U.S. patent number 3,877,468 [Application Number 05/437,031] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-15 for chewable tobacco substitute composition.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Aktiebolaget Leo. Invention is credited to Ove Ferno, Stefan Lichtneckert, Claes Lundgren.
United States Patent |
3,877,468 |
Lichtneckert , et
al. |
April 15, 1975 |
Chewable tobacco substitute composition
Abstract
Chewable smoking substitute composition comprises at least about
40 percent by weight of a gum base and a tobacco alkaloid dispersed
in said gum base in an amount sufficent to provide smoking
satisfaction.
Inventors: |
Lichtneckert; Stefan (Lund,
SW), Lundgren; Claes (Lund, SW), Ferno;
Ove (Halsingborg, SW) |
Assignee: |
Aktiebolaget Leo (Halsingborg,
SW)
|
Family
ID: |
27448864 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/437,031 |
Filed: |
January 28, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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164105 |
Jul 19, 1971 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Jul 22, 1970 [GB] |
|
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35605/70 |
Jul 22, 1970 [GB] |
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35606/70 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
131/359;
131/270 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K
9/0058 (20130101); A24B 13/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A24B
13/00 (20060101); A61K 9/68 (20060101); A24b
015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;131/2,15,5,17,140-144,16 ;424/267,266,48,79,254,48 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Rein; Melvin D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Huescher; Gordon W.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 164,105, filed July
19, 1971, now abandoned.
Claims
We claim:
1. A chewable "substitute for smoking" gum composition, having a
"high percentage" of gum base, as said "high percentage" is
hereinafter defined, comprising:
1. a chewing gum base and
2. nicotine, substantially uniformly distributed in said chewing
gum base,
wherein:
A. the composition is in the form of a chewable gum unit weighing
in the range of about 0.5 to about 4 grams;
B. the chewing gum base is present in said gum composition in a
relatively high percentage, that is, an amount constituting at
least about 40 percent by weight of said gum composition;
C. the nicotine is present in said composition in an amount in the
range of about 0.05 weight percent to about 2 weight percent based
on the weight of the chewing gum base and calculated as the free
base;
D. the amount of nicotine distributed in said chewing gum base is
in the range of about 1 to about 10 milligrams, such amount of
nicotine approximating the amount available upon smoking a smoking
tobacco product;
E. the nicotine being present in said gum composition as a nicotine
compound selected from the group consisting of
a. a nicotine free base,
b. a pharmacologically-acceptable salt of nicotine, and
c. a nicotine-regenerative adsorbent complex comprising a compound
selected from the group consisting of nicotine and a
pharmacologically-acceptable salt of nicotine sorbed on a
regenerative adsorbent;
F. said chewing gum composition when chewed releasing nicotine in
small and reduced amounts within a period of the first few minutes
of chewing, and
G. especially within the first ten minutes of chewing releasing the
nicotine at a rate less than if the nicotine were present in an
ordinary chewing gum composition, having a relatively low
percentage of chewing gum base, that is, an amount constituting
less than about 40 percent by weight of the gum composition.
2. The chewing gum composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of
nicotine distributed in said chewing gum base is in the range of
about 1 to about 5 milligrams, such amount of nicotine
approximating that available upon smoking a cigarette.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nicotine is present as a
nicotine-regenerative adsorbent complex.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to smoking substitutes that are chewed and
that are of particular value for facilitating a person's withdrawal
from smoking and/or decreasing a person's desire to smoke.
The administration of nicotine can give satisfaction and the usual
method is by smoking, either cigarette smoking, cigar smoking, or
pipe smoking. However, smoking may have health hazards and so it
would be desirable to formulate an alternative manner of
administering nicotine in a pleasurable manner that can be used to
facilitate withdrawal from smoking and/or as a replacement for
smoking.
Compositions containing nicotine or alkaloids having a similar
effect and which can be chewed or sniffed are known but generally
are not very satisfactory. Examples of such compositions are found
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 875,026 and 904,521.
These patents are mostly concerned with mixing finely ground
tobacco, for instance snuff, into chewing gum, but the use of a
tobacco extract of unidentified composition is also mentioned.
However, we have found that when nicotine or other tobacco alkaloid
is incorporated into an ordinary gum composition of the type that
is mostly used and accepted today, the release of the alkaloid
takes place very quickly. This is disadvantageous for two reasons:
firstly, the alkaloid is released too quickly, higher blood
concentrations of the alkaloid are produced than with ordinary
smoking, and secondly, the substitute in question has too short an
effect.
It has been our object to devise a chewable composition in which a
tobacco alkaloid such as nicotine or a related alkaloid is released
slowly, the composition thereby imitating satisfactorily the effect
of the administration of nicotine by smoking.
The term "tobacco alkaloid" as used herein and in the claims is
taken to mean nicotine or nicotine-like alkaloid such as
nor-nicotine, lobeline, and the like, in the free base or
pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salt form. Plant
alkaloids of this type are obtainable from species of Nicotiana
which is a source for nicotine and nor-nicotine, as well as species
of Lobelia and Lobeliaceae (Indian tobacco) which are a source for
lobeline.
An ideal smoking substitute in the form of a chewing gum should
have the following properties:
A. The release of the tobacco alkaloid should take place rather
uniformly during not too short a period of time.
B. The release of the tobacco alkaloid should take place rather
uniformly also when using different gum compositions.
C. It should be possible without changing the gum composition to
change the release rate of the tobacco alkaloid; for instance, when
employing smaller quantities of the alkaloid, it may be desirable
to increase somewhat the release rate in order to give a better
satisfaction to the person using the substitute in question.
D. The alkaloid released should produce a "feeling of smoking" not
only after absorption into the blood stream but also in the mouth.
This is very important because if the alkaloid is absorbed without
producing much of a sensation in the mouth, this may lead one to
excessive use of the substitute with less smoking satisfaction and
thus lead to return to ordinary smoking.
3. The procedure of incorporating the alkaloid into the chewing gum
should be easy to perform and also assure substantially uniform
distribution of alkaloid into the chewing gum.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that all of the foregoing advantages are
realized if an amount effective to provide smoking satisfaction of
a tobacco alkaloid, either as a base or in the form of a salt, is
incorporated into chewable gum compositions having a relatively
high gum base concentration. That is, contemplated are gum
compositions having a gum base concentration of at least about 40
percent by weight or higher and containing the alkaloid dispersed
therein. Preferably the smoking substitute composition of this
invention is rendered acidic by the addition of a pharmacologically
acceptable acidifying agent. In an alternate embodiment an
alkaloid-regenerative adsorbent complex comprising the alkaloid or
an acid addition salt thereof bound to or sorbed on a regenerative
adsorbent such as finely divided silicic acid, amorphous silica,
magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, kaolin, clays, crystalline
aluminosilicates, macaloid bentonite, activated carbon, alumina,
hydroxylapatite, and the like, is incorporated into the chewable
gum base compositions having a relatively high gum base
concentration. The alkaloid can be bound to the adsorbent either by
absorption, adsorption, or both, thus the term "sorbed" as used
herein is taken to mean either or both of the binding mechanisms.
Also in this embodiment the smoking substitute composition
preferably is acidic.
The amount of tobacco alkaloid, such as nicotine, nor-nicotine,
lobeline or mixtures thereof, present per chewable gum unit can
vary over a wide range and can be present in an amount in the range
of about 0.05 percent by weight to about 2 percent by weight, based
on the weight of the gum base and calculated as the free base.
Usually a chewable gum unit contains about 1 milligram to about 10
milligrams of an alkaloid. Preferably each gum unit contains from
about 1 to about 5 milligrams of an alkaloid.
The total weight of a chewable gum unit can vary from about 0.5 to
about 4 grams. The weight of each chewable gum unit is not critical
for the purposes of the present invention but is chosen merely on
the basis of convenience of manufacture, ease of dispensing, and,
of course, ease of oral administration. The chewable gum unit can
be in any desired form such as a stick, ball, or the like. Usually
the weight of each gum unit is in the range from about 1 to about 3
grams.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
When the alkaloid is incorporated into the chewing gum mass in
accordance with this invention it is possible to use a wide variety
of chewing gum compositions as long as a relatively high gum base
concentration is present.
Release rate of the alkaloid from the composition can be varied by
varying the amount of alkaloid that is incorporated into a given
quantity of gum, either separately or bound to a given quantity of
the adsorbent. A relatively higher amount of alkaloid present in
the composition gives a quicker release and vice versa. By the term
"slow release" as used herein is meant that the major portion of
the alkaloid is released from the smoking substitute composition
substantially uniformly over a period of several minutes and
preferably over a period of at least 10 minutes. Most preferably,
the release time is at least 20 minutes.
It is generally known that nicotine is absorbed from mucous
membranes in the form of nicotine base. It has now been found that
the "feeling of smoking" is weaker if the alkaloid is released from
the gum as the base. This is presumably due to the fact that the
alkaloid is absorbed very readily at the chewing site, that is, the
part of the mouth that is in direct contact with the chewing gum.
Thus only a relatively small amount of the alkaloid is transported
to other parts of the mouth including the throat. The throat seems
to be very sensitive to nicotine. If nicotine is liberated as the
nicotine cation, the absorption does not take place so quickly,
thus allowing some of the nicotine to reach other parts of the
buccal cavity including the throat, whereby some of the sensations
of smoking are obtained, including a light burning sensation, which
the smoker generally estimates in a positive way.
The chewing gum component of the compositions of the invention may
be of any convenient nature and preferably is of a generally
available commercial type. For example, it can comprise a gum base
of natural or synthetic origin. Natural gum bases include e.g.,
Chicle-, Jelutong-, Lechi di Caspi-, Soh-, Siak-, Katiau-, Sorwa-,
Balata-, Pendare, Perillo-, Malaya-, and Percha gums, natural
caoutchouc such as Crepe, Latex and Sheets, and natural resins such
as Dammar and Mastix. Synthetic gum bases are polyvinylacetate
("Vinnapas"), "Dreyco" commercial gum base, polyvinyl esters,
polyisobutylene and non-toxic butadiene-styrene lattices among
others. Softeners (plasticizers) are, as is conventional in the
art, incorporated into the commercially available chewing gum base
to help reduce the viscosity of the rubber blend to a desirable
consistency and to improve the texture. Some of the common
softeners or plasticizers are: lecithin, lanolin, hydrogenated
cotton seed oil, hydrogenated coconut oil, mineral oil, olive oil,
Vaseline, Carnauba wax, Candelilla wax, paraffin, beeswax, stearic
acid, glyceryl monostearate, glycerine, honey, propylene glycol,
hexylene glycol, and sorbitol. These softeners also act as
moisture-retaining agents at the same time. Miscellaneous other
optional additives in a chewing gum composition are: cerelose,
mannitol, diastatic malt, starch, calcium carbonate, talcum,
defatted cocoa, flavors and food colors. Sugar in the form of
sucrose and commercial glucose (corn syrup) comprises the bulk of a
chewing gum formula, but completely sugar and/or glucose-free
chewing gum compositions work equivalently in the present
invention.
For the purposes of the present invention the chewing gum component
can be formulated with the following constituents which are present
in varying amounts. The gum base can be of natural or synthetic
origin, preferably the latter, and can be present in the chewing
gum formulation in an amount in the range from about 40 to about 80
weight percent, preferably from about 50 to about 80 weight
percent, and most preferably from about 60 to about 75 weight
percent.
Powdered sugar, preferably powdered sorbitol, can be present in an
amount in the range from about 15 to about 50 weight percent,
preferably from about 16 to about 40 weight percent, and most
preferably from about 20 to about 32 weight percent.
Corn syrup usually of about 41.degree. to 46.degree. Baume,
preferably an about 70 percent aqueous solution of sorbitol, can be
present in an amount in the range from about 4 to about 15 weight
percent, preferably from about 4 to about 10 weight percent, and
most preferably from about 5 to about 8 weight percent.
Special formulas for chewing gums exist, such as sugar-free
compositions with a concentration of as much as 80 percent chewing
gum base, preferably of synthetic origin (Preparation 1,
below).
Variations of the consistency, on the one hand the preliminary
consistency at the very beginning of the chewing, and on the other
hand the secondary consistency after some chewing, is achieved
simply by varying amounts and proportions of the above formula. The
consistency and the stickiness of the chewing gum can be influenced
by the addition of various substances, as previously mentioned.
Compositions according to the present invention can be formed
simply by mixing the chewing gum with the alkaloid or alkaloid
salt, preferably together with an excess of a suitable acidifying
agent. Before adding any solid component, except for the gum base,
it is desirable to grind and size the solid component first, to
ensure a good distribution. The mixing is preferably conducted at a
suitable elevated temperature depending upon the viscosity of
chewing gum employed, since the increased temperature decreases the
viscosity of the gum and thereby enables the alkaloid or alkaloid
salt, together with an excess of acid, if desired, to be evenly and
intimately distributed into the chewing gum.
As to the alkaloid-adsorbent complexes hereinabove mentioned, the
content of nicotine or other alkaloid in the complex can range from
about 2 to about 60 percent and preferably about 5 to about 35
percent by weight. The exact amount of the alkaloid or alkaloid
mixtures bound to the adsorbent is determined principally by the
conditions employed in formulating the compositions and, of course,
by the type of adsorbent used.
The complex containing an alkaloid bound to the adsorbent is
preferably prepared in a special unit. The solid complex thus
prepared is easy to handle and minimizes personnel risks involved
in the manufacture of the final chewing gum product. The complex
also acts as a lubricant, thereby facilitating the mixture of the
different ingredients into the gum mass. A homogeneous product is
easily obtained in this manner.
In compounding the present compositions with an alkaloid-adsorbent
complex, if the complex is in the form of a relatively small
particle size adsorbent in the first place, the complex can be
mixed directly with the gum. If, however, the complex is in the
form of a relatively coarse adsorbent, then it is desirable to
grind and size the complex first. The complex particle size in the
gum should be small enough not to cause damage to teeth during
chewing, however.
In compounding the compositions with the various alkaloid-adsorbent
complexes, singly or as admixtures of several alkaloids, the weight
ratio of the complex to the total weight of the gum is not critical
so long as the desired amount of the alkaloid is present, but
varies between an upper and a lower most suitable range specific to
the formulation used. Compositions wherein the alkaloid-adsorbent
complex is present in an amount of about 0.1 to 10 percent by
weight of the total weight of the gum, preferably about 0.2 to 5
percent, and most preferably about 0.5 to 2 percent, are
suitable.
Conveniently compositions of the present invention are compounded
simultaneously with the incorporation of any additives such as corn
syrup, sugar, sorbitol and flavors into the chewing gum base. Thus,
for example, the composition can be compounded in a suitable
kettle, such as a steam jacketed mixer, which is warmed and the gum
base added and mixed until sufficiently free from lumps. Next,
sorbitol or corn syrup and sugar are incorporated into the base.
Depending on the physical properties of the acidifying agent such
as a pharmacologically acceptable acid that may be incorporated as
an additional ingredient according to this invention, it will be
convenient to add this acid, as in the case of, for instance,
sulphuric acid, with the liquid part of sorbitol or with the corn
syrup. In the case of, for instance, malic acid, it will be
convenient to add this acid with the solid, powdered part of
sorbitol or sugar. Finally, flavours, softeners and other additives
are poured in and well distributed. The mass is cooled, rolled,
scored, and hardened sufficiently, then coated if desired, before
final wrapping and analyzing. Controlled humidity rooms assure
consistent moisture content and prevent "sweating" of the gum. It
is preferred to use just enough heat to soften the gum base
sufficient for mixing. The addition of sugar and syrup tends to
lower the temperature, and the various alkaloids or alkaloid salts
together with the flavouring agent if desired, are added only when
the mixture has cooled sufficiently. This minimizes uncontrollable
losses in alkaloid and/or flavour content to a marked degree.
As mentioned hereinabove, it is preferred that the smoking
substitute compositions of this invention are acidic. This is
desirable in order to enhance the feeling of smoking upon use of
the present compositions, because in an acidic environment the
nicotine cation-nicotine base equilibrium, i.e., ##SPC1##
is shifted to the left, thereby further decreasing the nicotine
absorption rate at the chewing site and allowing some of the
released nicotine to reach other parts of the buccal cavity
including the throat. It has been found that it is desirable, for
the purposes of this invention, to maintain the pH at the chewing
site upon chewing at a pH of less than about 7, and preferably in
the range of about 5 to about 4, by incorporating a
pharmacologically acceptable acidifying agent into the
composition.
In one preferred embodiment of this invention when utilizing an
alkaloid-adsorbent complex, the adsorbent is only partly loaded
with nicotine or similar alkaloid when incorporated into a smoking
substitute composition of this invention and is also loaded with a
releasable or desorbable acid which serves as the acidifying agent.
Upon chewing such a composition, the acid is also liberated from
the adsorbent and pH of saliva at the chewing site is decreased.
This decrease in pH influences, in turn, the acid-base equilibrium
as set forth above. Similarly, it is possible to admix a fully
nicotine-loaded adsorbent with a cation exchange resin in its acid
form which releases hydrogen ions upon chewing to bring about the
desired acidity at the chewing site, or to admix a fully
nicotine-loaded adsorbent with a pharmacologically acceptable
organic or inorganic acid, or to admix a fully nicotine-loaded
adsorbent with a combination of a cation exchange resin in its acid
form with a pharmacologically acceptable organic or inorganic
salt.
In another preferred embodiment of this invention a cation
exchanger in its ionic hydrogen form is introduced in the
alkaloid-bearing gum composition to provide the desired acidity.
Upon chewing such a composition, hydrogen ions are liberated from
the cation exchanger and pH of saliva at the chewing site is
decreased, which decrease in pH influences, in turn, the acid-base
equilibrium. In still another preferred embodiment, the
alkaloid-bearing gum composition is admixed with a
pharmacologically acceptable organic or inorganic acid, or with a
combination of a cation exchange resin in its acid form with a
pharmacologically acceptable organic or inorganic salt.
The properties and characteristics of four cation exchange resins
that we have found to be particularly suitable for use with the
present invention are:
No. Name Manufacturer ______________________________________ 1.
Amberlite IRP 64 Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia 2. Amberlite IRP
64M Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia 3. Amberlite IRP 69M Rohm
& Haas Co., Philadelphia 4. BIO-REX 63 BIO-RAD Lab., Richmond,
Cal. No. Type Functional Groups 1. Weakly acidic, metha- Carboxylic
crylic Type R.COO.sup.-H.sup.+ 2. Weakly acidic, metha- Carboxylic
crylic Type R.COO.sup.-H.sup.+ 3. Strongly acidic, poly- Sulfonic
styrene Type R.SO.sub.3.sup.-H.sup.+ 4. Intermediate acidic,
Phosphonic polystyrene Type R.PO.sub.3 .sup.-(H.sup.+).sub.2
______________________________________
No. Ionic Form Cross-linkage, % divinylbenzene
______________________________________ 1. Hydrogen Not published
but, according to the manufacturer, this resin "While a gel resin"
reacts as a "relatively high porosity resin". 2. Hydrogen Same as
(1.) above 3. Sodium converted to hydrogen Not published, but,
according to the manufacturer, this resin reacts as a "conventional
gel porosity" resin. 4. Sodium converted to hydrogen Not published,
but, according to the manufacturer, this resin reacts as a "large
porosity" resin. ______________________________________
Apparent pK Value in Exchange Capacity meq/gm of No. One Molar
Potassium Oven Dried Resin Chloride Solution
______________________________________ 1. About 6.0 10.3 2. About
6.0 10.3 3. About 1.3 5.2 4. Not published 6.6 No. Particle size
.mu. Percent External Water 1. 150-40 Maximum 5.0 2. 95%<40
Maximum 5.0 3. 95%<40 Maximum 10.0 4. 150-75 Maximum 4.0
______________________________________
The amount of pharmacologically acceptable acid present in any of
the foregoing instances, can be in the range of about 1.5 to about
10 equivalents of acid per mole of the alkaloid base, preferably
about 1.5 to about 6 equivalents of acid per mole of the alkaloid
base, and most preferably about 2 to about 4 equivalents of acid
per mole of the alkaloid base. Expressed in terms of the alkaloid
present as a neutral salt, the amount of acid present can be in the
range of about 0.5 to about 9 equivalents of acid per mole of the
neutral alkaloid salt, preferably about 0.5 to about 5 equivalents
of acid per mole of the neutral alkaloid salt, and most preferably
of about 1 to about 3 equivalents of acid per mole of the neutral
alkaloid salt.
For the purposes of the present invention, suitable acids are
inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulphonic acid,
phosphoric acid, and the like, as well as organic acids such as
succinic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, malic
acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, mixtures of the
aforesaid acids, and the like. The organic acids are preferred.
The acid or acids may be incorporated directly into the gum
composition at any convenient compounding stage thereof or admixed
beforehand with a water-soluble part of the composition, e.g.,
sorbitol, and then incorporated into the gum composition.
Some Preparations and Examples are now given which are illustrative
of the present invention.
______________________________________ PREPARATIONS OF THE
INVENTION ______________________________________ Preparation 1
Synthetic gum base 73.7 weight-percent Powdered sorbitol 19.8
weight-percent Sorbitol, 70 percent water solution 3.8
weight-percent Glycerine 0.7 weight-percent Flavoring oil 2.0
weight-percent Preparation 2 Synthetic gum base 55.0 weight-percent
Powdered sorbitol 34.0 weight-percent Sorbitol, 70 percent water
solution 8.9 weight percent Glycerine 0.6 weight-percent Flavoring
oil 1.5 weight-percent Preparation 3 Natural gum base 40.0
weight-percent Powdered sugar 46.7 weight-percent Corn syrup
45.degree. Baume 11.7 weight-percent Glycerine 0.5 weight-percent
Flavouring oil 1.1 weight-percent Preparation NOT According to the
Invention Preparation 4 Natural gum base 22.0 weight-percent
Powdered sugar 64.0 weight-percent Corn syrup 45.degree. Baume 14.0
weight-percent ______________________________________
The following Examples demonstrate the compositions according to
the invention. Each of these is made by warming the gum base in a
kettle and then adding the various additives, in the general method
described above.
EXAMPLE 1
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of nicotine as acid
nicotine d-tartrate (C.sub.10 H.sub.14 N.sub.2 . 2 C.sub.4 H.sub.6
O.sub.6 . 2 H.sub.2 O).
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 1994 grams Acid nicotine d-tartrate 6.16 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 4 mg of nicotine as
nicotine dihydrochloride (C.sub.10 H.sub.14 N.sub.2 . 2 HCl).
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 991 grams Nicotine, 100 % (C.sub.10 H.sub.14
N.sub.2) 4.0 grams Hydrochloric acid, 38 % 4.73 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 4 mg of nicotine as
neutral nicotine sulfate ((C.sub.10 H.sub.14 N.sub.2).sub.2 .
H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and an excess of acid (4.8 equivalents / mole of
alkaloid salt), present as the cation exchanger Amberlite IRP 64M
in hydrogen ionic form.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 983 grams Nicotine, 100 % 4.0 grams Sulfuric acid,
95 % 1.28 grams Amberlite IRP 64M, 9.0 meq/gram 12.0 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 3 mg of nicotine as
neutral nicotine sulfate ((C.sub.10 H.sub.14 N.sub.2).sub.2 .
H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and an excess of acid (4.8 equivalents / mole of
alkaloid salt), present as adipic acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 1490 grams Nicotine, 100% 3.0 grams Sulfuric acid,
95 % 0.96 grams Adipic acid 6.5 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (5.8 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as the cation exchanger Amberlite IRP 69M converted to hydrogen
ionic form.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 983 grams Nicotine, 100 % 2.0 grams Amberlite IRP
60M, 4.8 meq/gram 14.9 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of nicotine as base
together with 1 mg of nor-nicotine as base and an excess of acid (6
equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present as succinic acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 2 490 grams Nicotine, 100 % 2.0 grams Nor-nicotine,
100 % (C.sub.9 H.sub.12 N.sub.2) 1.0 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 7
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 1 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (10 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as fumaric acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 2 995 grams Nicotine, 100 % 1.0 grams Fumaric acid
3.58 grams ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 8
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 5 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (1.5 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as hydrochloric acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 2 990 grams Nicotine, 100 % 5.0 grams Hydrochloric
acid, 38 % 4.44 grams ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 9
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 1 mg of nicotine as base
together with 1 mg of lobeline as base and an excess of acid (8
equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present as adipic acid.
EXAMPLE 9, CONTINUED
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 3 2993.0 grams Nicotine, 100 % 1.0 gram Lobeline,
100 % (C.sub.22 H.sub.27 NO.sub.2) 1.0 gram Adipic acid 5.34 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 10
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 3 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (4 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as monosodium-citrate.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 989.0 grams Nicotine, 100 % 3.0 grams
Monosodiumcitrate 7.93 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 11
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (3 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as monosodium phosphate.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 1996.0 grams Nicotine, 100 % 2.0 grams Monosodium
phosphate 2.22 grams ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 12
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 3 mg of nor-nicotine as
base and an excess of acid (4 equivalents / mole of alkaloid),
present as malic acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 1492.0 grams Nor-nicotine, 100 % 3.0 grams Malic
acid 5.43 grams ______________________________________
EXAMPLE 13
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of nicotine as base
and an excess of acid (6 equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present
as a mixture of malic acid and adipic acid.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 1 993.0 grams Nicotine, 100% 2.0 grams Malic acid
2.48 grams Adipic acid 2.71 grams
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 14
1000 Pieces of chewing gum each containing 2 mg of lobeline as base
and an excess of acid (8equivalents / mole of alkaloid), present as
monosodium fumarate.
______________________________________ Chewing gum mass according
to Preparation 2 1491.0 grams Lobeline, 100 % 2.0 grams Monosodium
fumarate 6.54 grams ______________________________________
CHEWING TESTS
The chewing gums in the following examples refer to a formulation
prepared according to Preparation 1.
Each chewing gum unit or piece is composed of 1.0 gram of this
mass.
EXAMPLE 15
Chewing gum containing a 10 percent complex is obtained from 3 mg
of nicotine bound to silicic acid. Chewing gum mass according to
Preparation 1, 1000 pieces of gum per 1970 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 10 percent nicotine complex 30.0 grams.
EXAMPLE 16
Chewing gum containing a 10 percent complex, obtained from 2.5 mg.
of nicotine bound to silicic acid, and likewise a 20 percent
complex, obtained from 2.5 mg. of nicotine bound to silicic
acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 2, 1000 pieces of gum per
1835 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 10 percent nicotine complex 25.0 grams.
Silicic acid - 20 percent nicotine complex 12.5 grams.
EXAMPLE 17
Chewing gum containing a 30 percent complex, obtained from 1 mg. of
nicotine bound to silicic acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 3, 1000 pieces of gum per
3325 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 30 percent nicotine complex 3.33 grams.
EXAMPLE 18
Chewing gum containing a 30 percent complex, obtained from 2 mg of
lobeline bound to silicic acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 3, 1000 pieces of gum per
3325 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 30 percent lobeline complex 6.67 grams.
EXAMPLE 19
Chewing gum containing a 20 percent complex, obtained from 1 mg of
lobeline bound to silicic acid, and likewise a 35 percent complex
obtained from 1 mg. of nicotine bound to silicic acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 1, 1000 pieces of gum per
1565 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 20 percent lobeline complex 5.0 grams.
Silicic acid - 35 percent nicotine complex 2.86 grams.
EXAMPLE 20
Chewing gum containing a 10 percent complex, obtained from 5 mg of
nor-nicotine bound to silicic acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 2, 1000 pieces of gum per
450 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 10 percent nor-nicotine complex 50.0 grams.
EXAMPLE 21
Chewing gum containing a 15 percent complex, obtained from 2 mg of
nicotine bound to silicic acid, and likewise a 10 percent complex
obtained from 1 mg. of nor-nicotine bound to silicic acid.
Chewing gum mass according to Preparation 1, 1000 pieces of gum per
2975 grams of the mass.
Silicic acid - 15 percent nicotine complex 13.33 grams.
Silicic acid - 10 percent nor-nicotine complex 10.0 grams.
Preparation of chewing gums containing the other various alkaloid
-absorbent complexes mentioned in the present application, either
separately or mixtures thereof, is carried out in the manner of the
foregoing examples, with only such minor variations as are well
known to every person skilled in the art of manufacturing chewing
gums.
EXAMPLE 22
Chewing gum containing 4 mg of nicotine as neutral nicotine sulfate
and an excess of acid (4.8 equivalents / mole of alkaloid salt),
present as the cation exchanger Amberlite IRP 64M in hydrogen ionic
form.
______________________________________ Chewing time minutes Mean
value nicotine released mg ______________________________________ 0
0 2 0.56 5 1.44 10 2.83 20 3.95
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 23
Chewing gum containing 4 mg of nicotine as nicotine
dihydrochloride, i.e. 2 equivalents of acid / mole of alkaloid.
______________________________________ Chewing time minutes Mean
value nicotine released mg ______________________________________ 0
0 2 0.48 5 1.44 10 2.68 20 3.88
______________________________________
We have found that it is possible to get a rather uniform extended
release from a chewing gum upon chewing provided the alkaloid as
such or as alkaloid salt is incorporated in a chewing gum formula
containing a sufficiently high percentage of gum base. Among such
chewing compositions those containing an excess of acid are more
satisfactory as smoking substitutes, because they give a more
pronounced "feeling of smoking".
Preparation of chewing gums containing other formulation variants
mentioned in the present application can be carried out in the
manner of the foregoing examples, with only such minor variations
as are well known to every person skilled in the art of
manufacturing chewing gums.
Table I below is a compilation of experimental results showing the
amount of nicotine released as a function of time.
TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
RELEASED NICOTINE IN PERCENT BY WEIGHT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
Composition A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D Time, min.
__________________________________________________________________________
2 9% 42% 15% 79% 14% 78% 12% 5 30% 58% 28% 87% 36% 87% 36% 10 62%
66% 59% 91% 71% 93% 67% 20 95% 88% 89% 100% 99% 100% 97%
__________________________________________________________________________
A1 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine base and 1
gram chewing gum mass having a high gum base concentration,
prepared in accordance with Preparation 1. Release brought about by
chewing. Moderate feeling of smoking was observed.
A2 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine base and 3
grams chewing gum mass having a low gum base concentration,
prepared in accordance with Preparation 4. Release brought about by
chewing. The observed initial nicotine release rate is too rapid
for this composition to be suitable as a smoking substitute.
B1 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine as neutral
nicotine sulfate and 1 gram chewing gum mass having a high gum base
concentration, prepared in accordance with Preparation 1. Release
brought about by chewing. Moderate feeling of smoking was
observed.
B2 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine as neutral
nicotine sulfate and 3 grams of chewing gum mass having a low gum
base concentration, prepared in accordance with Preparation 4.
Release brought about by chewing. The observed initial release rate
is too rapid for this composition to be suitable as a smoking
substitute.
C1 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine as neutral
nicotine sulfate and an excess of acid (4.8 equivalents of cation
exchanger Amberlite IRP 64M in ionic hydrogen form per mole of the
alkaloid salt) and 1 gram chewing gum mass having a high gum base
concentration, prepared in accordance with Preparation 1. Release
brought about by chewing. Very pronounced feeling of smoking was
observed.
C2 - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine as neutral
nicotine sulfate and an excess of acid (4.8 equivalents of cation
exchanger Amberlite IRP 64M in ionic hydrogen form per mole of the
alkaloid salt) and 3 grams chewing gum mass with low gum base
concentration, prepared in accordance with Preparation 4. Release
brought about by chewing. The observed initial release rate is too
high for this composition to be suitable as a smoking
substitute.
D - chewing gum containing 4 milligrams of nicotine as nicotine
dihydrochloride (i.e., containing 2 equivalents of acid per mole of
alkaloid) and 1 gram chewing gum mass having a high gum base
concentration, prepared in accordance with Preparation 1. Release
brought about by chewing. Very pronounced feeling of smoking was
observed.
From the data in the foregoing Table it is readily apparent that
the presence of a high gum base concentration is essential for a
satisfactory smoking composition which provides a substantially
uniform, extended release of the alkaloid either in the form of a
base or as a salt. Moreover, in compositions C1 and D the presence
of an excess of an acid provided a more pronounced feeling of
smoking.
DETERMINATION OF NICOTINE IN CHEWING GUM
Apparatus. Spectrophotometer Beckman DU.
Determination. Homogenize one chewing gum with a 20 g seasand in a
mortar under ether. Transfer the homogenous mixture to a glass
column with a glass wool plug at the bottom. Elute the column with
ca. 100 ml ether and collect the eluate in a separation funnel.
Make the column as free from ether as possible. Extract the ether
in the separation funnel with 3 .times. 15 ml 0.1 N hydrochloric
acid and combine the extracts in a 250 ml volumetric flask. The
ether phase is then discarded. Elute the now nearly dry column with
0.1 N hydrochloric acid into the flask containing the combined
extracts until the total volume is 250 ml.
Read absorbance in the spectrophotometer at 259 (max), 236 (min)
and 282 m.mu..
Calculate E.sub.corr =E.sub.max -1/2(E.sub.min + E.sub.282)
E.sup.1 percent (corr) has been determined to be 338
1cm ##EQU1##
The method is applicable also to chewed gums for determination of
remaining nicotine.
A detailed example of the preparation of a smoking substitute
composition is given below.
EXAMPLE 24
About 400 grammes natural gum base is put into a hot jacketed mixer
fitted with stirrers. The mixer is heated by steam at about 15 lbs.
per sq. inch. The stirrers are run at intervals to turn the base
over. A low steam pressure is selected to prevent overheating of
the base. After the base is completely melted the steam is turned
off in the mixer and cold water is run through the jacket to reduce
the temperature of the contents to about 85.degree.C. 460 Grammes
of powdered sugar (300 mesh sieve), 120 grammes Corn syrup
45.degree. Baume, 5 grammes of glycerine, 10 grammes of flavouring
oil, 5.3 grammes of nicotine sulfate and 12 grammes Amberlite IRP
64M (9.9 meq. acid/gram) are then added to the melted base in the
mixer and the mass is mixed for about fifteen minutes. The mixture
will now have a temperature of between 60.degree. to 75.degree.C,
or lower.
It is desirable that the mix should be as cool as possible before
mixing stops, but viscosity increases as the temperature drops and
mixing must stop before the mixture becomes too stiff for the
mixing machine. In practice the operator judges when to stop mixing
not so much by the actual thermometer reading as by the consistency
of the mix.
After mixing the batch of gum is cut into pieces of a size suitable
for feeding to whatever type of extruder is available. The extruder
jacket is usually heated by means of warm water at 45.degree. to
50.degree.C. This gives a more even extrusion than when the
extruder is heated by steam and it permits better temperature
control. The extruded stick of gum should be well dusted with
starch or a mixture of icing sugar and starch to prevent it from
sticking to sizing rollers and cutters. The rollers serve to roll
it down to the desired size. The cutters are preferably maintained
at about 25.degree.C.
The precise manner of shaping the gum in the extruder and
afterwards is however fairly conventional and will be selected
according to the desired shape and size of the resultant pieces.
Each piece generally weighs between 1 and 3 grammes. In this
Example, 1000 pieces, each weighing about one gram, were provided
by the conventional extruding and cutting procedure. Likewise, the
pieces are packed and stored under fairly conventional conditions.
For example the wrapping room is preferably maintained at
20.degree.C and a relative humidity of 45 to 50 percent and the
pieces are preferably stored at a temperature of 18.degree. to
20.degree.C and a relative humidity of 45 to 50 percent.
It will be appreciated that combinations of alkaloid with gum other
than those demonstrated in the foregoing Examples can be used and
that combination with other flavouring agents, sweetening agents,
binders and such additives can also be used.
Some Preparations and Examples are now given exemplifying the use
of an alkaloid-regenerative adsorbent complex. It should be
realized from what has been said before that these compositions may
not be preformed but may in fact be formed simultaneously with the
incorporation of the complex into the compositions. All precentages
indicated are by weight.
Preparation 5: A nicotine-adsorbent complex containing 200 mg. of
nicotine in 800 mg. of absorbent in the dry state, i.e., a 20
percent compound (complex)
The moisture content of the adsorbent is determined by drying in an
oven at 105.degree.C. to a constant weight.
100.0 Grammes of silicic acid (Aerosil T.M.), calculated as dry,
are added to a beaker containing 25.0 grams nicotine, calculated as
100 percent, diluted to a total volume of 500 ml. by an addition of
distilled water. The mixture is fully homogenized by stirring and
afterwards dried to a weight of 125 grams at about 40.degree.C in a
drying cabinet provided with fan.
The nicotine-adsorbent complex thus obtained is then analyzed with
reference to the nicotine content after careful blending and
sieving through a 300 mesh sieve.
Preparation of other various alkaloid-adsorbent complexes mentioned
below in accordance with the present invention is in accord with
the foregoing example or with only minor variations as are well
known to one skilled in the art of handling adsorbents.
Table II below is a compilation of experimental results showing the
amount of nicotine released as a function of time.
TABLE II ______________________________________ RELEASED NICOTINE
IN PERCENT BY WEIGHT AS A FUNCTION OF
______________________________________ TIME Composition E1 E2 Time,
min. ______________________________________ 2 18% 44% 5 47% 59% 10
71% 69% 20 94% 95% ______________________________________
E1 - chewing gum containing 40 milligrams of silicic acid (Aerosil
T.M.) complexed with nicotine base (10 weight percent nicotine) and
1 gram chewing gum mass having a high gum base concentration,
prepared in accordance with Preparation 1. Release brought about by
chewing. Uniform extended release and moderate feeling of smoking
were observed.
E2 - chewing gum containing 40 milligrams of silicic acid (Aerosil
T.M.) complexed with nicotine base (10 weight percent nicotine) and
3 grammes chewing gum mass having a low gum base concentration,
prepared in accordance with Preparation 4. Release brought about by
chewing. The observed initial nicotine release rate is too rapid
for this composition to be suitable as a smoking substitute.
Many regenerative adsorbents such as amorphous silica, silicic
acid, clays, and the like are suitable for use in the preparation
of the smoking substitutes. A detailed example of the preparation
of one of the smoking substitutes is presented below.
EXAMPLE 18
A nicotine-silicic acid complex with Aerosil T.M. was prepared by
the method described in Preparation 5, the resultant complex
containing 10 percent nicotine.
434 Grammes natural gum base is put into a hot jacketed mixer
fitted with stirrers. The mixer is heated by steam at about 15 lbs.
per square inch. The stirrers are run at intervals to turn the base
over. A low steam pressure is selected to prevent overheating of
the base. After the base is completely melted, the steam is turned
off in the mixer and cold water is run through the jacket to reduce
the temperature of the contents to about 85.degree.C. 840 Grammes
of powdered sugar (300 mesh sieve) and 276 grammes corn syrup
45.degree. Baume are then added to the melted base in the mixer and
the mass is mixed for about fifteen minutes. The mixture will now
have a temperature of between 60.degree. to 75.degree.C.
A further 420 grammes of powdered sugar and 30 grammes of the
nicotine-silicic acid complex, both 300 mesh sieve, are mixed
together and are then added as a powder mixture to the molten
mixture in the kettle. The melt is mixed for a further five
minutes, so that the total mixing time is about fifteen
minutes.
The temperature in the kettle will at the end of this time have
dropped to between 40 .degree. to 60.degree.C. It is desirable that
the mix should be as cool as possible before mixing stops, but
viscosity increases as the temperature drops and mixing must stop
before the mixture becomes too stiff for the mixing machine. In
practice the operator judges when to stop mixing not so much by the
actual thermometer reading as by the consistency of the mix.
After mixing, the batch of gum is cut into pieces of a size
suitable for feeding to whatever type of extruder is available. The
extruder jacket is usually heated by means of warm water at
45.degree. to 50.degree.C. This gives a more even extrusion than
when the extruder is heated by steam and it permits better
temperature control. The extruder stick of gum should be
well-dusted with starch or a mixture of icing sugar and starch to
prevent it from sticking to sizing rollers and cutters. The rollers
serve to roll it down to the desired size. The cutters are
preferably maintained at about 25.degree.C.
The precise manner of shaping the gum in the extruder and afterward
is however fairly conventional and will be selected according to
the desired shape and size of the resultant pieces. Each piece
generally weighs between 1 and 3 grammes. In this Example, 1000
pieces, each weighing two grammes, were provided by the
conventional extruding and cutting procedure. Likewise, the pieces
are packed and stored under fairly conventional conditions. For
example, the wrapping room is preferably maintained at 20.degree.C.
and a relative humidity of 45 to 50 percent and the pieces are
preferably stored at a temperature of 18.degree. to 20.degree.C.
and a relative humidity of 45 to 50 percent.
It will be appreciated that combinations of alkaloid-silicic acid
complexes with gum other than those demonstrated in the foregoing
Examples can be used and that combinations with other regenerative
adsorbents, flavouring agents, sweetening agents, binders and such
additives can also be used.
The foregoing discussion and examples are intended as illustrative
and are not to be construed as limiting. Still other variations
within the spirit and scope of the present invention will readily
present themselves to one skilled in the art.
* * * * *