U.S. patent number 3,877,416 [Application Number 05/353,833] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-15 for humidity corrected transfer apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to James M. Donohue, Donald H. Fisher.
United States Patent |
3,877,416 |
Donohue , et al. |
April 15, 1975 |
Humidity corrected transfer apparatus
Abstract
A humidity compensated transfer apparatus in which charged
particles are transferred from a support surface to a sheet of
support material. The foregoing abstract is neither intended to
define the invention disclosed in the specification, nor is it
intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any
way.
Inventors: |
Donohue; James M. (Rochester,
NY), Fisher; Donald H. (Marion, NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
23390770 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/353,833 |
Filed: |
April 23, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/44; 427/469;
399/66 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/1675 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/16 (20060101); G03g 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/637 ;117/17.5
;355/3DD |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Millstein; Leo
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fleischer; H. Ralabate; J. J.
Green; C. A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A humidity compensated apparatus for transferring charged
particles from a support surface to a sheet of support material,
including:
a transfer member having the sheet of support material secured
thereto, said transfer member cooperating electrically with the
support surface to attract the charged particles to the sheet of
support material;
means for electrically biasing said transfer member to a potential
of sufficient magnitude to attract the charged particles from the
support surface to the sheet of support material;
means for correcting automatically said electrical biasing means to
compensate for the resistivity of differing support materials and
for resistivity changes produced in said transfer member by
variations in the relative humidity of the surrounding environment;
and
corona generating means disposed adjacent to the support surface
and adapted to apply an alternating charge potential to the support
surface pre-conditioning the charged particles thereon to readily
facilitate the transfer thereof from the support surface to the
support material by said transfer member.
2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said correcting
means adjust the biasing potential applied by said electrical
biasing means to said transfer member in an inverse relationship
with relative humidity variations in the surrounding
environment.
3. An apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein:
said biasing means includes a voltage source; and
said correcting means includes includes a resistance element
electrically coupled in series with said voltage source, said
voltage source and said resistance element being electrically
coupled in parallel with said transfer member.
4. An apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein:
said voltage source generates, preferably, about 5000 volts;
and
said resistance element is, preferably, about 200 meg-ohms.
5. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said corona
generating means includes:
an elongated shield defining an open-ended chamber; and
a corona discharge electrode mounted in the chamber of said shield
and arranged therein to generate ions for pre-conditioning and
charged particles on the support surface.
6. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said transfer member
includes:
a cylindrical core of electrically conductive material;
a first layer of resilient material entrained about said
cylindrical core and being substantially in contact therewith;
and
a second layer of resilient material entrained about said first
layer of resilient material and being substantially in contact
therewith.
7. An electrostatographic pringint machine of the type wherein
toner particles are transferred to a sheet of support material
forming thereon a copy of the original document being reproduced,
including:
an image bearing member having toner particles deposited thereon in
image configuration;
a transfer member having the sheet of support material secured
thereto, said transfer member cooperating electrically with said
image bearing member to attract toner particles therefrom to the
sheet of support material;
means for electrically biasing said transfer member to a potential
of sufficient magnitude to attract the toner particles from said
image bearing member to the sheet of support material;
means for correcting automatically said electrical biasing means to
compensate for the resistivity of differing support materials and
for resistivity changes produced in said transfer member by
variations in the relative humidity of the surrounding environment;
and
corona generating means disposed adjacent said image bearing member
and adapted to apply an alternating charge potential to said image
bearing member pre-conditioning the toner particles thereon to
readily facilitate the transfer thereof from said image bearing
member to the support material by said transfer member.
8. A printing machine as recited in claim 7, wherein said
correcting means adjusts the biasing potential applied by said
electrical biasing means to said transfer member in an inverse
relationship with relative humidity variations in the surrounding
environment.
9. A printing machine as recited in claim 8, wherein:
said biasing means includes a voltage source; and
said correcting means includes a resistance element coupled in
series with said voltage source, said voltage source and said
resistance element being electrically coupled in parallel with said
transfer member.
10. A printing machine as recited in claim 9, wherein:
said voltage source generates, preferably, about 5000 volts;
and
said resistance element is, preferably, about 200 meg-ohms.
11. A printing machine as recited in claim 7, wherein said corona
generating means includes:
an elongated shield defining an open-ended chamber, and
a corona discharge electrode mounted in the chamber of said shield
and arranged therein to generate ions for pre-conditioning and
toner particles on said image bearing member.
12. A printing machine as recited in claim 7, wherein said transfer
member includes:
a cylindrical core of electrically conductive material;
a first layer of resilient material entrained about said
cylindrical core and being substantially in contact therewith;
and
a second layer of resilient material entrained about said first
layer of resilient material and being substantially in contact
therewith.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to an electrostatographic printing
machine, and more particularly concerns a humidity compensated
transfer apparatus for utilization therein.
The process of electrostatographic printing involves the creation
of an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an original
document and the reproduction thereof in viewable form.
Electrostatographic printing includes electrophotographic printing
and electrographic printing. In the process of electrophotographic
printing, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691 issued to Carlson
in 1942, a photoconductive layer is charged to a substantially
uniform potential in order to sensitize its surface. A light image
of the original document is projected onto the charged
photoconductive surface. The charge on the photoconductive layer is
selectively dissipated in the irradiated areas in accordance with
the light intensity reaching the photoconductive layer. In this
way, an electrostatic latent image of the original document is
created on the photoconductive layer. A developer mix comprising
dyed colored thermoplastic powder, known in the art as toner
particles, and coarser carrier granules, such as ferromagnetic
granules, is brought into contact with the electrostatic latent
image. The toner particles are attracted electrostatically from the
carrier granules to the latent image recorded on the
photoconductive layer. Thereafter the toner powder image developed
on the photoconductive layer is transferred to a sheet of support
material, such as plain paper or a thermoplastic sheet, amongst
others. However, if the photoconductive surface is the final sheet
of support material, the toner powder image will remain thereon.
Subsequent to the formation of the toner powder image on the final
support material, the toner powder image is suitably permanently
affixed thereto, i.e. by heat. Electrographic printing differs from
electrophotographic printing in that an insulating medium is
utilized to form, without the aid of a light image, the
electrostatic latent image. Other than that, electrographic
printing is substantially identical to electrophotographic
printing.
Heretofore, the toner powder image has been transferred to the
sheet of support material by an electric field created by a corona
generator, or by a transfer roll biased electrically to generate a
high voltage discharge in the proximity of the support material. A
typical corona generator is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,725
issued to Vyverberg in 1958. A corona generator of this type sprays
ions on the back surface of the sheet of support material to induce
transfer thereto. One type of suitable bias transfer roll is
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,807,233 issued to Fitch in 1957. As
described therein, a sheet of support material is interposed
between a conductive roller and a surface having the toner powder
image thereon. A charge of opposite polarity from the toner powder
image is deposited on the back side of the sheet of support
material. This charge attracts the toner powder image from the
photoconductive surface to the support material.
Numerous factors effect the quality of the image transferred to the
support material, the most significant factors being those which
effect the uniformity of the toner powder image transferred
thereto. The process of transferring multi-layered toner powder
images, as exemplified in the process of multi-color
electrophotographic printing, has produced various difficulties. In
particular, transfer efficiency diminishes with variations in
resistivity of the bias transfer roll. Transfer efficiency may be
defined as the ratio of toner particles on the photoconductive
surface to toner particles transferred to the support material.
This produces a reduction in the density of the multi-color image
reproduced on the support material. One factor that appears to
influence the resistivity of the bias transfer roll is the relative
humidity in the surrounding environment. As the relative humidity
in the environment increases, the resistivity of the bias transfer
roll decreases. The change in transfer roll resistivity effects the
magnitude of the biasing potential applied thereto. Thus, the
resultant image transferred is no longer optimum, and the
characteristics thereof are degraded as the relatively humidity
changes. Another factor influencing transfer efficiency is the
change in resistivity for differing support materials. Generally,
the support material may either be a sheet of plain paper or a
thermoplastic sheet. The resistivity of the foregoing sheets
differs substantially from one another. Hence, if the voltage
applies to the bias transfer roll is optimum for a sheet of plain
paper, it may no longer be optimum for a sheet of termoplastic
material. Moreover, since the rate of change of resistivity is
extremely slow, i.e. it may take days or weeks for the transfer
roll to reach a stabilized resistivity, it is extremely difficult
to manually compensate therefore, on a continuous basis during
machine operation.
In addition to the problems of transfer efficiency, hollow
characters, i.e. the periphery of the image rather than the entire
image is transferred, and blurred characters may occur when the
transfer system remains uncorrected for resistivity changes
therein. The problem of hollow characters is most pronounced in
line copy reproduction. However, hollow characters frequently occur
in solid area copy as well. Hence, uncorrected variations in
resistivity will degrade transfer efficiency as well as increasing
the occurence of hollow characters and blurred characters.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to
improve transferring of the toner powder image from an image
bearing member to a sheet of support material by correcting for
changes in resistivity of the transfer member and the support
material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly stated and in accordance with the present invention, there
is provided a humidity compensated apparatus for transferring
charged particles from a support surface to a sheet of support
material.
In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a transfer
member and electrical biasing means. One of the features of the
present invention is to have the sheet of support material secured
to the transfer member. The transfer member is adapted to cooperate
electrically with the support surface to attract the charged
particles therefrom to the sheet of support material. Further, in
accordance with the invention, the electrical biasing means biases
the transfer member to a potential of sufficient magnitude to
attract the charged particles from the support surface to the sheet
of support material secured thereon. In the preferred electrical
biasing means, the biasing potential applied to the transfer member
is adjusted automatically for the resistivities of differing
support materials, as well as for resistivity changes produced in
the transfer member due to the relative humidity variations in the
surrounding environment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon
reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a multi-color
electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the present
invention therein;
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the apparatus of the
present invention as employed in the FIG. 1 printing machine;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary perspective view of a corona generator
utilized in the FIG. 2 apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the optimum transfer voltage applied
to the transfer apparatus as relative humidity increases, and the
approximations thereto by the electrical circuitry of the present
invention; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the electrical circuitry used in
conjunction with the FIG. 2 transfer member to compensate for
resistivity changes therein.
While the present invention will be described in connection with
the preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not
intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the
contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications
and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of
the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With continued reference to the drawings, like reference numerals
have been used throughout to designate like elements. FIG. 1
schematically illustrates a multi-color electrophotographic
printing machine having the present invention incorporated therein.
Although the humidity compensated transfer apparatus of the present
invention is particularly well adapted for use in a multi-color
electrophotographic printing machine, it should become evident from
the following discussion that it is equally well suited for use in
a wide variety of electrophotographic printing machines and is not
necessarily limited in its application to the particular embodiment
shown herein.
As shown in FIG. 1, the printing machine utilizes an image bearing
member having a drum 10 with a photoconductive surface 12 secured
to and entrained about the exterior circumferential surface
thereof. Drum 10 is mounted rotatably within the machine frame and
driven about its longitudinal axis by a drive motor (not shown) in
the direction of arrow 14. U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,367 issued to Sechak
in 1972 describes a suitable photoconductive material for use as
photoconductive surface 12. As drum 10 rotates in the direction of
arrow 14, photoconductive surface 12 passes sequentially through a
series of processing stations. A timing disc (not shown) is mounted
on one end of drum 10 and is adapted to coordinate the machine
logic with the rotation thereof. The machine logic corrdinates the
sequence of operations at each station to produce the proper events
thereat.
Initially, drum 10 rotates photoconductive surface 12 through
charging station A. A corona generating device, indicated generally
at 16, extends in a generally longitudinal direction transversely
across photoconductive surface 12. This readily enables corona
generating device 16 to generate a spray on ions which charge
photoconductive surface 12 to a relatively high substantially
uniform potential. The foregoing corona generating device 16, is,
preferably, of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,778,946 issued
to Mayo in 1957.
Drum 10, thereafter, rotates to exposure station B. At exposure
station B, a color filtered light image of the original document is
projected onto the charged photoconductive surface 12. A moving
lens system, generally designated by the reference numeral 18, and
a color filter mechanism, shown generally at 20, are disposed at
exposure station B. As shown in FIG. 1, an original document 22,
such as a sheet of paper, book or the like, is placed face down
upon transparent viewing platen 24. Lamp assembly 26, filter
mechanism 20 and lens 18 move in a timed relation with drum 10 to
scan successive incremental areas of original document 22 disposed
upon platen 24. Hence, a flowing light image of original document
22 is created and projected onto the charged photoconductive
surface 12. Filter mechanism 20 interposes selected color filters
into the optical light path to produce a single color flowing light
image of the original document 22. The appropriate color filter
operates on the light rays passing through lens 18 which record an
electrostatic latent image on photoconductive surface 12. The
latent image corresponds to a single color light image having light
rays in a pre-selected spectral region of the electromagnetic wave
spectrum. The electrostatic latent image formed by the single color
light image will hereinafter be referred to as a single color
electrostatic latent image. U.S. Pat. No. 3,062,108 issued to Mayo
in 1962 describes a suitable moving lens system. A suitable color
filter mechanism is described in copending application Ser. No.
830,282, filed in 1969.
After exposure, drum 10 rotates the single color electrostatic
latent image recorded on photoconductive surface 12 to development
station C. Three individual developer units, generally indicated by
the reference numerals 28, 30 and 32, respectively, are disposed at
development station C. A suitable developer unit is described in
co-pending application Ser. No. 255,259, filed in 1972. Preferably,
the developer units are all of a type referred to as magnetic brush
developer units. In general, a magnetic brush developer unit
utilizes a magnetizable developer mix having carrier granules and
toner particles therein. The developer mix is continually brought
through a directional flux field to form a brush thereof. The
single color electrostatic latent image recorded on photoconductive
surface 12 is developed by bringing the brush of developer mix into
contact therewith. Each of the respective developer units contain
discretely colored toner particles corresponding to the complement
of the spectral region of the wave lengths of light transmitted
through filter 20. For example, a green filtered electrostatic
latent image is rendered visible by depositing green absorbing
magenta toner particles on the charged regions of the
photoconductive surface. Similarly, blue and red latent images have
yellow and cyan toner particles, respectively, deposited in the
charged regions of the photoconductive surface.
Drum 10 is, next, rotated to transfer station D. At transfer
station D, the toner powder image adhering electrostatically to
photoconductive surface 12 is transferred to a sheet of support
material 34. Support material 34 may be plain paper or a sheet of
thermoplastic material, amongst others. It is evident that the
resistivity of plain paper is appreciably different from that of a
thermoplastic material. Accordingly, it is desirable to correct the
transfer apparatus for the changes in resistivity due to the
varying support materials utilized thereat. Transfer station D
includes corona generating means, indicated generally at 36, and a
transfer member, designated generally by the reference numeral 38.
Corona generator 36 is energized with an alternating current and
arranged to spray ions on photoconductive surface 12 to
pre-condition the toner powder image adhering electrostatically
thereto. Hence, the pre-conditioned toner powder image will be more
readily transferred from photoconductive surface 12 to support
material 34 by transfer member 38. Corona generator 36 will be
described hereinafter in greater detail with reference to FIG. 3.
Electrical biasing means 40 biases transfer member 38 to a
potential of sufficient magnitude and polarity to attract
electrostatically the pre-conditioned toner particles from
photoconductive surface 12 to support material 34. As will be
described hereinafter in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 4
and 5, electrical biasing means 40 is adapted to adjust the biasing
potential applied to transfer member 38 in an inverse relationship
with variations in the relative humidity of the surrounding
environment. Moreover, electrical biasing means 40 corrects
automatically for the resistivity of differing support materials.
Transfer member 38 is a roll adapted to recirculate support
material 34 and rotates in synchronism with drum 10. In this case,
transfer roll 38 rotates in the direction of arrow 42 at
substantially the same angular velocity as drum 10. Inasmuch as
support material 34 is secured releasably on transfer material 38
for movement in a recirculating path therewith, successive toner
powder images may be transferred thereto, in superimposed
registration with one another. Transfer member 38 will be described
hereinafter in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.
Reference will now be made to the method of advancing successive
sheets of support material 34 to transfer roll 38. Feed roll 46, in
association with retard roll 48, advances and separates the
uppermost sheet from stack 44 disposed on tray 50. The advancing
sheet moves into chute 52 which directs it into the nip between
register rolls 54. Thereafter, gripper fingers, indicated generally
at 56, mounted on transfer roll 38 secure releasably thereon
support material 34 for movement in a recirculating path therewith.
After a plurality of toner powder images have been transferred to
support material 34, gripper fingers 56 release support material 34
and space it from transfer roll 38. Stripper bar 58 is then
interposed therebetween to separate support material 34 from
transfer roll 38. Thereafter, endless belt conveyor 60 advances
support material 34 to fixing station E.
A fuser, indicated generally at 62, is disposed at fixing station
E. Fuser 62 is adapted to coalesce the transferred powder image to
support material 34. One type of suitable fuser is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,592 issued to Moser et al in 1970. After the
fixing process, support material 34 is advanced from fuser 62 to
catch tray 68 by endless belt conveyors 64 and 66. At catch tray 68
the copy sheet is removed from the machine by the operator.
After the transfer of toner particles from photoconductive surface
12 to support material 34, residual toner particles remain on
photoconductive surface 12. These residual toner particles are
removed from photoconductive surface 12 as it passes through
cleaning station F. At cleaning station F, the residual toner
particles are initially brought under the influence of a cleaning
corona generating device (not shown) arranged to neutralize the
electrostatic charge remaining thereon. The neutralized toner
particles are then mechanically cleaned from photoconductive
surface 12 by rotatably mounted fibrous brush 70. A suitable brush
cleaning device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,412 issued to
Gerbasi in 1971. Rotatably mounted brush 70 is positioned at
cleaning station F and maintained in contact with photoconductive
surface 12. Brush 70 removes residual toner particles remaining on
photoconductive surface 12 after each successive transfer
operation.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown therein transfer roll 38
and corona generator 36. Transfer roll 38 includes an aluminum tube
72, preferably, having about 1/4 inch thick layer of urethane 74
cast thereabout. A polyurethane coating 76, preferably about 1/2
mil thick, is sprayed over the layer cast urethane 74. Electrical
biasing means applies a direct current bias voltage to aluminum
tube 72 via suitable means such as a carbon brush and brass ring
assembly (not shown). Transfer roll 38 is substantially the same
diameter as drum 10 and is driven at substantially the same angular
velocity. Contact between photoconductive surface 12 of drum 10 and
transfer roll 38, with support material 34 interposed therebetween,
is, preferably, limited to a maximum of about 1.0 lb. total linear
force. A synchronous speed main drive motor rotates transfer roll
38. The drive motor is coupled directly to transfer roll 38 by a
flexible bellows coupling 78 which permits the lowering and raising
of transfer roll 38. Synchronization of transfer roll 38 and drum
10 is accomplished by precision gears (not shown) coupling the main
drive motor to transfer roll 38 and drum 10. Preferably, transfer
roll 38 has a durometer hardness ranging from about 10 units to
about 30 units on the Shore A scale. The resistivity of transfer
roll 38 preferably ranges from 10.sup.8 to about 10.sup.11
ohm-centimeters.
Referring now to FIG. 3, corona generating device 36 is shown
therein in detail. Corona generator 36 includes an elongated shield
80 made preferably from a conductive material, i.e. an aluminum
extrusion. Elongated shield 80 is substantially U-shaped and may be
grounded or, in lieu thereof, biased to a suitable electrical
voltage level. A corona discharge electrode 82 is mounted in the
chamber defined by U-shaped shield 80. Discharge electrode 82, is,
preferably, a coronode wire approximately 0.0035 inches in diameter
extending longitudinally along the length of shield 80. Coronode
wire 82 is made, preferably, from platinum. Discharge electrode 82
is energized to produce a flow of ions adapted to pre-condition the
toner particles deposited on photoconductive surface 12.
Pre-conditioning the toner powder image improves the efficiency of
transferring the toner powder image from photoconductive surface 12
to support material 34. Preferably, discharge electrode 82 is
excited to about 110 micro-amperes A.C. by a voltage source of
about 4400 volts RMS A.C. The alternating current output from
coronode wire 82 to photoconductive surface 12 with the toner
powder image thereon is, preferably, about 4.0 micro-amperes.
Turning now to FIG. 4, there is shown a graph of the optimized
voltage applied to transfer roll 38 as a function of relative
humidity. As the relative humidity increases, the voltage applied
to transfer roll 38 should decrease. Relative humidity decreases
the resistivity of transfer roll 38. Hence, if the voltage applied
thereto remains constant, the magnitude of the electrostatic field
applied to the toner particles will increase. It is, therefore,
evident that it is desirable to decrease the voltage applied to
transfer roll 38 as the resistivity thereof decreases to maintain
the electrostatic field applied to the toner particles
substantially constant. Curve 84 depicts the ideal change in
voltage applied to transfer roll 38 as the relative humidity
increases. Curve 84 is shown for a sheet of plain paper having a
discrete resistivity. However, when a thermoplastic sheet of
support material is utilized the resistivity thereof is greater
than that for a plain sheet of paper and the voltage applied to
transfer roll 38 should correspondingly increase. For example, a
transparent polymeric non-fibrous sheet of support material 34 made
from a polysulfone thermoplastic available in sheets of
approximately 3 mils thickness under the trademark Rowlex from
Rowland Products, Inc., Kensington, Connecticut, will require a
voltage increase ranging from about 400 to 600 volts over that of
plain paper. Thus, the voltage increases when transparencies rather
than opaque copies are being formed. Electrical biasing means 40 is
adapted to provide a best straight line fit to curve 84. When
support material 34 is a plain sheet of paper, electrical biasing
means 40 will approximate straight line 86. However, when support
material 34 is the exemplified sheet of thermoplastic material,
electrical biasing means 40 will approximate straight line 88.
Straight line 88 is parallel to straight line 86 and separated
therefrom by about 400 to 600 volts, i.e. the voltage differential
required to effect transfer when the exemplified thermoplastic
sheet rather than plain paper is utilized as support material
34.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown therein the detailed
structural configuration of electrical biasing means 40. Electrical
biasing means 40 includes a voltage source 90 and a resistor 92
connected in series therewith. Preferably, voltage source 90, and
resistor 92 are connected in parallel with transfer roll 38.
Voltage source 90 preferably produces an open circuit output
voltage of about 5000 volts D.C. Register 92 is preferably about
200 meg-ohms. In this configuration, as the relative humidity
increases the resistivity of bias transfer roll 38 decreases, and
the voltage applied to transfer roll 38 will also decrease. By a
judicious selection of the magnitude of resistor 92 and the voltage
level of voltage source 90, a best fit straight line approximation
to curve 86 may be obtained for a sheet of plain paper support
material. Similarly, a best fit straight line approximation to
curve 88 will also be formed for a thermoplastic sheet of support
material. Hence, the large series resistor with transfer roll 38
provides a quasi-self-regulating system. As the resistivity of
transfer roll 38 decreases with increasing relative humidity,
resistor 92 tends to compensate for the reduced transfer roll
resistivity. The 5000 volt voltage source 90 with the 200 meg-ohm
series resistor 92 is utilized because it provides a best fit to
the characteristic curve of FIG. 4. Hence, it is evident that
electrical biasing means 40, as depicted in FIG. 5, automatically
corrects for changes in relative humidity by decreasing the voltage
applied to transfer roll 38 as the relative humidity increases.
Moreover, the foregoing circuit automatically corrects for the
resistivity of different support materials. This is achieved by
voltage source 90 in conjunction with resistor 92 automatically
adjusting the voltage applied to transfer roll 38 as the
resistivity thereof changes due to differing support materials
being utilized and/or changes in the relative humidity.
In recapitulation, it is apparent that the transfer roll
cooperating with the electrical biasing means hereinbefore
described substantially maximizes transfer efficiency and minimizes
hollow characters and blurred characters by adjusting the voltage
applied to the transfer roll as the resistivity thereof changes.
Any resistivity changes due to variation in the relative humidity
of the surrounding environment or due to the use of a different
support material is automatically corrected by the electrical
circuitry of the electrical biasing means. Thus, it is feasible to
optimize the voltage applied to the toner particles on the
photoconductive surface to insure maximum transfer thereof to the
support material. In this manner, transfer efficiency is optimized
and hollow characters and blurred characters are minimized such
that substantially the entire area of the toner powder image is
transferred to the support material.
It is, therefore, evident that there has been provided in
accordance with this invention a humidity compensated transfer
apparatus that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set
forth above. While this invention has been described in conjunction
with specific embodiments thereof, it is apparent that many
alternatives, modifications and variations will be evident to those
skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all
alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the
spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *