U.S. patent number 3,878,312 [Application Number 05/425,474] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-15 for composite insulating barrier.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Dustin D. Bergh, Charles H. Titus, J. Kenneth Wittle.
United States Patent |
3,878,312 |
Bergh , et al. |
April 15, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
COMPOSITE INSULATING BARRIER
Abstract
A composite insulating barrier adapted for exposure to
conductive fluid at high temperature and pressure with high
unidirectional voltage stress across the barrier is formed of a
rigid resinous insulating material such as glass filled epoxy,
subject to wetting and ion migration. To prevent thermal
degradation and electrical breakdown the epoxy is provided with at
least one layer of fluid-impervious insulating material such as
"Teflon," having a less negative or a positive temperature
coefficient of resistance.
Inventors: |
Bergh; Dustin D. (Lenox,
MA), Titus; Charles H. (Newtown Square, PA), Wittle; J.
Kenneth (Berwyn, PA) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
23686721 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/425,474 |
Filed: |
December 17, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
174/9F; 428/417;
138/145; 166/248; 138/DIG.3; 166/60; 174/209; 428/422 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
36/003 (20130101); E21B 17/00 (20130101); H01B
17/60 (20130101); E21B 43/2401 (20130101); Y10T
428/31525 (20150401); Y10S 138/03 (20130101); Y10T
428/31544 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
17/00 (20060101); H01B 17/56 (20060101); H01B
17/60 (20060101); E21B 36/00 (20060101); E21B
43/24 (20060101); E21B 43/16 (20060101); E21b
043/24 (); H01b 017/60 () |
Field of
Search: |
;174/47,68C,11FC,11E,137R,137A,137B,138C,209,8,9F
;138/137,140,141,144,145,146,DIG.2,DIG.3,DIG.7 ;161/184,189
;166/57,65R,242,248,302 ;219/277,278 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Askin; Laramie E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Haubner; J. Wesley
Claims
What we claim as new and desire to secure by letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. In combination with two bodies of electrically conductive fluid
having a high unidirectional potential difference therebetween,
said fluids being exposed to high temperature and high differential
pressure conditions, a composite insulating barrier interposed
between and in contact with said fluids, said barrier comprising a
first layer of insulating material having a highly negative
resistance-temperature coefficient and a second layer of insulating
material having a substantially less negative
resistance-temperature coefficient, at least one said insulating
layer having sufficient mechanical strength to withstand said
differential pressure, whereby increasing temperature progressively
reduces the voltage stress imposed across said first layer of
insulating material.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein said first layer is formed of
a rigid insulating material.
3. The combination of claim 1 wherein said first layer comprises a
glass fiber-filled cast organic resin.
4. The combination of claim 1 wherein said first layer comprises
cast epoxy and said second layer is formed of
polytetrafluoroethylene.
5. The combination of claim 4 wherein said first layer comprises a
cast body of glass fiber-filled epoxy.
6. In combination, a composite insulating conduit interposed
between two bodies of electrically conductive fluid at different
pressures, means maintaining said bodies of fluid at different
unidirectional potentials sufficient to impose a high intensity
electrostatic field between inner and outer surfaces of said
conduit, said conduit comprising a first layer of rigid insulating
material having a predetermined temperature coefficient of
resistance, said first insulating layer being sufficiently rigid to
withstand the pressure differential between said fluid bodies, and
a second layer of insulating material having a significantly
different temperature coefficient of resistance, at least one of
said materials having a negative temperature coefficient of
resistance and the material having the most negative coefficient
being subject to electrical breakdown under the ambient conditions
of temperature, pressure and electrical stress.
Description
Our invention relates to composite insulating barriers especially
adapted for use in high intensity unidirectional electric fields
under high temperature conditions. The invention is particularly
well adapted for use as a barrier between two bodies of conductive
fluid at high temperature and pressure in a high voltage
unidirectional electrostatic field. The following prior patents are
representative of related art now known to applicants:
U.s. pat. No. 3,206,537 -- Steward
U.s. pat. No. 3,531,236 -- Braddick et al
U.s. pat. No. 3,719,230 -- Kemp et al
Most insulating materials are known to have a highly negative
temperature coefficient of resistance, insulation resistance
commonly decreasing in the order of several hundred to one as
temperature is increased in the range of 20.degree. to
120.degree.C. In addition it is known that exposure to moisture
severely reduces insulation resistance at any temperature. Some
materials of course are less subject to permeation by moisture than
are others. For use where exposed to moisture or to conductive
fluids it is desirable to utilize high quality cast resinous
materials such as glass fiber-filled epoxy resins and the like.
Many such materials however are still subject to severe diminution
of insulation resistance with increase in temperature.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,912-Titus et al there is disclosed a high
voltage underground electrode suitable for immersion in a moving
stream of electrolytic fluid under high hydrostatic pressure and in
an environment where the conductive fluid is maintained at a high
temperature of the order of 250.degree.F (120.degree.C). To supply
electrolytic fluid to the region of the anode there is disclosed in
that patent a fluid supply conduit formed of insulating material
such as an epoxy fiberglass tubing. We have discovered that even
glass-filled cast epoxy resin is subject to disintegration in the
extremely hostile environment constituted by simultaneous exposure
to high pressures of the order of 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square
inch, high temperature of the order of 200.degree. to 300.degree.F,
high voltage stress in the order of 200 to 2,000 volts d-c and
direct exposure to conducting fluid on opposite sides of the
insulating conduit.
Accordingly it is a general objective of our invention to provide
an improved insulating plate or barrier of a design adapted to
withstand high direct current voltage stress when exposed directly
to high temperature conducting fluid.
It is a more particular object of our invention to provide new and
novel means for relieving unidirectional voltage stress across an
insulating plate or barrier having a highly negative temperature
coefficient of resistance.
In carrying out our invention in a preferred embodiment we have
constructed an insulating fluid conduit which comprises a composite
structure having one layer of high dielectric strength material
bonded to another layer of glass fiber-filled epoxy resin for
mechanical strength.
Our invention will be more fully understood and its various objects
and advantages further appreciated by referring now to the
following detailed specification taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a foreshortened cross-sectional view of a bore hole
through the earth showing a ground electrode assembly which
includes an insulating fluid conduit in an environment where our
invention is especially useful.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional views of
a portion of the insulating conduit shown at FIG. 1 illustrating
several embodiments of our invention; and
FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphical representations of electrical voltage
stress characteristics in homogeneous and composite materials,
respectively, to illustrate the effect and mode of operation of our
invention.
Referring now to the drawing, we have shown a high voltage
electrode 1 suspended in a deep bore hole 2 which penetrates an oil
bearing formation 3 beneath the surface of the earth. Typically the
formation 3 lies beneath a layer of cap rock 4. The bore hole 2 may
extend several hundreds or thousands of feet into the earth and is
lined for most of its length with an elongate metal tube or casing
5 the lower end of which is terminated by a shoe 6 disposed at
approximately the same elevation as cap rock 4. In a manner well
known to those skilled in the art the tubular casing 5 is sealed in
the earth overburden 7 by an external annular layer 8 of concrete.
Near the bottom of the bore hole 2 a tubular liner 9 of insulating
material (e.g., an epoxy resin) extends from the tubular metal
casing 5 for an appreciable distance into the oil bearing formation
3. The insulating liner 9 is telescopically joined to the metallic
casting 5 by means of an offset annular coupling 10. The space
between the exterior wall of the insulating liner 9 and the
surrounding oil sand 3 is packed with high temperature concrete 8a.
Although shown out of scale at FIG. 1 to simplify the drawing, it
will be evident to those skilled in the art that the liner 9 may be
of considerable length and a relatively small internal diameter.
The electrode 1 is positioned in a cavity 11 formed in the oil sand
immediately beneath the lower end of the insulating liner 9. The
bore hole 2 is closed at the top by a closure cap 12 sealed to the
liner 5.
The electrode 1 is suspended in the cavity 11 at the lower end of
an insulated electric conductor or cable 20. In the application
illustrated at FIG. 1 the electrode 1 is preferably the anode in a
high current circuit through the earth. Extending centrally through
substantially the full length of the bore hole 2, and in annular
spaced relation with the casing 5 there is provided a tubing string
22 which constitutes a fluid conduit. As is well known to those
skilled in the art the tubing string 22 is ordinarily formed of a
plurality of metallic pipe sections coupled in end to end relation.
The insulated cable 20 is fixed externally to the conduit 22 from a
point below the cap 12 at ground level to a point slightly above
the liner coupling 10 as by a plurality of clamps 23. Both the
cable 20 and the fluid conduit 22 emerge from the bore hole 2
through suitable sealed aperatures in the cap 12. At its point of
emergence the cable 20 is connected through an insulating bushing
24 on the cap 12 to the positive terminal 25 of a suitable source
of high voltage unidirectional current supply. Above ground the
fluid conduit 22 is connected through a shut off valve 28 to the
outlet of a pump 27. The inlet of pump 27 communicates with a
source of fluid supply shown as a water reservoir 29.
In the lower region of the bore hole 2, and particularly in that
section provided with the insulating liner 9, it is desirable that
the fluid conduit be formed of insulating material and that the
cable 20 be carried concentrically through the insulating section
of fluid conduit in annular spaced relation with the conduit. For
this purpose I provide immediately above the liner coupling 10 an
offset or cross over conduit section 30 of a type described and
claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,912-Titus et al. Below the cross
over conduit sections 30 there is coupled a tubular conduit section
31 formed of insulating material (e.g., fiberglass-filled epoxy
tubing). The anode 1 at the lower end of cable 20 extends beyond
the lower end of the insulating conduit 31 and is positioned within
an insulating enclosure 32 fixed to the end of conduit 31. The
anode enclosure 32 is sufficiently permeable to permit egress of
water but not sufficiently permeable to permit ingress of oil from
the surrounding formation. The cable 20 is introduced axially into
the cross over section 30 and passes axially through the insulating
conduit section 31 in annular spaced relation therewith. Through
the cross over conduit section 30 cooling fluid from the tubing
string 22 is introduced into the insulating conduit section 31. The
conduit sections 30 and 31 thus serve as a combined fluid and
electric conduit.
In the operation of the apparatus illustrated at FIG. 1 a
conductive fluid electrolyte such as saline water is pumped
downwardly through the conduits 22 and 31 to the bottom of the bore
hole 2 and is maintained at a pressure greater than the ambient
pressure in the surrounding formation 3. The pressurized water is
thus exceeded through the permeable enclosure 32 and fills the
bottom of the bore hole from which it is gradually dissipated into
the formation. The insulating fluid conduit section 31 is therefore
exposed to pressurized conductive saline electrolyte on both its
interior and exterior surfaces. The anode 1 is maintained at a
unidirectional potential of the order of 200 to 2,000 volts above
the potential of the surrounding ground formation and the
insulating conduit 31 is subject to unidirectional voltage
difference of this magnitude between its interior and exterior
surfaces. In the conduction of large amounts of power through the
anode 1 to heat the formation 3 and promote the flow of oil
therefrom, the saline water filling the bottom of the bore hole may
be heated to the order of 200.degree. to 300.degree.F but remains
liquid due to the extremely high ambient hydrostatic pressure
several thousand feet below the surface of the earth.
We have discovered that under the extremely hostile conditions
described above an insulating conduit such as the conduit 31 formed
of glass fiber-filled cast epoxy resin, even though free of voids
is subject to electrical breakdown and thermal degradation. While
the cause of such breakdown is not known with certainty, it is
believed that the fibers of an epoxy-bound glass-fiber tube, being
under high unidirectional electric stress and exposed to saline
water under pressure of many hundreds of pounds per square inch,
are wet by the saline water. This wetting effect may be the result
of electroosmosis and sodium ion migration along the fibers. The
wet fibers then provide a high resistance path in which leakage
current generates sufficient heat to result in thermal degradation
of the epoxy and dissolution of the glass. Under these conditions
therefore glass-filled, cast epoxy as well as other organic
polymers, will demonstrate a highly negative temperature
coefficient of resistance.
At FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 we have illustrated composite structures of
insulating tubing by means of which unidirectional voltage stress
on the epoxy section may be sufficiently relieved to avoid
degradation at high temperatures and pressures when exposed to
conductive fluids and high potential difference on opposite sides
of the insulating barrier. At FIG. 2 we have shown a section of
glass filament wound epoxy tubing 50 coated on the outside with a
relatively thin film 51 of polytetrafluoroethylene known
commercially as Teflon. At FIG. 3 we have shown a similar section
of epoxy glass tubing 50 having an internal coating 51' of Teflon.
In FIG. 4 we have shown a composite tubing structure comprising
internal and external layers 50', 50" of epoxy glass tubing with an
intermediate layer 51" of Teflon. If desired of course more than a
single layer of Teflon may be utilized, as by coating the epoxy
glass tube both internally and externally. We believe however that
a single layer of a material such as Teflon, which blocks ion
migration and thereby provides a substantially lower negative
temperature coefficient of resistance than does epoxy, is
sufficient to relieve the epoxy layer of voltage stress and avoid
thermal degradation.
The tubing illustrated at FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 may be formed by
filament winding of epoxy impregnated glass fiber in a manner well
known to those skilled in the art. In the case of FIGS. 3 and 4 the
Teflon layer may be laid down on a mandrel prior to winding the
outer or final layer of glass filled epoxy and bonded thereto in
the winding process. In the embodiment shown at FIG. 2 the Teflon
may be applied to the outside of a filament wound epoxy glass tube
in the form of tape or a heat shrunk sleeve of Teflon.
At FIGS. 5 and 6 we have shown voltage stress characteristics which
illustrate the effect of our composite insulating structure. The
curve shown at FIG. 5 represents the voltage stress characteristic
across a homogeneous insulating barrier of epoxy glass fiber alone,
the abscissa of the curve representing distance transversely
through the insulating barrier from a first wall exposed to high
voltage V to the opposite wall exposed to zero voltage. The
ordinant represents electrostatic voltage at various points
progressively through the thickness of the barrier. It will be
observed that a substantially linear distribution is characteristic
of a uniform or homogeneous material. At high temperature the
linear characteristic of FIG. 5 would have considerably reduced
slope, as apparent at FIG. 6.
At FIG. 6 we have illustrated a similar distance-voltage
characteristic under high temperature conditions for a composite
material having a total thickness d consisting of an epoxy layer
having a thickness d.sub.1 and a Teflon layer having a thickness
d.sub.2. In this case voltage drop through the barrier is
distributed in the several layers inversely in proportion to their
insulating resistance. At very high temperature when the insulation
resistance of the epoxy layer is severely diminished because of its
negative temperature characteristic of resistance, the greater
portion of the voltage drop takes place in the Teflon layer in
which insulating resistance is not severely reduced at high
temperature. Thus only a small portion of the voltage drop occurs
in the epoxy layer thereby significantly to relieve the voltage
stress on the layers having a highly negative temperature
coefficient of resistance.
While we have illustrated our invention in particular reference to
a composite insultating barrier formed of glass fiber-filled cast
epoxy and the polytetrafluoroethylene composition known as Teflon,
it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any rigid
insulating material having an undesirably high negative temperature
coefficient of resistance may be combined with a less negative or
positive material with like results. In this way we are able to
construct an insulating barrier for use in a high temperature, high
pressure fluid environment which provides high mechanical strength
with good insulating properties under adverse conditions. In such a
barrier it is, in general, desired that the combined structure have
low water absorption, (desirably less than 0.01%/day), a low
dissipation factor at 60 cycles (i.e., of the order of 0.0003) and
high resistivity.
While we have shown and described by way of illustration certain
preferred embodiments of our invention, many modifications will
occur to those skilled in the art and we therefore wish to have it
understood that we intend in the appended claims to cover all such
modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of our
invention.
* * * * *