is primarily concerned with a padding structure which is
adapted to be manufactured in different sizes whereby the size
requirements of different wearers can be accommodated. The
mechanism of the structure which provides for absorbing the force
of an impact is such that the structure will operate efficiently
irrespective of the particular size requirements.
The padding structure of this invention is particularly suited for,
and will be specifically described with respect to, athletic
helmets. It will be apparent that the features of the invention are
adapted for use in connection with other articles, including other
types of athletic equipment, where the articles must be fit to the
wearer, and must be capable of absorbing the force of impacts.
In the development of padding or other protective means for
headgear, a variety of factors must be taken into consideration.
Safety is a primary concern, and numerous attempts have been made
to design means which will absorb the force of impacts received in
athletic contests. The use of a web suspension system as described
in Riddell U.S. Pat. No. 2,359,387 has met with considerable
success. More recently, energy absorbing mechanisms which do not
require the use of webbing have been developed, for example as
described in Morgan U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,609,764 and 3,713,640.
A second primary consideration involves the fitting of the headgear
on the head of the wearer. A proper fit is required so that the
equipment will be comfortable and so that the safety features of
the equipment are properly utilized. In the case of headgear using
web suspensions, means are often employed for adjusting the webs to
fit particular wearers' needs. In the aforementioned Morgan
patents, sizing is accomplished by utilizing inflatable
compartments.
The foregoing considerations must be viewed in light of the cost of
the construction. Thus, even where a particular design provides
ideal safety considerations as well as a proper fit, a practical
disadvantage develops if the construction is unduly complicated or
utilizes types of materials which make the construction too
expensive for general use.
It is a general object of this invention to provide an improved
padding structure which is particularly suitable for use in
athletic equipment.
It is a more specific object of this invention to provide a padding
structure which is characterized by safety and fitting features
whereby the structure can be efficiently employed in athletic
helmets.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a padding
structure which can be efficiently manufactured at relatively low
cost without sacrificing safety and fitting features whereby the
structure is ideally suited for use on a wide spread basis.
These and other objects of this invention will appear hereinafter
and for purposes of illustration but not of limitation, specific
embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings
in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical, cross-sectional view illustrating a helmet
construction utilizing the novel padding structure of this
invention;
FIG. 1a is a plan view of a backing element utilized for supporting
padding structures within a helmet;
FIG. 2 is a vertical, sectional view taken about the line 2--2 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a horizontal, sectional view taken about the line 3--3 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view illustrating an assembly of a
plurality of padding structures along with a portion of a backing
element employed for securing the padding structures in a
helmet;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a padding structure assembly having
a backing element attached thereto;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a backing element of the type shown in
FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a padding structure
taken about the line 7--7 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken about the line
8--8 of FIG. 5; and,
FIG. 9 is a plan view of an assembly of padding structures.
This invention generally relates to a padding structure for use in
athletic equipment whereby the structure can be fit to the wearer
and will then operate to absorb the force of impacts to which the
wearer is subjected. The structure comprises a housing formed of a
flexible, substantially air-impervious material. A sandwich of
resilient padding is positioned in the housing with the sandwich
comprising a first layer of a slow-recovery material and a second
layer of a softer padding material.
The housing and sandwich combination are disposed on a backing
which serves to support the combination adjacent the wearer's body.
In the case of a helmet, the backing is adapted to be attached to
the interior surface of a helmet shell with the housing of the
padding structure engaging the head of the wearer. The sandwich
substantially fills the housing so that the softer layer of padding
is slightly compressed for a snug fit of the helmet against the
wearer's head. The slow-recovery material functions primarily as an
energy absorbing means, and the dimensions of this material are not
significantly affected when the helmet is in place on the wearer's
head.
In response to the force of an impact, the softer fitting material
is compressed, and the slow-recovery material is also compressed
with the degree of compression of the latter depending upon the
force of the impact.
By utilizing a combination of the type described, fitting of a
helmet to a wearer can be accomplished by varying the thickness of
the sandwich portion of the padding structure. More specifically,
the softer fitting material can be utilized in different
thicknesses, and by providing a supply of padding structures, the
same helmet shell can be used for different wearers depending upon
the particular padding structures mounted in the shell. The
slow-recovery sandwich portion is preferably of constant dimension
so that the energy absorbing capabilities of the padding structures
are not significantly changed irrespective of the size of the
softer fitting material. In this way, the safety requirements for a
helmet are accomplished while at the same time, an extremely
efficient means is provided for fitting the heads of different
wearers. As in the case of the preferred embodiment of the
invention to be described, the individual padding structures are
provided in a plurality of different assemblies whereby a wide
selection of assemblies is made available for incorporation in
different sizes of helmet shells. The selection of a particular
combination of assemblies will then determine the particular size
of the helmet.
The substantially air-impervious character of the housings for the
sandwiches of resilient material enables the utilization of an
additional feature for absorbing purposes. Specifically, the
individual housings preferably define at least one opening whereby
air is expelled from within the housings in response to an impact
to thereby assist in absorbing the force of the impact. The
structure of this invention thus adopts the features described and
claimed in Morgan U.S. Pat. No. 3,248,738 in addition to the
improved features described herein.
The drawings illustrate a helmet shell 10 of the type designed for
use by a football player. The helmet shell may be formed of any
material normally used for such shells, the most common material
being a relatively stiff plastic material. In the manufacture of
the helmets, provision is made for the attachment of a chin strap
for assisting in holding the helmet on the wearer's head, and other
attachments such as face and neck guards may be utilized in
accordance with conventional practice. Pads 12 comprising cheek
guards are adapted to be snapped into position in accordance with
conventional practice.
The helmet illustrated is provided with a plurality of padding
structures which combine to provide energy attenuating and sizing
capabilities for the helmet. In the embodiment illustrated, the
padding structures comprise a plurality of individual assemblies
comprising an assembly 16 which is attached on the interior wall of
the helmet for engagement with the forehead of the wearer, second
assemblies 18 for engagement with the top of the wearer's head, and
two rear assemblies 20 and 22 for engagement with the back of the
wearer's head. The front and rear assemblies all include portions
extending along the sides of the wearer's head to provide
protection for this area.
Each of the assemblies includes a backing element. For the
assemblies 16, 20 and 22, this backing element comprises a strip 24
of relatively stiff plastic material as illustrated in FIG. 6. For
the assemblies 18, a U-shaped strip 26 as illustrated in FIG. 1a is
employed. The strip material may be a polyethylene material or any
other comparable material which has the necessary structural
strength and the durability to withstand use in the environment of
athletics.
As best shown in FIG. 4, the backing element 26 is provided with a
plurality of holes 28 and rivets 30 are adapted to be received
within these holes for securing an assembly 18 to the strip 26. The
assembly 18 as well as the other assemblies referred to is formed
from a heat sealable plastic material or in any other comparable
manner to provide the desired air-impervious housings. In a
preferred form of the invention, an assembly includes a first
plastic sheet 32 which, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, provides a
common bottom wall for the assembly. A second plastic sheet 34 is
associated with the sheet 32, and these sheets are heat sealed
together. The sheet 34 is initially formed to provide a plurality
of blisters whereby the assembly of the sheets results in the
formation of a plurality of housings in the assembly. Vinyl
material having a maximum thickness of about 0.050 inches may be
employed for the sheets 32 and 34.
The individual housings of the padding structure assemblies receive
a sandwich comprising a first layer of padding material 36 and a
second layer of padding material 38. It will be noted that these
sandwich portions substantially completely fill the individual
housings so that the over-all thickness of padding structure
assembly is determined by the thickness of the sandwich portions
included in the assembly.
The sandwich portions 36 are formed from a relatively soft plastic
material whereby these portions are rather readily compressible.
The sandwich portions 38 are formed from a relatively stiff
material and are, therefore, substantially less compressible than
the portions 36. Both the sandwich portions 36 and 38 are
preferably formed from a plastic foam with the portions 38 being
selected from a "slow-recovery" category of foam.
With the sandwich portions in place and the plastic sheets 32 and
34 heat sealed together, the rivets 30 are utilized for securing
the assembly to a backing sheet 24 or 26. These rivets are ideally
applied in the spaces formed between the individual blisters of the
sheet 34.
The backing elements each define a plurality of keyhole slots 40
and studs 42 are attached to the helmet shell. These studs define a
head portion which is adapted to be received within the enlarged
end portion 44 of a slot 40. A reduced diameter shank for the studs
is dimensioned for receipt within the narrow portion 46 of slots
40, and this enables easy attachment and removal of a backing
element and associated padding structure.
With respect to the fitting capabilities of the construction
illustrated, it will be appreciated that the area within a helmet
shell which is adapted to receive the head of a wearer can be
varied by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the padding
structures. In accordance with the concepts of this invention,
padding structures are produced having sandwich portions 36 of
varying thicknesses. In order to adjust the size of a helmet, one
can, therefore, substitute one assembly for another by releasing
the backing carrying the assembly and substituting a new assembly.
By providing a supply of assemblies of different sizes, a person
utilizing a helmet can make adjustments by replacing one or more of
the padding structures, and various combinations can be tried until
the wearer is satisfied that a comfortable fit has been
obtained.
In a typical example of the use of the invention, pads 38 formed of
slow-recovery material were produced from 1/2 inch thick stock with
a length of 17/8 inches and a width of 11/8 inches. Three sizes of
pads of a softer fitting material were obtained, all of these pads
having a length of 13/4 inches and a width of 1 inch. The pad
thicknesses, however, comprised 3/8 inch, 1/2 inch and 5/8
inch.
With a combination of pads as described, many different options in
terms of the helmet size are available. For example, the largest
size is achieved by utilizing the 3/8 inch fitting material pieces
throughout the entire helmet. Similar sizes are obtained by
substituting one or more assemblies having thicker fitting
material. The smallest size helmet would then be achieved by
employing pads all of which have a 5/8 inch thick fitting
material.
A single helmet shell can assume several sizes in the manner
described, and a greater selectivity can be obtained by providing
one or more additional helmet shells of different sizes. It will be
appreciated that the structures described, in view of the fact that
the assemblies are located in a variety of positions, can be
utilized for accommodating unusual head conditions, for example, a
knob where a thinner pad structure would provide a more comfortable
situation for the wearer, in only one position.
As indicated, the invention preferably provides sandwich portions
38 of constant thickness so that substantially the same capability
for absorbing the affects of impact will be provided irrespective
of the size of the padding structure which is best suited in a
particular case. The invention also contemplates a variation in the
types of material employed at different helmet locations so that
the resistance to impact will be most efficient. Specifically, it
is contemplated that fitting material at the back of the helmet be
somewhat softer than the fitting material at the front of the
helmet. In all instances, when a helmet is put into place, the head
should snugly engage the individual padding structures to provide a
slight compression of the fitting material. Since the assemblies 20
and 22 provide a greater surface area than the assembly 16, a
softer fitting material is employed in these assemblies at the rear
of the helmet, and the tendency will be to equalize the amount of
compression under normal wearing conditions thereby providing
better fitting. It has also been found that this combination is the
most comfortable for the wearer since there is no sensation of
greater pressure at any given location.
As best shown in FIG. 9, the padding structures preferably provide
an unheat-sealed portion 48 adjacent each housing. These
unheat-sealed portions thus provide an opening between the sheets
32 and 34 communicating with the interior of the housing. In
practice, air will be expelled from within the housings upon the
application of force due to an impact whereby a build-up of air
pressure will be controlled thereby providing a means for
controlling the resistance offered by the construction. The size of
the opening 48 will, thus, be a determining factor in the amount of
resistance to impact which is encountered. This concept is more
fully explained in the aforementioned Morgan U.S. Pat. No.
3,248,738. A 1/16 inch diameter opening is typical of the type of
opening suited for the purpose of the invention.
Many different materials are available for use in the practice of
the invention. In order to take the best advantage of the teachings
of the last mentioned Morgan patent, at least one of the foam
materials utilized for forming the sandwich portions 36 and 38
should be an open cell material whereby air can enter and will be
expelled from the cells during use of the construction.
Polyurethane foam having a density of 5.5 pounds per cubic foot,
Rubatex R 371 V foam and Volara "E" foam having a density of 4
pounds per cubic foot may be utilized to form the fitting portion
36 in the front assembly 16 where a somewhat stiffer fitting
material is located in this assembly.
So-called "slow-recovery" foam, for example DeCello foam
manufactued by the Bearfoot Company of Wadsworth, Ohio is suitably
employed for the sandwich portions 38. The DeCello B 4018 variety
is cited as a specific example, however, other relatively stiff
foam materials having corresponding characteristics may be
utilized.
To distinguish the fitting foam from the principal energy absorbing
or "slow recovery" foams, static loading tests are performed.
Suitable fitting foams will deflect a minimum of about 0.03 inches
and up to about 0.10 inches when subjected to a static load of
about one pound per square Energy foams of a satisfactory character
will deflect less than about 0.01 inch when subjected to the same
load and also when subjected to loads of about two pounds per
square inch.
The essential characteristics of the energy foams are that they
will protect the user against high level impacts which may be
encountered in athletic contests and the like. These foams must
compress to absorb the high level impact, but at a slow rate so
that contact between the wearer's head and a helmet shell, or other
body to "hard object" contact, will be avoided. Since the foam
recovers slowly, a temporary deflection of the material may occur,
but due to the fact that the high level impact is not frequent,
this is not of practical consequence. The fitting foam will recover
virtually immediately, and a helmet fit is not seriously affected
after a high level impact since the amount of temporary set is not
great.
As noted, the fitting material is normally slightly compressed when
a helmet is in place, and this material can therefore compensate
for any temporary deflection of the energy foams.
It will be understood that various changes and modifications may be
made in the above described construction which provide the
characteristics of the invention without departing from the spirit
thereof particularly as described in the following claims.
* * * * *