U.S. patent number 3,877,032 [Application Number 05/379,763] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-08 for reflector antenna with improved scanning.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Harris-Intertype Corporation. Invention is credited to Harry R. Phelan, Jack Rosa, Attilio F. Sciambi, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,877,032 |
Rosa , et al. |
April 8, 1975 |
Reflector antenna with improved scanning
Abstract
A Cassegrainian antenna system has a planar array as the feed.
An intermediate reflector is positioned in the near field of the
array for substantially collimated illumination with all array
elements operating in phase. Accordingly, an on-axis main beam is
radiated from the main reflector upon illumination by energy from
the intermediate reflector. By impressing a linear phase gradient
across the array, the main beam is controllably tilted
off-axis.
Inventors: |
Rosa; Jack (Melbourne Beach,
FL), Phelan; Harry R. (Indialantic, FL), Sciambi, Jr.;
Attilio F. (Indialantic, FL) |
Assignee: |
Harris-Intertype Corporation
(Cleveland, OH)
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Family
ID: |
26886433 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/379,763 |
Filed: |
July 16, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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190777 |
Oct 20, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/778; 342/371;
343/779 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
19/19 (20130101); H01Q 3/2658 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
3/26 (20060101); H01Q 19/10 (20060101); H01Q
19/19 (20060101); H01q 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/777,778,779,854 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
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3534365 |
October 1970 |
Korvin et al. |
3569976 |
November 1973 |
Korvin et al. |
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Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 190,777, filed Oct.
20, 1971, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A reflector-type antenna system, comprising
a feed including a planar array of antenna elements, said array
having an aperture area A,
a main reflector having a boresight axis,
an intermediate reflector to couple energy from said feed to said
main reflector, and
means for exciting said feed so as to radiate energy having
wavelength .lambda. toward said intermediate reflector such that
the radiated energy, when the array elements are all excited in
phase is substantially a collimated energy beam extending along
said axis,
said intermediate reflector being spaced along said axis a distance
D from said array to receive a substantially collimated feed beam
of energy from said array when all of the array elements are
excited in phase, whereby to effect the radiation of an on-axis
main beam from said main reflector,
said distance D being less than about A divided by 5 .lambda., said
exciting means including means for exciting said array elements
with a linear phase gradient across said array to selectively tilt
said main beam off-axis.
2. An antenna system, comprising
a planar array of feed elements, said array having an aperture area
A,
means for exciting said array to radiate energy of wavelength
.lambda. such that when said elements are all excited in phase the
radiated energy is a first beam that is essentially collimated for
a near field distance along an axis of said array,
an intermediate reflector spaced along said array axis from said
array a distance D and positioned relative to said array for
illumination by energy radiated from said array in said first beam,
where D < A/(5 .lambda. ), and
a main reflector having a main axis coincident with the array axis
and responsive to energy coupled thereto by said intermediate
reflector upon illumination of said intermediate reflector by said
array to form a highly directional main beam of said energy,
said exciting means including means for exciting all of said feed
elements to produce a phase gradient across said array for
selectively tilting said main beam relative to said main axis.
3. An antenna system comprising a planar array of antenna elements,
said array having an aperture area A and an array axis; a main
reflector; an intermediate reflector for receiving energy from said
feed array and reflecting said energy to said main reflector; and
means for exciting said feed array so as to radiate energy having
wavelength .lambda. such that said radiated energy, when the feed
array elements are substantially all excited in phase, is a
substantially collimated energy beam extending along said array
axis to said intermediate reflector, said intermediate reflector
being spaced a distance D from said feed array, said distance D
being less than about A divided by 5 .lambda., thereby to effect
the radiation of a main beam in a first direction from said main
reflector; said exciting means including means for exciting said
array elements with a phase gradient across said array to
selectively direct said main beam to a different direction.
4. An antenna system as defined in claim 3 and wherein said main
reflector has a main axis of geometric symmetry coinciding with
said array axis, and said intermediate reflector is located on both
of said axes.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein
said reflector-type antenna is a Cassegrainian antenna.
6. The reflector-type antenna system of claim 1, wherein
said exciting means includes means for producing rotation of the
tilted beam about the axis of the main reflector by varying the
phasing of the array elements.
7. The antenna system of claim 2, wherein
said array, said intermediate reflector, and said main reflector
are in a Cassegrainian configuration.
8. The antenna system of claim 2, wherein
said phase gradient is linear.
9. The antenna system of claim 2, wherein
said exciting means includes means for varying said phase gradient
across the array to rotate the tilted beam about said axis.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates generally to antenna systems, and
more particularly to a reflector-type antenna system which is
adapted for efficient electronic scanning through moderate
angles.
2. Discussion of Prior Art:
It is frequently necessary to install a Cassegrainian antenna in an
environment which may be subject to slow variations or to
pertubations in orientation relative to an independent system, such
as a target (e.g., a remote tracking station or receiving station).
Moreover, these slight changes in orientation may occur along with
a desired relatively rapid movement between the two systems. A
typical example is the use of a Cassegrainian antenna aboard ship
where, quite obviously, the antenna experiences undesirable
movement as a consequence of ship roll, along with a more rapid
change in relative distance between ship and target. Another
example is found in a satellite- or space vehicle-borne antenna
system, whose orientation relative to the target or to a baseline
is adjusted to some extent by conventional coarse control of major
vehicle movement, but for which other more complex techniques are
required for fine adjustments necessitated by slight changes in
orientation.
It is desirable to provide a simple means for varying the
orientation (i.e., direction of the main beam) of the antenna under
such circumstances, or in related situations where scanning of the
beam through moderate angles may be necessary or desirable.
Heretofore no truly simple means has been devised.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a
technique for moderate adjustment of the direction of the main beam
of the reflector-type antenna by purely electronic means.
Another object of the invention is to provide a Cassegrainian
antenna system utilizing improved techniques for efficient scanning
of the main beam over limited scan angles.
Briefly, the above and other objects of the invention are achieved
in part by locating the intermediate reflector (or subreflector) of
the Cassegrainian antenna in the near field of a scanning array
which is utilized as the feed for the antenna. A definition of the
term "near field" is provided in a book entitled "Reference Data
For Radio Engineers," written and published by International
Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, New York, N.Y., 5th edition,
3rd printing, March, 1970, Chapter 25, page 47. That definition
states that the near field region may be considered to extend out
from an antenna to a distance of A/(2 .lambda. ) where A is the
area of the antenna aperture and .lambda. is the wavelength. It has
been observed that the nearly-collimated near field of the array
promotes uniform illumination of the subreflector with all array
elements operating in phase, i.e., an on-axis beam. More
importantly, we have discovered that the high illumination
efficiency can be maintained with a phase gradient impressed across
the array, which causes a controlled off-axis beam to be radiated.
Appropriate control of the phase gradient may be used to achieve a
desired rotation of the "tilted" beam about the axis, through
moderate scan angles. A linear phase gradient scans the beam to the
greatest extent in the far field, and to a much lesser extent (but
with far higher illumination efficiency) in the near field.
It is generally known to place a subreflector of a Cassegrainian
antenna system in the near field of a single feed to improve
illumination efficiency (as exemplified by the disclosure of U.S.
Pat. No. 3,231,893 issued Jan. 25, 1966 to D. C. Hogg). However, we
are not aware of any prior art in which a phased array of elements
was used as the feed in such a system, nor in which such a system
was utilized to achieve beam tilt or scanning over limited scan
angles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The attainment of the objects of the present invention will be
better understood from the following detailed description of a
preferred embodiment, which refers to the accompanying drawing,
wherein:
The sole FIGURE is a sectional side elevation of an antenna system
according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT:
Before proceeding with a description of the preferred embodiment,
it is to be emphasized that all of the components of the antenna
system to be described are purely conventional. The invention
resides not in these components themselves, but in their
cooperative relationship, both structurally and functionally,
within the antenna system.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a reflector-type antenna system is
generally arranged in a Cassegranian configuration in which an
intermediate reflector (somtimes hereinafter referred to as a
subreflector) 10, of hyperboloidal shape for example, is positioned
for illumination by energy radiated from a feed 12. Typically, the
feed 12 and intermediate reflector 10 share a common axis 15 with
main reflector 16, although this is not essential since the
principles of the present invention are equally applicable to known
off-axis illumination techniques for reflector-type antennas. The
main reflector is usually of paraboloidal shape.
In many instances, the Cassegrainian antenna is constructed with
the feed placed behind the main reflector, with exposure to the
intermediate reflector being had via a central hole in the main
reflector. As will become apparent from the ensuing description,
the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 in which the feed 12 is physically
positioned between the main reflector 16 and the intermediate
reflector 10 is preferred for purposes of the present invention,
but again, is not essential to the invention. Feed 12 is supported
at its location by a support arm 18 which may be an extension of,
or may be coupled to, the central support 20 for main reflector 16.
In any event, support arm 18 and support 20 are conveniently
connected via a central hole 21 in the main reflector, and each of
these support elements may be hollow to house the necessary feed
lines 24 from the terminal equipment 25 to feed 12. Such details as
supports, guys, and the like are well known and readily implemented
in the antenna art, and, since they have no direct bearing on the
invention, will not be discussed further.
In the usual operation of the Cassegrainian antenna system, the
energy impinging on the convex face 28 of intermediate reflector 10
from feed 12 is reflected onto the concave face 30 of main
reflector 16 thus creating a highly directional beam of energy from
the main aperture of the antenna, in a direction parallel to axis
15. In essence, the intermediate reflector is shaped to concentrate
its reflected energy upon the surface 30 of the main reflector with
as little spillover radiation as is practicable, and the main
reflector is shaped to collimate this received energy into the
aforementioned main beam.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
feed 12 is a planar array of feed elements, such as waveguide
horns, themselves fed via suitable lines from terminal equipment 25
which, also according to the invention, includes suitable
conventional means for controlling the phase excitation of the
elements of the array for selectively impressing a phase gradient
across the array, and to permit selective variation of the phase
gradient. According to a further important feature of the
invention, the intermediate reflector 10 is positioned in the near
field of array 12. That is to say, the geometry of the antenna
system is arranged such that the intermediate reflector is in the
near field of the radiation pattern of array 12. In this field
region the radiated feed energy is highly collimated, thereby
providing high illumination efficiency, when all of the elements of
the array are excited in phase. For an array aperture size of 20
.lambda. by 20 .lambda. (where .lambda. is the wavelength or center
of the band of wavelengths of RF energy transmitted by the antenna)
with one hundred equally sized array elements (i.e., 2 .lambda. by
2 .lambda., each) excited in phase, the field distributions at
distances up to approximately 80 .lambda. from the array displayed
near-uniformity of illumination and near-uniformity of phase
distribution over a radius of almost 20 .lambda.. An aperture whose
dimensions are 20 .lambda. by 20 .lambda. has an aperture area of
approximately 400 .lambda..sup.2. This aperture area, when divided
by a distance 80 .lambda., produces a quotient 5 .lambda.. This
quotient represents the ratio of the aperture area (of the feed
array) to the distance D between the feed array and the
intermediate reflector. When A/D = 5 .lambda., then D=A/(5 .lambda.
). Thus, a subreflector 10 within that dimension and distance from
the array 12 is substantially uniformly illuminated and enjoys a
substantially uniform phase distribution across a plane tangent to
the center of its convex face 28 at the axis 15 of the system. This
results in a high aperture efficiency for the main aperture, with
an on-axis main beam.
We have further found that when the elements of array 12 are
excited such that a linear phase gradient is impressed across the
array, a similar situation to that described above is encountered
with respect to illumination of the subreflector 10. However, the
phase distribution across face 28 of the subreflector attributable
to the linear phase gradient impressed across the array causes an
off-axis tilt of the main beam. In particular, a 5.4 radian phase
gradient across the array produced results comparing quite closely
in illumination of the subreflector at distances up to 80 .lambda.,
to those results obtained with in-phase excitation of the array
elements, but caused an approximately 1.degree. off-axis tilt of
the main beam. Moreover, by varying the phase gradient across the
array the tilted main beam may be rotated about the axis. A change
in the degree of the phase gradient correspondingly changes the
angle of tilt, although this procedure has its limitations and it
is expected that it is effective up to angles of about 10 to 15
beamwidths of the main antenna beam.
Thus, the invention provides an efficient transferral of both
aperture illumination and array phase tilt (i.e., phase gradient)
to the main aperture, thereby permitting efficient scanning of the
main beam over limited scan angles. This is in sharp contrast to
the complex phase control required in previous types of scanning
antenna systems.
The maximum allowable separation between the array and the
subreflector is defined by a point at which the array beam
collimation begins to undergo appreciable beam deflection. The
minimum separation between array and subreflector is governed by
aperture blockage considerations.
While the invention has been described with specific reference to a
Cassegrainian antenna system it will be apparent that the
principles of the invention are applicable to other reflector
antenna schemes. Similarly, other variations and modifications of
the embodiment described herein are within the skill of the art,
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as
defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *