U.S. patent number 3,881,826 [Application Number 05/426,588] was granted by the patent office on 1975-05-06 for photometer chamber unit.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Auto Chem Instrument Aktiebolag. Invention is credited to Jan De Leeuw.
United States Patent |
3,881,826 |
De Leeuw |
May 6, 1975 |
Photometer chamber unit
Abstract
A photometer chamber unit in which a liquid to be analyzed is
sucked into a photometer chamber, comprises a channel system with a
pipette tube which is to be inserted in a liquid and at least one
photometer chamber which is to be passed by light. At the end of
the channel system remote from the pipette tube the channel system
ends with a damping capillary tube which opens into a chamber,
whereas means are provided for achieving a first lower pressure
difference between the pressure in the chamber and the pressure on
the liquid around the pipette tube for sucking liquid into the
channel system and for achieving a second higher pressure
difference between the pressure in the chamber and the pressure on
the liquid around the pipette tube for emptying the liquid from the
channel system.
Inventors: |
De Leeuw; Jan (Akersberga,
SW) |
Assignee: |
Auto Chem Instrument Aktiebolag
(Lidiago, SW)
|
Family
ID: |
20302580 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/426,588 |
Filed: |
December 20, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 20, 1972 [SW] |
|
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16663/72 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/246;
250/576 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
21/05 (20130101); G01N 35/1097 (20130101); G01N
35/1095 (20130101); G01N 2035/1062 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
21/03 (20060101); G01N 1/00 (20060101); G01N
21/05 (20060101); G01N 35/10 (20060101); G01n
001/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/180,181,244,246
;250/576 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wibert; Ronald L.
Assistant Examiner: Evans; F. L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Larson, Taylor & Hinds
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a photometer chamber unit in which a liquid to be analyzed is
sucked into a photometer chamber, said unit comprising a channel
system with a pipette tube for insertion into a liquid, and at
least one photometer chamber which is to be passed by light, the
improvement wherein the channel system is one single unbranched
channel from the pipette through the photometer chamber, and at the
end of the unbranched channel system remote from the pipette tube
the channel system ends with a vertical damping capillary tube
which extends into and opens into a chamber and constitutes a
continuation of said single unbranched channel, and means are
provided for achieving a first lower pressure difference between
the pressure in the chamber and the pressure on the liquid around
the pipette tube for sucking liquid into the channel system only
until it reaches the upper end of said capillary tube in said
chamber, and for achieving a second higher pressure difference
between the pressure in the chamber and the pressure on the liquid
around the pipette tube for emptying the liquid from the channel
system and into the chamber.
2. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 in which the chamber is
connected with means for removing liquid from the chamber.
3. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 in which the capillary tube is
inserted into a hole in the wall of the chamber which is
self-sealing upon removing of the capillary tube from the hole.
4. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 and further comprising means
for supplying a foam-quenching liquid to the chamber.
5. Arrangement as claimed in claim 4 wherein an inverted funnel is
located above the free end of the capillary tube and wherein means
are provided for damping said funnel with the foam-quenching
liquid.
6. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the photometer chamber
in the channel system between the pipette tube and the capillary
tube consists of a diametrical hole in a circular body, and each
end of the hole is connected with an axial recess in the mantle
surface of the body and the body is sealingly surrounded by a tube
of transparent material.
7. Arrangement as claimed in claim 6 wherein optical fibre bundles
are located coaxial with the diametrical hole for the conduit of
light to and from the photometer chamber, and a collecting lens is
inserted between the optical fibre bundle for the supply of light
and the wall of the transparent tube.
8. Arrangement as claimed in claim 6 wherein the transparent tube
is turnable and axially displaceable in relation to the body.
9. Arrangement as claimed in claim 6 wherein a light guiding rod is
inserted in the body in the same plane as the photometer chamber
and perpendicular to said chamber, and an optical fibre bundle is
located outside the transparent tube coaxial with said rod.
Description
The present invention concerns an arrangement in a chamber for the
examination of fluids by means of colorimetric, photometric or
similar methods. In this device one or several photometer chambers
are filled with a sample liquid, on which said analysis is made,
whereupon the photometer chambers are emptied so that a similar
test can be made on another sample liquid in a succeeding test
cycle. The photometer chamber is comprised in a channel system
which begins with a pipette tube which is to be inserted in a
liquid.
In previously known photometer chambers the liquid has been drawn
into the chamber by means of a pump connected with the chamber and
the supply of liquid to the chamber and the removal of liquid
therefrom has been controlled by one or several valves. However, it
is difficult to obtain a reliable function with elements such as
pumps and valves and they also may cause a considerable
contamination so that one sample liquid is contaminated by a
preceding sample liquid that has passed through the apparatus.
These drawbacks are eliminated in the arrangement according to the
invention, in which at the end of the channel system remote from
the pipette tube the channel system ends with a damping capillary
tube which opens into a chamber, whereas means are provided for
achieving a first lower pressure difference between the pressure in
the chamber and the pressure on the liquid around the pipette tube
for sucking liquid into the channel system and for achieving a
second higher pressure difference between the pressure in the
chamber and the pressure on the liquid around the pipette tube for
emptying the liquid from the channel system.
The invention will be described below with reference to the annexed
drawing, where:
FIGS. 1 and 3 show two embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a section along the line II--II in FIG. 1.
A liquid 1, which is to be analysed with regard to its optical
properties is contained in a test tube 2. A pipette tube 3 is
inserted into the liquid. This pipette tube is connected with a
conduit 4 in a longitudinal, preferably circular body 5. This body
is enclosed by a preferably circular tube 6 of a transparent
material such as glass, in such a way that a sealing contact is
present between the body 5 and the inner surface of the tube 6. The
tube 3 is coaxial with the body 5 and the conduit 4 is diverted and
opens out on the mantle surface of the body 5. In connection with
the opening of the conduit 4 a recess 7 is made in the mantle
surface of the body 5 which extends in the axial direction. The
upper end of this recess 7 is connected with a first photometer
chamber 8 in the body 5. This photometer chamber extends
diametrically through the body 5.
The connection between the recess 7 and the photometer chamber 8
forms the entrance opening of this photometer chamber. The outlet
opening thereof is connected with a second recess 9 in the mantle
surface of the body 5. Also this recess extends in the axial
direction and the upper end thereof is connected with a second
photometer chamber 10. The outlet opening of the photometer chamber
10 is connected with a third axial recess 11 in the mantle surface
of the body 5, and in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 this recess is
connected with an outlet conduit 12.
The body 5 can be provided with an arbitrary number of photometer
chambers, accordingly either with only one photometer chamber or
with two or several in dependence of the number of measurements
which shall be made on the same sample liquid. The arrangement of
several photometer chambers enables photoelectric measurements with
a plurality of different wavelengths of the light.
The outlet conduit 12 is connected with a chamber 13 which is
intended for receiving rinsing liquid and the function thereof will
be explained further in the following. Finally, the chamber 13 is
connected with a capillary tube 14 which opens out in a subpressure
chamber 15. The chamber 15 is by means two conduits 16 and 17
connected with a source of subpressure 18. The subpressure
generated in this source is variable and can be given suitable
values by means of a control device 19.
The capillary tube 14 is thrust through a self-sealing rubber
washer 20 in the lower end wall of the subpressure chamber 15.
Accordingly, this chamber may be lifted away from the photometer
chamber unit without influencing the subpressure in the chamber 15.
This means that in an analyzing machine with a plurality of
channels one and the same subpressure system may be used for all
photometer chamber units.
As mentioned above a sealing contact is present between the body 5
and the transparent tube 6. At the end parts of the body 5 the
sealing may be improved by means of O-rings 21, 22 which are
mounted in annular grooves in the body 5 in a usual way.
The light which shall pass the photometer chambers 8 and 10 is
supplied from lightsources not shown in the drawing by means of
optical fibre bundles 23 and 24 which extend to such a distance
from the tube 6 that collecting lenses 25, 26 for producing
parallel light-rays to the photometer chambers 8 and 10 through the
wall of the tube 6 may be inserted between the ends of the fibre
bundles and the tube 6. The light which leaves the photometer
chambers is conveyed by further optical fibre bundles 27 and 28 to
photocells or similar means not shown in the drawing.
As described above the liquid is supplied to the photometer
chambers 8 and 10 through axial recesses 7 and 9 in the mantle
surface of the body 5. As a result of this design the inflowing
liquid will rinse the inner surface of the tube 6 in the area in
front of the corresponding photometer tube so that any impurities
are removed from these parts. In spite of this it may happen that a
coating will gradually be produced in these parts. When this has
happened the tube 6 may be turned with relation to the body 5 so
that a clean and previously not used part of the tube 6 will be
brought in front of the photometer chambers 8 and 10. This
procedure may be repeated a number of times and furthermore, the
tube 6 may be displaced in the axial direction in relation to the
body 5. The photometer chamber unit may accordingly function a very
long time before it has to be dismounted for cleaning. Such a
cleaning is simplified by the extremely simple design of the
photometer chamber unit.
Due to reasons explained below, it may be advantageous that the
capillary tube 14 be removably connected with the rest of the
photometer chamber unit. For this purpose the capillary tube 14 is
inserted in a socket 29, the length of which preferably is greater
than the inner diameter of the socket. Furthermore, the socket has
a conical cavity which has a larger diameter near the end of the
socket 29. Finally the socket 29 is put on a correspondingly
designed stud 30 at the upper part of the body 5. After the
subpressure chamber 15 has been removed from the photometer chamber
unit as described above the capillary tube 14 may accordingly be
easily removed from the rest of the photometer chamber unit and a
capillary tube having for instance another dimension may be put on
the photometer chamber unit, whereupon the subpressure chamber 15
is again connected with the photometer chamber unit.
The upper part of the subpressure chamber 15 is provided with a
conduit 31 which normally is closed by a cover 32. The function of
these elements will be described in the following.
The arrangement described above functions in the following way.
When the subpressure in the subpressure chamber 15 has a first
predetermined value the pipette tube 3 is inserted into a liquid 1.
As a result thereof liquid will flow into and fill the channel
system which begins with the tube 3 and ends at the capillary tube
14 until the liquid has reached the upper end of the capillary tube
14. The suction of liquid into the channel system takes place
rather quickly until the liquid has reached the lower part of the
capillary tube 14 since this tube has no noticable braking
influence on the air which at first is exhausted from the channel
system. When the liquid has reached the capillary tube, however, a
braking occurs, so that the liquid comparatively slowly rises to
the upper part of the capillary tube 14 which accordingly functions
as a damping tube. The predetermined first value of the subpressure
in the subpressure chamber 15 is so chosen that the liquid can rise
to the upper part of the capillary tube 14 but cannot squeeze out
from the tube. As a result of the capillary force in the capillary
tube 14 and also as a result of the surface tension at the upper
liquid surface, however, this value of the subpressure is not
critical but a certain variation may be tolerated without the
liquid in the capillary tube 14 sinking downwards or squeezing out.
As a first result of this design always the same amount of liquid 1
is sucked into the photometer chamber unit. Accordingly, it has in
a simple way been assured that the amount of sample liquid always
is constant.
The part of the sample liquid which is first sucked into the
photometer chamber unit flows through the two photometer chambers 8
and 10 and into the chamber 13. This first part of the liquid
accordingly functions as a rinsing liquid in order to remove
possible rests of liquid samples previously sucked in. Since this
amount of liquid remains in the chamber 13 the amount of liquid
used for rinsing purposes is always constant so that the
reproducibility is increased. Finally, the liquid which stays in
the photometer chambers 8 and 10 and which is subjected to the
analysis is accordingly very clean and is at rest during the
measurement.
For emptying the channel system a predetermined second and higher
subpressure is produced in the subpressure chamber 15. This
subpressure is so chosen that the liquid now may squeeze out of the
capillary tube 14 into the subpressure chamber 15 from which the
liquid is removed through the conduit 17. Since this conduit may be
obstructed by the liquid the source of subpressure 18 is connected
with the subpressure chamber 15 as mentioned above by means of a
second conduit 16 which is so located and designed that it always
contains only air.
The damping capillary tube 14 causes the liquid to be sucked out of
the photometer chamber unit comparatively slowly. This brings with
it that the liquid column always is kept unbroken so that it is not
divided into smaller drops which possibly might remain in those
bends and transitions which are present in the channel system. The
inner binding and the surface tension of the liquid accordingly
results in that the channel system until the upper opening of the
capillary tube 14 is entirely emptied from liquid. The extremely
small drop which might possibly remain at this upper end can in no
way reach the photomenter chambers 8 and 10 through the capillary
tube 14 and the chamber 13.
In view of the fact that the apparatus may be used for analysing
liquids having mutually different internal friction the capillary
tube 14 is interchangeable so that a suitable damping of the
movements of the liquid may be obtained with regard to a certain
internal friction.
In certain cases the analysis is made on a liquid of such a kind
that a generation of foam may occur in the subpressure chamber 15.
In such case it might happen that also the conduit 16 was
obstructed by the foam so that the free movement of the air could
be prevented. This would result in an incorrect subpressure in the
chamber 15. In order to prevent the generation of foam a
foam-quenching preparation may be supplied in such a way that it is
slowly added through the narrow conduit 31. For that purpose the
cover 32 is removed whereupon a tube 33 is sealingly inserted into
the conduit 31. The tube 33 is connected with a container 35 for
the foam-quenching preparation over a controllable valve 34. Due to
the subpressure in the chamber 15 the liquid is sucked into the
conduit 31 and the flow is regulated to a suitable value so that an
inverted funnel 36 which is connected with the conduit 31 is
continuously damped by the foam-quenching liquid, so that an
effective degradation of any generated foam is achieved. In order
to meet different requirements some liquid of another kind may be
used instead of the foam-quenching liquid such as a neutrualizing
or a desinfecting liquid.
In the above description it has been assumed that the subpressure
in the subpressure chamber may have either a first value or a
second value corresponding to a greater subpressure. The apparatus
may further on be so designed that at least a third value of the
subpressure may be obtained and in such a case the subpressure is
substantially greater than the subpressures mentioned before. This
still greater subpressure may be needed if some impurity, for
instance a solid particle has caused an obstruction of the channel
system from the pipette tube 3 to the capillary tube 14. This still
greater subpressure can then cause an effective flushing of the
channel system. If the said solid particle has such a magnitude
that the lower opening of the pipette tube 3 has been obstructed,
this solid particle may even be removed if a suitable overpressure
is generated in the chamber 15.
The photometer chamber device described may very well be used in
connection with an automatic analyzing machine even if its use is
not restricted to such a machine. Normally, an analyzing machine is
connected with a recorder of some other similar means for recording
the analysis results. In such a case it is valuable if an exact
distinction may be made between successive samples so that a
positive indication is obtained when a certain sample liquid is
supplied to or removed from the photometer chamber unit. A positive
indication of that kind is obtained in the photometer chamber unit
according to the invention since the liquid which is sucked into
the channel system and which is removed from it begins with and
ends with a liquid meniscus. When such a meniscus passes either of
the photometer chambers 8 and 10 a total reflection of the supplied
light takes place which will be indicated as a distinct level
change of the outgoing signal.
In the photometer chamber device according to the present invention
the sample fluid to be examined always flows in one and the same
direction. Furthermore, the sucking-in of the sample liquid and
also the removal of this liquid is achieved entirely by the use of
controllable subpressures. Thus, the apparatus does not comprise
any piston pumps or any valves, which elements are of such a kind
that difficulties with regard to sealing or contamination almost
always are present.
From FIG. 2 it is clear that the impinging light normally passes
the photometer chamber 8 in its longitudinal direction. Thereby an
absorption measurement with regard to the passing light is made. It
has been indicated in the drawing that also a light way can be
achieved which is perpendicular to the photometer chamber 8 in that
a light guiding rod 37 has been inserted in the body 5 in the same
plane as the photometer chamber 8 and perpendicular to the chamber.
The light which leaves the rod 37 passes through the wall of the
tube 6 and further on to an optical fibre bundle 38. In this way it
is possible to make fluorescence measurements on the sample liquid
as well as nefolometri.
In the above given description it has been stated that subpressure
in the subpressure chamber 15 shall have such a magnitude with
relation to the surrounding pressure i.e. the pressure on the
liquid surface of the liquid 1 that the pressure difference between
said lastnamed pressure and the subpressure in the chamber 15 is
sufficient for forcing the liquid up through the channel system to
the upper opening of the damping capillary tube 14. For achieving
this result it is of course not necessary that a subpressure
prevails outside the upper opening of the damping capillary tube 14
in relation to the pressure of the surrounding. The same result can
also be achieved if the pressure outside the opening of the damping
capillary tube 14 is the same as in the surrounding, in which case
the liquid surface of the liquid 1 has to be subjected to a
corresponding overpressure. The invention covers also an embodiment
of that kind.
In a working embodiment of the invention the pressure difference
between the pressure on the liquid surface of the liquid 1 and the
pressure in the chamber 15 is in the order of 120 millimeters water
column. As has been mentioned above this pressure difference is not
critical but a variation on some tenths millimeter water column may
be tolerated without any harm to the function of the apparatus.
With suitable dimensioning of the capillary tube 14 it can also be
achieved that the liquid remains in the channel system even if the
sample tube 2 is removed. After the measurement has been finished
the liquid is sucked away as described above by increasing the
subpressure. The apparatus may accordingly be used also in those
cases when the different sample liquids are supplied manually,
since it is only necessary to keep a tube with sample liquid under
the pipette tube in order to start an analysis. After the channel
system has been emptied after a preceeding analysis of a sample
liquid and the subpressure in the chamber 15 has returned to the
first-named lower value a continuous flow of air goes on through
the channel system. As soon as a tube with a sample liquid is moved
against the pipette tube 3 the liquid is sucked into the channel
system and stops as described above so that the measurement can be
performed.
With regard to the apparatus according to FIG. 1 it has been
assumed that the free end of the capillary tube 14 forms the top of
the channel system. Thus, the capillary tube 14 consists of a
vertical and straight tube. However, it is clear that the free end
of the capillary tube 14 which opens into the subpressure chamber
15 may be situated at a lower level. It is even possible that this
free end may be substantially at the same level as the liquid
surface of the liquid 1. An example of this design of the capillary
tube 14 is shown in FIG. 3.
In order to suck the liquid from the sample tube 2 into the channel
system a rather small pressure difference is needed between the
pressure in the chamber 15 and the pressure on the liquid surface
of the liquid 1. As described above the liquid in the channel
system stops when it has reached the free end of the capillary tube
14 and remains there due to the capillary force and also due to the
surface tension of the liquid.
The design of the capillary tube 14 according to FIG. 3 may
preferably be used in case various liquids having different
specific gravity are to be examined in the apparatus. In the
apparatus according to FIG. 1 it is necessary to give the capillary
tube an inner diameter which is suitable with regard to the liquid
in question which is to be examined in order to keep the upper
liquid surface at the free end of the capillary tube 14. In the
embodiment shown in FIG. 3, however, this inner diameter of the
capillary tube 14 is not so critical.
In case the apparatus is used in an automatic analysing machine the
conveying of tube with sample liquids, inserting of pipette tubes,
measurement, recording of the measurement results and setting of
the subpressures may be controlled in a known manner so that the
desired working cycles are obtained.
* * * * *