U.S. patent number 3,880,252 [Application Number 05/484,587] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-29 for muffler.
This patent grant is currently assigned to H. K. Porter Company, Inc.. Invention is credited to John R. Mucka.
United States Patent |
3,880,252 |
Mucka |
April 29, 1975 |
MUFFLER
Abstract
An exhaust muffler for internal combustion engines and
compressed air tools or other air-operated machinery has a tubular
core normally closed at one end, with a connecting portion at its
other end for connecting the core to a source of exhaust gases to
be discharged. Intermediate its two ends the length of the core is
perforated lengthwise and peripherally, providing numerous parts
through which the exhaust gases are discharged radially. A
succession of dished or concavo-convex annuli are fitted about the
perforated area of the core with alternate annuli reversed so that
they are formed into pairs with the concave surfaces of the annuli
confronting each other, the spaces between the several pairs of
annuli providing attenuation chambers into which the gases flowing
out of the core are discharged. The confronting edges of one or
both annuli have projections thereon so arranged that there is a
substantially continuous outlet space for gases around the
periphery of each chamber. The series of annuli are confined
between abutments at opposite ends of the tube which jam them
against each other while the projections prevent the converging
edges from making full edge-to-edge contact.
Inventors: |
Mucka; John R. (Pittsburgh,
PA) |
Assignee: |
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
(Pittsburgh, PA)
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Family
ID: |
27003172 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/484,587 |
Filed: |
July 1, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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365956 |
Jun 1, 1973 |
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478709 |
Jun 13, 1974 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
181/230;
181/239 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01N
13/1844 (20130101); F01N 13/011 (20140603); F01N
1/08 (20130101); F01N 1/16 (20130101); F01N
13/1855 (20130101); F01N 13/1877 (20130101); F01N
13/1894 (20130101); F01N 2470/14 (20130101); F01N
2470/18 (20130101); F01N 2470/04 (20130101); F01N
2470/02 (20130101); F01N 2470/06 (20130101); F01N
2450/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01N
1/16 (20060101); F01N 7/18 (20060101); F01N
1/08 (20060101); F01N 7/04 (20060101); F01N
7/00 (20060101); F01n 001/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;181/35R,35C,36R,36A,36B,47R,47A,47B,49,56,60,65,64R,64A,64B,68 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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123,337 |
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Aug 1901 |
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DD |
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81,133 |
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Jan 1920 |
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DD |
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10,297 |
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Jul 1911 |
|
GB |
|
587,752 |
|
Oct 1933 |
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DD |
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207,663 |
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Dec 1923 |
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GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Wilkinson; Richard B.
Assistant Examiner: Miska; Vit N.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Parmelee, Miller, Welsh &
Kratz
Parent Case Text
This application is a division of my application Ser. No. 365,956,
filed June 1, 1973 and of continuation-in-part application Ser. No.
487,909, filed June 13, 1974, which continuation application, so
far as it is relevant, is incorporated herein by reference, and is
for a muffler for internal combustion engines, compressed air tolls
and elsewhere where the noise of escaping gases into the atmosphere
is to be muffled or reduced, and back pressure in the exhaust
system to which the muffler is applied, minimized.
Claims
I claim:
1. A muffler for suppressing the exhaust noises of internal
combustion engines and air-driven machinery comprising:
a. a straight tubular body having means at one end for connecting
it to the exhaust of an internal combustion or air-driven motor and
having a closure at its other end, a length of the tubular body
intermediate its ends being of uniform diameter and having
perforations therein extending lengthwise and circumferentially of
the body,
b. a series of dished annuli on the tubular body over said
perforated length of the tubular body, each annulus being of
concavo-convex shape with a central opening through which the tube
is slidably passed, said annuli being arranged in several pairs in
which the concave surfaces of the annuli of each pair are in
confronting relation and the peripheral edges of the concave
surfaces of the two annuli converge toward a common plane and the
central areas of the outer surfaces of the annuli are in
back-to-back contact, each such pair providing an attenuation
chamber with opposing concave walls around the tubular body
extending from the exterior of the tubular body to the periphery of
the pair of annuli, said attenuation chambers and the openings in
the tubular body being so disposed as to introduce gases from the
tubular body into each attenuation chamber both at its mid plane
and on at least one side of said mid plane,
c. at least one annulus of each pair having a plurality of
projections about its edge which contact the confronting edge of
the other annulus of the pair to prevent full edge-to-edge contact
between the two annuli of the pair to assure clearance space for
the discharge of gases from around the periphery of the chamber
formed between said annuli of each pair, all of the annuli being
jammed tightly together by tightening them between two abutments
secured to the tubular body, the clearance space so provided
opening directly into the atmosphere.
2. A muffler comprising a straight tube of uniform inside diameter
having means at one end for connecting it with a source of exhaust
gas to be muffled and closure means at the opposite end, a
succession of concavo-convex annuli fitted on and supported by the
tube in contacting back-to-back relation, each annulus being
reversed with respect to the adjacent ones to form pairs having
confronting concave surfaces with the peripheral edge portions of
confronting annuli converging, each pair of annuli forming an
annular chamber between them extending from the exterior of the
tube to the converging edges thereof, means for holding said
converging edges of each such pair spaced from each other to form
an opening substantially around the periphery of each chamber
between the confronting edges, said tube having openings around its
periphery and along its length arranged to discharge exhaust gases
from the tube into each chamber in a plurality of transverse planes
with one complete annular ring of such openings being centered on
the mid-plane between the two confronting annuli of each pair, the
area of the peripheral opening around each pair of annuli being no
less than the combined areas of the openings leading from the tube
into each chamber whereby gases flowing from the tube into each
chamber may escape freely around the periphery to the atmosphere,
said opening around the periphery of each chamber discharging
directly to the atmosphere, and means for fixing the annuli in
predetermined position relative to one another on the tube and
restraining them against longitudinal or relative rotating motion
during the operation of the muffler.
3. A muffler as defined in claim 2 in which said last-named means
comprises an abutment on the tubular body at each end of said
succession of annuli for confining them over the length of the
tubular core in which the annular openings are formed, at least one
such abutment being threaded on the tubular body for adjustment
toward and away from the other.
4. A muffler as defined in claim 3 in which both of said abutments
are threaded onto the tubular body whereby the entire succession of
annuli may be adjusted lengthwise of the perforated length of the
tube while holding them in operation tightly jammed together.
Description
With the increased use of internal combustion engines and
compressed air tools and machinery, much study has been given to
the development of a muffler which would reduce exhaust noise to a
more acceptable level. The injurious effects of "noise pollution"
and the need to protect workmen from exhaust noise is recognized as
a health problem. The present invention is designed to provide a
relatively inexpensive muffler of a unique construction, less
susceptible to corrosion, but which in tests in both government and
private laboratories has been proved to be exceptionally
effective.
The present invention provides a muffler of compact construction
which has proved to be equally or more effective in cases where it
has been tested than a favored conventional type muffler presently
in wide use, but it is relatively more compact, self-cleaning and
incapable of retaining condensate or corrosive exhaust products. It
is designed to produce minimum back pressure in the exhaust system
of the air or combustion engine with which it is used. Because of
its compact construction it is especially well adapted to use on
portable compressed air and internal combustion engine-driven
tools, including air-driven percussion tools, power lawn mowers,
chain saws, etc., where present mufflers are quite ineffective, but
it can also be advantageously and effectively used on automobiles,
tractors, stationary air-operated machinery and elsewhere,
particularly where under normal conditions the engine operates at a
fairly uniform speed so that under normal conditions the exhaust
gas volume is fairly constant.
The muffler of this invention comprises a tubular core having one
end threaded or otherwise formed for connection into an exhaust
port of an engine, or applied to an exhaust pipe, or attached to
some other source of exhaust gases to be muffled. A portion of the
length of the core intermediate its ends has numerous
closely-spaced openings therethrough around the entire periphery of
the core. Around one end of the core there is provided an annular
abutment. The other end of the core is preferably completely
closed. Around the outside of the perforate area of the core are
slidably fitted a plurality of dished washer-like concavo-convex
annuli alternatively reversed so as to be arranged in pairs where
the concave surfaces of each pair are in confronting relation and
their peripheral edges converge toward each other, an attenuation
chamber being thereby provided between the annuli of each pair.
Exhaust gases entering the core will flow through the numerous
openings in the core into the attenuation chambers and escape from
around the periphery of each chamber through a narrow annular gap
between the converging edges of the confronting annuli. The series
of annuli so provided are confined at one end by said fixed
abutment, and at the other end by a second abutment which may in
some cases be adjusted toward or away from the first. According to
this invention, they are ordinarily pressed so tightly against one
another that they are relatively immovable, but they are so formed
with multiple projections on the edges of one or both annuli of
each pair as to provide for escape of gases from the chamber around
their peripheries. The assembled unit has an "accordion pleated"
appearance with annular corrugations by the succession of annuli so
arranged, providing in addition an effective heat-dissipating
surface.
I am aware that it has heretofore been proposed, as disclosed in
British Pat. No. 10,297 of 1910 to Karthaus to provide a device for
diffusing the exhaust gases from an engine into the atmosphere in
such finely-divided thin streams as to render them invisible, and
for this purpose there is provided a unit having two parallel pipes
with a connector at one end into which the exhaust pipe of an
engine discharges gases, and a connector at the other end through
which the two pipes also communicate. Each pipe is perforated
intermediate its ends around and along the greater portion of its
length, and slidable on the pipes are a plurality of plate-like
members which are so arranged that each two plates form a hollow
body. The exhaust gases pass through the perforations in the pipe
and enter the hollow bodies. A tension spring located between the
two pipes is connected at each end to a follower that is slidable
along both pipes so that the spring simultaneously exerts a
yielding pressure against both ends of the series of plates on each
pipe to hold all of the plates in each series tightly pressed
against one another, so that the gases, entering the hollow bodies,
escape under pressure. The escaping gases must be in such fine
streams that they are said to become quickly invisible. In other
words, the pressure builds up in the chambers between the pairs of
disks to a point where the gases are forced out between contacting
edges of the disks at high velocity. Just as with any other nozzle,
the gain in velocity must be secured at the expense of a decrease
in flow and thereby build up a back pressure in the exhaust system.
A build-up of pressure capable of achieving the result sought by
this patentee must be substantial. This necessarily reduces the
efficiency of the engine, and must also result in an increase in
noise. Both results defeat the purpose of a muffler, which should
eliminate back pressure as much as possible and discharge the
exhaust gas as quietly as possible. While the devices of this
patent may have a superficial resemblance to the invention herein
disclosed, it is in fact not a muffler nor would it or any similar
device be a desirable accessory in the exhaust system of an engine
or air motor.
The invention may be more fully understood by reference to the
accompanying drawings showing a present preferred embodiment of one
form of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the complete muffler with the upper
half in section;
FIG. 2 is a vertical section through a single pair of annuli
removed from the core;
FIG. 3 is a face view of one of the two disks shown in FIGS. 1 and
2; and
FIG. 4 is a face view of the other of the two disks shown in FIG.
2.
Referring to the drawings, 2 designates generally a core member
comprising a straight tubular metal body having one end 3
externally threaded or otherwise formed for connection with a
source of gas to be muffled or diffused and having its opposite end
closed or plugged as indicated at 4. The threaded end of the body
has a sleeve 5 thereabout forming an annular shoulder or abutment.
The major portion of the area of the core intermediate the abutment
5 and the opposite is of uniform diameter and end has numerous
closely-spaced small openings 6 therethrough which may be round
holes, slits or other small openings. Fitted over the outside of
the core with a sliding fit are a succession of disks or annuli 7
and 8 of generally similar construction, each being dished or
concavo-convex, and every other one is reversed with respect to the
adjacent ones so as to form confronting pairs of such annuli, the
central outside areas of the annuli, as distinguished from their
inner concave surfaces, have full back-to-back contact designed to
prevent any wobble or canting of the annuli on the tube. The
peripheral edges of the annuli of a pair converge toward a common
plane at right angles to the axis of the tubular core. The annuli
of each pair provides between them an annular chamber 9 around the
core into which gases from the interior of the core escape from the
core through the perforations 6. These chambers constitute
attenuation chambers which are in section from the core outward
which generally resembles a half of an ellipse and are of
decreasing section toward their peripheries. These teeth contact
the edge of the opposing annulus 8, these projections preventing
the annuli from being forced into full edge-to-edge contact and
assure that there will be an effective annular gas escape passage
or gap 9' around the periphery of each chamber 9. This passage is
designated 9' in the drawings. The other annuli 8 may have an
entirely smooth edge for contact with the projections 10 of the
annuli 7, or 8 may be similar to 7 with the projections widely
separated and the annuli of one being staggered with respect to
those of the other as shown in FIG. 1, or as shown in FIGS. 2 and
4, the annuli 8 may have notches 11 formed therein at more or less
frequent intervals around the edges providing additional gas escape
opening that may be desirable in giving some lateral irregularity
to any otherwise laminar discharge of gases from the periphery of
the chamber, or which may even be made after the muffler has been
tested to slightly enlarge the gas escape passage from the chambers
while keeping the annuli tightly jammed together between the two
abutments as hereinafter more fully described.
The annuli are preferably stamped from heat and rust-resistant
ferrous metal alloy. The series of annuli so arranged are confined
against the abutment 5 at one end of the perforated area and by
another abutment member at the other end which may also be
adjustable. This member is here shown as a cap-like member 12 with
a skirt 13 fitting over the core and having a lip 14 that bears
against the endmost disk or annulus at the other end of the
perforated area of the core. The exterior of the skirt 13 may be
formed with flattened surfaces thereon to which a wrench may be
applied. The end of this cap has a central perforation fitted over
or screwed onto a threaded stud 15 projecting from the closed end
of the core. A retaining nut 16 is on this stud. By adjusting the
cap with respect to the succession of disks the distance between
the abutment 5 and cap 12 can be adjusted, this arrangement
providing in effect a micrometer adjustment and thus control the
total clearance or widths of the gaps 9' between the several pairs
of annuli in cases where some looseness between the annuli is not
objectionable. Normally, however, the annuli are jammed together to
reduce wear on the contacting edges which may occur where there is
relative motion between annuli. Jamming the annuli tightly together
also assures that the opposed edges of the annuli will be parallel,
to secure uniformity.
As shown in the drawings the round holes have a diameter less than
the greatest distance between confronting concave faces of the
annuli of each pair, that is the distance between the annuli of
each pair where they fit around the tube, and the center-to-center
distance between holes which are in a line parallel with the axis
of the tubular core is equal to the diameter of the holes but
alternate holes around the periphery are staggered. The result of
this is that the annuli in forming the attenuation chambers are so
positioned that they straddle at least one ring of holes and in all
cases one annular ring of openings will be centered on the plane of
the peripheral opening around each attenuation chamber. Also,
except in the two endmost chambers, at each side of the full ring
of openings the adjacent rings or openings, straddled as they are
by adjacent annuli will open partly into one side of one
attenuation chamber and partly into the other side of the adjacent
attenuation chamber, providing what may be termed primary openings
in the central plane of each chamber and an annular series of
secondary openings at each side of the primary series. In the end
chambers as here shown there is one row of primary openings and one
row of secondary openings, so that these chambers receive a lesser
amount of exhaust gas but have the same peripheral opening as the
other chambers. Also, as hereinafter pointed out, it is possible to
omit one or more chambers, in which case any such partial
differences between the end chambers and the intermediate ones is
eliminated. In any caase there are openings into each chamber at
intervals around the tube and also along the length of the tube and
in all cases there is one full annular ring of openings in the mid
plane of each chamber with an annular row of openings of lesser
area on at least one side of said mid-plane, and, except perhaps
the end ones, on both sides of said mid-plane.
As herein shown and described, the muffler provides a uniform
series of attenuation chambers between concavo-convex annuli
arranged in pairs with the concave surfaces of the two annuli of
each pair confronting one another and with a gas escape passage
around the periphery of each chamber. Gases passing into these
chambers through the perforations in the core lose velocity as they
flow radially outward in all directions away from the tube and
leave the periphery of the chamber at low velocity. Because of the
large diameter of the annuli relatively to the tubular core, a
small gap around the periphery of the chamber provides a relatively
long gas escape port. For example with disks 1 1/2 inches in
diameter, the slot around the periphery is slightly more than 4.5
inches, and if there are even as few as four pairs of annuli the
combined length of the chamber outlets is close to one and one-half
feet. Consequently any change in the length of the projections 10,
or their contour or spacing, or in the location and size of the
notches 11 when the annuli are jammed together can increase or
decrease the peripheral outlet area from the chambers 9, and if
there may be some looseness between the annuli which will allow
increased separation of as little as 0.005 of an inch, the total
increase in "port area" will be considerable. In any case, as with
other mufflers, empirical formula cannot be established for all
engines and machinery, but in general it is desirable that the
gases escape freely from the peripheries of the chambers with
minimum back pressure while the enclosures 9 confine noise or
noise-producing vibrations. Knowing the volume of gases and the
rate of flow, one has little difficulty in co-relating the diameter
of the tube, the minimum of perforations and the diameter and edge
spacing of the annuli or the number of pairs of annuli. In other
words, the area of the peripheral opening on each chamber should be
no less than the combined areas of the openings leading from the
interior of the tube into each chamber but should not exceed a
maximum width to provide effective sound attenuation. For increased
volume of gases the tubular core may be of larger diameter and the
diameter of the annuli may be increased, or the number of chambers
may be increased, all without increasing the width of the
peripheral opening beyond effective limits. By having both
abutments 5 and 13 adjustably fixed by thread connection with the
body, the entire series of annuli may be shifted lengthwise along
the perforate area of the tubular body to locate them most
favorably over the perforations in the tubular body, and with a
cap-like abutment 13 it may be possible to omit one or even more
chambers, depending on the length of the capa and the screw 15.
* * * * *