U.S. patent number 3,878,884 [Application Number 05/346,862] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-22 for formation fracturing method.
Invention is credited to Cecil B. Raleigh.
United States Patent |
3,878,884 |
Raleigh |
April 22, 1975 |
FORMATION FRACTURING METHOD
Abstract
A method for producing multiple fractures in earth formations in
which the lines of least principal stress deviate substantially
from vertical is described. A generally vertical borehole is
drilled into the formation, the formation is hydraulically
fractured from the vertical borehole, the plane in which the
fracture lies is determined, a slanted borehole is drilled out from
the vertical borehole in a direction such that the azimuth of
slanted borehole is generally perpendicular to the plane of the
fracture and then the formation adjacent the slanted borehole is
hydraulically fractured at a plurality of positions along the
length of the slanted borehole. When the direction of lines of
least principal stress is known for the formation, the steps of
hydraulically fracturing from the vertical borehole and determining
the plane in which the fracture lies may be omitted and the slanted
borehole is drilled in the azimuth parallel to the known lines of
least principal stress.
Inventors: |
Raleigh; Cecil B. (Palo Alto,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
23361335 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/346,862 |
Filed: |
April 2, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/45; 166/271;
166/308.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24T
10/30 (20180501); E21B 43/26 (20130101); E21B
43/17 (20130101); Y02E 10/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/17 (20060101); E21B 43/16 (20060101); E21B
43/26 (20060101); E21B 43/25 (20060101); F28d
021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;60/26 ;165/1,45
;166/50,271,269,308 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Clark et al., "Vertical Hydraulic Fracturing," Oil And Gas Journal,
Aug. 9, 1954, pp. 104, 107 and 108. .
Wilson, "Drain-Hole Fracturing in Stimulation Wells," World Oil,
Nov. 1955, pp. 145 and 146..
|
Primary Examiner: Purser; Ernest R.
Assistant Examiner: Ebel; Jack E.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of opening an earth formation in which the lines of
least principal stress deviate substantially from the vertical to
facilitate recovery of a resource held in the formation which
comprises the steps of:
a. drilling an approximately vertical borehole into the
formation;
b. drilling a slanted borehole extending from the vertical borehole
into the formation in a direction such that the angle between the
slanted borehole and the lines of least principal stress in the
formation is not more than 60.degree.; and
c. hydraulically fracturing the formation adjacent the slanted
borehole at a plurality of positions along the length of the
slanted borehole.
2. The method of opening an earth formation in which the lines of
least principal stress deviate substantially from the vertical to
permit recovery of a resource held in the formation which comprises
the steps of:
a. drilling an approximately vertical borehole in the earth
formation;
b. hydrofracturing the formation adjacent the lower portion of the
borehole;
c. determining the plane in which the fracture lies;
d. drilling a slanted borehole extending from the vertical borehole
into the formation in a direction such that the angle between the
slanted borehole and the perpendicular to any plane parallel to the
plane determined in step (c) which is intersected by the borehole
is less than 60.degree.; and
e. hydrofracturing the formation adjacent the slanted borehole at a
plurality of positions along the length of the slanted
borehole.
3. The method defined in claim 2 wherein the angle between the
borehole and the perpendicular to the plane is less than
30.degree..
4. The method defined in claim 1 characterized by a further step of
drilling a second vertical borehole adjacent the first borehole and
a second slanted borehole extending from the second vertical
borehole into the formation generally parallel to the first slanted
borehole and spaced from the first slanted borehole by a distance
such that the second slanted borehole intersects at least a major
proportion of the formation fractures produced in step (c) of claim
1.
5. The method of recovering heat from a subterranean geothermal
zone which comprises the steps of:
a. drilling an approximately vertical borehole penetrating said
geothermal zone;
b. hydrofracturing the formation adjacent the lower portion of the
borehole;
c. determining the plane in which the fracture lies;
d. drilling a slanted borehole extending from the vertical borehole
into the geothermal zone in a direction such that the angle between
the slanted borehole and the perpendicular to any plane parallel to
the plane determined in step (c) which is intersected by the
borehole is less than 60.degree.;
e. hydrofracturing the formation adjacent the slanted borehole at a
plurality of positions along the length of the slanted
borehole;
f. injecting water into the borehole to contact the geothermal zone
under pressure,
g. holding the injected water under pressure until it is heated to
elevated temperature and,
h. releasing the pressure to permit flow of heated water and steam
to the surface.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for producing a plurality of
non-coplanar and approximately parallel fractures in an earth
formation adjacent a borehole to facilitate the recovery of a
resource contained in the formation.
Nearly forty years ago it was found that oil bearing formations
could be fractured by introducing low penetration fluids into a
borehole under hydraulic pressure sufficiently high to cause
propagation of a fracture from the borehole and that fracturing was
generally followed by an increase in oil production from the
borehole. Studies of the hydraulic fracturing process have shown
that the fractures are generally planar and oriented perpendicular
to the direction of least principal stress (commonly designated
S.sub.3) in the rock.
In a great many formations or formation zones, the direction of
least principal stress is approximately horizontal and the planes
of hydraulically produced fractures are generally vertical and
perpendicular to the direction of least principal stress in the
rock. In such formations or formation zones hydraulic pressure
exerted in an approximately vertical well produces just a single
approximately vertical planar fracture. While hydraulically induced
fractures may propagate away from boreholes distances of 100 meters
or so, the benefit obtained from a single fracture is limited and
it would be desirable to produce a plurality of generally parallel
fractures in the formation and so obtain greatly increased benefits
from the fracturing technique.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Pursuant to the present invention, a plurality of planar and
approximately parallel fractures are produced along the length of a
borehole permitting more efficient recovery of the contained
resource from the formation than has heretofore been possible. The
method involves first drilling an approximately vertical borehole
in the formation to a depth either penetrating, or very close to
the horizon of, the resource bearing zone of the formation. A
slanted borehole is then drilled into the formation from the lower
part of the vertical borehole. Optimally, the azimuth (i.e., the
compass direction of the horizontal line defined by the
intersection of the vertical plane containing the line of the
slanted hole with the surface) of the slanted borehole would be the
same as the direction of lines of least principal stress in the
rock. To obtain the benefits of this invention, however, a slanted
borehole need not be in precisely the same direction as the
direction of the lines of least principal stress in the formation
but may be in a direction such that the angle between the line of
the slanted borehole and the lines of least principal stress in the
formation is not more than 60.degree.. After the slanted borehole
has been drilled to the desired depth, the slanted hole is
completed and cased. Hydraulic fractures are then propagated from
the slanted borehole and the fractures may be propped with sand in
conventional manner to hold them open. The fractures are produced
in conventional manner by packing off sections of the slanted
borehole so that the injected fluid does not enter into existing
perforations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 of the appended drawings is a diagrammatic illustration of a
cross-section of a formation in which a vertical hole and a slanted
borehole have been drilled into the formation and a plurality of
parallel planar fractures have been created adjacent the slanted
borehole.
FIG. 2 of the appended drawings is a diagrammatic representation of
a cross-section of a formation in which the method of the invention
is adapted to recovery of geo-thermal energy from hot, impermeable
formations by injection of water through one vertical and slanted
bore hole and recovery of steam through a second slanted and
vertical bore hole, the second slanted bore hole being drilled so
that it communicates with at least the major proportion of the
fractures propagated from the first slanted borehole.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the appended drawings, vertical borehole
1 is drilled into the formation so that it bottoms either in the
resource containing zone of a formation or close to the horizon of
the resource containing zone. Slanted borehole 2 is then drilled
into the resource containing zone of the formation from the point
in the lower part of the vertical borehole. The formations chosen
for the application of the method are those in which the direction
of the lines of least principal stress are generally horizontal and
in which the planes of hydraulic fractures, which are known to be
generally perpendicular to the lines of least principal stress, are
generally vertical.
The direction of the slanted borehole is such that the angle
between the line of the slanted borehole and the lines of least
principal stress is not greater than 60.degree., preferably not
more than 45.degree. and optimally less than 30.degree.. Many
formations have been drilled and studied to the point that the
direction of least principal stress is already known and existing
information permits the operator to direct the slanted borehole
properly. There are, of course, many formations in which the
direction of least principal stress is not known and must be
determined before the slanted borehole is drilled. The direction of
least principal stress of such formations may be determined by
hydraulically fracturing the formation adjacent the lower part of
the vertical borehole and then determining the plane in which the
fracture lies. Methods for determining the position of the fracture
plane are well-known and readily available as by the use of
impression packers or by injecting radioactive tracers into the
fracture and then determining the position of the plane from the
pattern of the signals emitted by the radioactive material in the
fracture. After the position of the fracture plane has been
determined, the direction of the lines of least principal stress
become known since they are perpendicular to the fracture
plane.
When the position of the fracture plane is so determined, the
direction of the slanted hole may be described either in terms of
the angle it makes with the lines of least principal stress or in
terms of the angle of incidence which the borehole makes with the
fracture plane, the angle of incidence being the angle between the
line of the slanted borehole and the perpendicular to the fracture
plane at the point of intersection of the borehole and the plane.
Thus, the direction of the slanted borehole may be described as a
direction such that the angle between the line of the borehole and
the lines of least principal stress in less than 60.degree. or as a
direction such that the angle of incidence, i.e., the angle between
the borehole and the perpendicular to the fracture plane, is less
than 60.degree..
After slanted borehole 2 has been drilled to the desired depth, it
is completed and cased. Fractures 3 and 9 inclusive are then made
by perforating the casing at the shallowest practical depth,
adjacent the area of fracture 3, and hydraulically fracturing the
formation to maximum distance of fracture propagation consistant
with economic considerations. This first fracture is propped with
sand for gas and oil production and also may be propped for
geo-thermal power production, if desired. At a few meter's greater
depth, the casing is perforated again, packed off and the
fracturing operation is repeated. The fracturing here and in all
successive positions down the hole will be conducted in packed off
sections of the bore hole so that the injected fluid does not enter
existing perforations.
The fracturing method above described can be used to increase the
recovery of gas or oil from low permeability formations. It can
also be used for in-situ recovery of oil from oil shale, or
solution mining or extracting geo-thermal energy from subterranean
formations.
There are large areas on the earth where hot, impermeable rock is
accessible to drilling. Geo-thermal energy may be extracted by
drilling and fracturing the hot formation as described in
connection with FIG. 1 of the drawings, then pumping water down the
hole into contact with the fractured surfaces, permitting the water
to reside in the formation for time sufficient to heat it and then
permitting the water to reissue from the same hole as steam or
super-heated water.
FIG. 2 of the appended drawings illustrates a modification of the
invention which is particularly well adapted to either recovery of
geo-thermal energy or solution mining. Vertical well 10 is drilled
to appropriate depth and if the direction of the lines of least
principal stress in the formation are not known, as they probably
will not be, the formation adjacent the lower part of vertical well
10 is hydraulically fractured and the plane of fracture is
determined. Slant borehole 11 is then drilled in a direction such
that its angle of incidence, i.e., the angle between the borehole
and the perpendicular to the plane of fracture, is less than
60.degree.. When the slant well has been drilled to appropriate
depth, a plurality of non-coplanar approximately parallel fractures
are produced adjacent the slanted well illustrated by fractures 12
through 18 inclusive on the drawing. A second approximately
vertical borehole 20 is then drilled and a second slanted borehole
is drilled from a point near the bottom of the second vertical
borehole and in a direction approximately parallel to that of the
first slanted borehole. The second slanted borehole is so spaced
from the first slanted borehole that it intersects most of the
fractures which were produced from the first slanted borehole. It
is important that the second slanted borehole intersect the major
portion of the fractures extending out from the first slanted
borehole. In areas where the characteristics of the formations are
well known, it is possible to space the separate second slanted
borehole apart from the first slanted borehole by a distance such
that the desired fracture penetration by the second borehole will
be achieved. In areas where the characteristics of the formation
are not well known the second slanted borehole can be drilled to a
depth where some of the fractures should have been intersected. A
radioactive tracer can then be injected into the first slanted
borehole and into the fractures propagated from it and the second
slanted borehole can be logged for the presence of radioactive
material. Alternatively, fluid can be injected into the first
vertical borehole and first slanted borehole at high pressure (in
excess of the parting pressure) into the fractures extending from
the first slanted borehole and, if intersection of the fractures
has been accomplished, a pressure increase will be produced quickly
in the second slanted borehole. Failure to intersect the fractures
can be corrected by then altering the inclination of the second
slanted borehole or by re-drilling at a deeper level. The second
slanted borehole, when completed, may be cased and perforated at
the points of intersection with the fractures. After the drilling
and fracturing has been completed, water is pumped down borehole 10
into slanted borehole 11 and forced into the several fractures
propagated from borehole 11. The water contacts the hot
subterranean rock along the fracture surfaces producing steam and
the steam flows into the second slanted borehole 19 and is
recovered at the surface through vertical borehole 20.
In some situations it may be desired to avoid the expense of
drilling two vertical and two slanted boreholes to recover
geothermal energy. In this event the pattern shown in FIG. 1 may be
used. Water is injected into the formation and held under pressure
for a time sufficient to produce superheated water and steam or
water above its critical temperature. The pressure is then released
to permit flow of superheated water and steam to the surface.
Successive cycles of injection and recovery are then used to remove
geothermal energy.
* * * * *