U.S. patent number 3,876,812 [Application Number 05/421,613] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-08 for package for transporting and roasting meat.
Invention is credited to Leo Peters.
United States Patent |
3,876,812 |
Peters |
April 8, 1975 |
Package for transporting and roasting meat
Abstract
A package and method for transporting and roasting meat that
holds the meat in its natural shape on a hammock from time of
packaging until it has finished roasting; whereby all pressures on
and/or within said meat's protein cells are practically
eliminated.
Inventors: |
Peters; Leo (Grand Rapids,
MI) |
Family
ID: |
23671292 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/421,613 |
Filed: |
December 4, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
426/113; 206/525;
206/806; 426/132; 99/426; 206/583; 426/129; 426/523 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D
81/07 (20130101); Y10S 206/806 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B65D
81/05 (20060101); B65D 81/07 (20060101); B65b
025/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;426/113,129,132,327,332,420,523,524 ;206/497,521,525,526,806
;62/62 ;99/426 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lord; Hyman
Claims
I CLAIM:
1. A meat package wherein the meat is supported during shipping and
roasting comprising a container and meat housed within and
protected against pressures from outside weights by the container,
a web attached to and supported by the container, the container and
the web protecting the meat during the period of packaged life from
the time of packaging through the time of meat roasting, said
container-supported web providing a hammock type support on which
said meat can rest in its original natural shape during shipping
and roasting, with the minimum of only said meat's own weight
bearing on its base area in order to reduce to said minimum the
weight which can pressure-squeeze juice from said meat, said web
being of a non-heat-retaining material which conforms substantially
to the natural contour of the meat and which elevates said meat so
that while being shipped and while being roasted within an oven
said meat-holding web will isolate said meat against any outside
pressures during shipping and against meat-searing metal surfaces
within said oven during roasting.
2. The meat package of claim 1 wherein the container has four
perpendicular sides, the web being fastened to the top edges of at
least two of said sides in order to form the hammock suspended
within said container, and the meat being a rib of beef resting fat
side down on said hammock so that a curvature conforming to the
natural outside curvatured shape of said beef is produced and
maintained by the supporting contact of said web for said rib of
beef, and said container having a perforated cover.
3. The meat package of claim 2 wherein the meat is a boneless beef
roast.
4. The meat package of claim 1 wherein the web is made of a sheet
of thermoplastic material molded to conform to the shape of the
meat.
5. The meat package of claim 1 wherein the meat is a turkey being
supported by the web in a breast side down position.
6. The meat package of claim 1 wherein the web is formed of
flexible and shape-conformable material.
7. The meat package of claim 1 including a cover secured within the
container and in contact with at least a portion of the upper
surface of the meat whereby the meat will be supported by the cover
when the container is turned upside down.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending
applications entitled METHOD AND MEANS FOR PACKAGING AND ROASTING
MEAT, Ser. No. 50,374, filed June 29, 1970; and A PACKAGE AND
METHOD FOR ROASTING MEAT, Ser. No. 215,620, filed Jan. 5, 1972 now
Pat. No. 3,804,965.
BACKGROUND
This invention relates to a package and method for transporting and
roasting meats. More particularly, the package provides the meat
packer, retail store, the housewife and restraurateur with a method
and means tailored specifically to each roasting-type piece of meat
purchased, that will reduce the loss of meat juices, increase
overall tenderness, improve the "doneness" uniformity of the meat
that is roasted to the point that boneless beef ribs can be roasted
to a perfect "rareness," literally from outer edge to outer
edge.
Many factors, internal and external, influence the finished result
of roasted meat. This invention is concerned with certain external
factors, individually and collectively, as they affect each other
and, in turn, the internal finished result of the roasted meat. It
is the general object of this invention to add, modify, alter,
and/or eliminate certain external factors so that the finished
internal result of the roasted meat is superior to the results
obtainable under the present state of the art.
The art is old and extensive on various pans, frames, and racks
(external factors) for roasting meats, but none of them singly, or
in combination, present a simple, inexpensive, all-inclusive method
and means for curing the deficiencies caused by the prior-art
factors that are the subject of this invention; factors which have
their beginnings at the meat packing plant and continue right on
through to the finished roasted result. These prior art
deficiencies and their interrelationships, are those which affect
loss of meat juices and the uniformity, extent, and rate of heat
penetration; both of which, in turn, have a major effect on the
uniformity and the accuracy in the degree of doneness, juiciness,
and tenderness of the roasted meat.
This invention is applicable only to meats that can be roasted,
i.e., meats that are cooked by exposure to radiant dry heat in an
oven having heat-reflecting surfaces. This is in distinction to
meats that are baked, i.e., cooked by substantially confining the
meat in direct contact with the inside of a hot metal vessel,
whereby heat is conducted through and by the vessel's walls to the
meat inside, so that it is more directly the vessel's heat rather
than the oven's heat that does the "cooking".
This invention has particular application to boneless roasts,
filets, thick steaks of beef and veal, and carcass (bone-in)
turkeys; and of general application for pork, lamb, and
whole-carcass poultry such as chickens, ducks, etc.
For purposes of illustration this invention will be described
mainly with boneless beef taken from the rib section of beef
carcasses. Such sections are commonly referred to as boneless "rib
roasts." A beef rib roast, to be finished perfectly and completely
"rare", "medium rare" or "medium," is chosen as the exemplary item
of this invention because it is the most difficult item of all meat
cookery to finish successfully. Until this invention such success
has defied the skills of both housewives and restaurateurs.
Standard layman's literature on meat cookery defines the accepted
internal qualities of well roasted beef as follows: Color should be
even, and its shade match the extent to which it has been roasted;
e.g., it should be bright pinky-red for rare, reddish-brown for
medium, and greyish-brown for "well-done." All of it should be
tender and juicy.
Standard scientific literature on meat cookery indicates how the
condition of the meat-protein-cell fibers during roasting affect
the general juiciness and tenderness of the finished roast. For
example, if the meat-cell fibers are in a relaxed condition (i.e.,
not contracted from excessive heating, or stretched from pressures
due to weight-bearing, or squeezed from being boned, rolled, and
tied,) they hold their juices better, and the meat will "cook out"
juicier and more tender. The more relaxed the protein-cell fibers,
the less the weight (juice) loss, and the juicier and more tender
the finished roasted meat.
The Influence Of Heat On Meat Fibers
The roasting temperature, its uniformity, extend and rate of
penetration, has a direct and positive effect on the relative
relaxation of meat fibers. There are natural collagenase enzymes in
beef, which under 140.degree. F. attack and relax (soften and
tenderize) the connective cell fibers, which in turn, also helps
retain juice within the cells' walls. The higher the temperature
over 140.degree. F., the lower the ability of these collagenase
enzymes to tendersize the fibers, and the greater the contraction
(and hardness and toughness) of the fibers, and the greater the
quantity of juices that will be squeezed out of the meat cells.
About 25% of the water (juice) in beef is "free" or "loose," i.e.,
extra-cellular (outside of the protein fibrous cellular structure
proper), and 75% is "bound," "immobilized," or intra-cellular
(inside the cell fibers). The "free" water is not free in the sense
that it is flowing loosely around inside the body of the meat on
the outside of the cells. Rather, it is mechanically immobilized by
the network of membranes, filaments, cross-linkages, and
electrostatic forces between the cellular chain on the outside of
the protein (fibrous) cellular structure proper.
There is a continuous transition from the bound to the free state;
a transition that can be remarkably speeded up by the application
of very low pressures. Contraction of the cellular fibers, caused
by a high-temperature-induced inability of the collagenase enzymes
to relax them, will apply such low pressures, and quickly and
easily decrease the immobilized water with a corresponding increase
in the expressible water. It is quite common under present cookery
methods (in the home especially) to lose upwards of 15% of a
roast's total weight via such cellular contractions. And it is not
uncommon to note examples of the rapidity with which temperature
increases can disproportionately increase juice losses. For
example, a 40% increase in temperature (from 250.degree. to
350.degree. F.), which is not an unusual difference between various
housewives' roasting methods, can step up weight loss over 50%
(from 15% to 25%). Thus, meat juices and highly valuable protein
foods are lost, and a tougher, drier, meat roast is the result.
Loss of meat juices and toughening (contraction) of meat fibers
from overheating, and/or non-uniform heating, are easily observable
phenomena in any home or restaurant. For example, the common method
of roasting a rib-roast is to place it in an open pan, and/or rack,
within an oven. The bottom of the meat rests in direct,
weight-pressured, contact with the pan's bottom or the rack's
spaced metal surfaces. The meat is normally positioned with the fat
side up so fat juices can "seep" downward, allegedly into the
protein area. A meat thermometer is pierced into the meat so the
tip of its temperature probe is at the center of the meat. The
metal pan or rack is always of a relatively heavy non-flexible
gauge to support various sizes and weights of meat. Being a better
conductor of heat, and having a body of considerably less thickness
but greater density, than the meat itself, the body of the metal
will more quickly come to, and more constantly stay closer to, the
maximum heat of the oven than will the main body of the meat. In
addition, the weight of the meat brings its pressure to bear at the
points of meat-to-metal contact, which brings into action the
wellknown fact that pressured heat cooks food faster than
non-pressured heat.
To illustrate:If a 4-lb. rib-roast is to be finished rare, a normal
procedure is to roast it for 2 hours (30 minutes per lb.) in a
300.degree. F. oven. The metal pan or rack in which it rests will
reach 300.degree. F. in a few minutes, at about the same time as
the oven itself, while it will take 2 hours for the meat to reach
only 140.degree. at its center. With the metal pan or rack
constantly close to the heat of the oven, and with 4 pounds overall
pressure being exerted at the bottom of the meat, this means that
portions of the roast in direct pressured contact with metal, and
adjacent thereto, will be roasting constantly at about
300.degree..(and with 4-lbs. pressure across the meat-to-metal
contact area, the roasting effect on the meat in this area is
considerably greater than a 300.degree. temperature alone would
produce), while the meat not in metal contact will be roasting at
considerably lower temperatures and pressures.
When a meat thermometer shows that such a roast has reached the
140.degree. F. (rare) temperature at its center, and is removed
from the oven for serving, two clearly observable evidences of
toughness and/or fiber degeneration can be seen:
1. On the outside it will show sear marks (dark brown or black
lines and/or areas) where the meat has been seared (i.e., dried
out) and/or grossly overcooked (i.e., degenerated to ash) from
contact with hot heavy-gauge metal. These sear marks are most
visible if the meat is roasted on wire racks, and the sear marks
from the wires can be seen in contrast to the meat surfaces that
have not contacted the metal.
2. On the inside it will show the following: pinky red and rare at
the center where the temperature reached only 140.degree., and then
from center to outside in deepening shades from pink to greyish
brown; the latter evidencing both loss of juice and increased
toughness due to increasing heats to which the areas closer to the
surface are subjected. The net result: obviously not a rare
finished roast, in the complete sense of the word.
This non-uniformity of roasting will have been aggravated by the
following factors: when an oven's heat cycles on and off in
maintaining its thermostat setting, the range of heats may be
considerable. They may range from 10.degree. to 30.degree. over and
under the average temperature (total top to bottom range of
20.degree. to 60.degree.) depending on the thermostat, the oven's
insulation, and the level of heat. About the best one can expect
from the average oven is a cycling range around 20.degree. between
its high and low points. So, at best, meat that is in contact with
metal is roasting at least 20.degree. higher than the meat not in
contact with such metal and considerably higher under the influence
of pressured heat at the areas of meat-to-metal contact.
All of the roasting accessories used with present-day beef roasting
are of relatively heavy non-flexible gauge metal. They will hold
temperatures longer and remain constantly closer to the higher
temperatures within the cycling range than will the ambient oven
heat itself. This, combined with the pressures, results in meat at
the meat-to-metal contact points being greatly over-cooked compared
with the rest of the meat.
In addition to the problems of overcooking, toughening, and
de-juicing of the meat adjacent to the metal contact points, the
juices which seep and leak out of the roast and collect at the
bottom of a metal pan, around the bottom of the roast, serve as a
boiling medium, so that in addition to being subject to greater
heats and pressures, this area is also subject to being boiled. The
combination of these factors produces meat considerably more
well-done than in those areas not so subjected.
The phenomena observable when roasting with heavy metal accessories
are also observable when roasting a rib roast with the ribs in the
meat. The rib bones being of greater density than the meat, they
conduct and hold heat somewhat similar to metal, and the resulting
roast shows somewhat similar effects; the meat adjacent the bones
is always more well-done than the rest of the meat.
Another factor that is inimical to the achievement of complete,
uniform, (from skin to skin) doneness for the protein area of
roasting beef under present-day methods is the open, unprotected,
exposure of the meat's surface to radiating oven heats. This open
exposure is particularly harmful during the rapid upsurge of heat
during the on-cycle of a thermostat's cycling range. When an oven
cycles, it is normal for it to be on-heat only a short time (maybe
10%) and off-heat (maybe 90%) of the time. During the short on-heat
period, heat is surging into the oven and, in a few minutes, has
pushed the temperature up by 20.degree. to 60.degree. (from its low
point to its high point). This rapid upsurge agitates the ambient
air within an oven whereby its radiating heat waves have a more
penetrating effect than when the temperature is stable or
declining. This phenomena takes place scores of time as a
thermostat turns on during the roasting time of a beef rib. The
effect of this practise and the cycling phenomena is that the
surface areas of roasting meat, to depths of major fractions of an
inch, are always considerably more toward being well-done than the
areas further into the interior.
The net effect of the various kinds and levels of heats affecting
roasting meat under present-day methods and means is that it is a
practical impossibility to achieve a perfectly uniform doneness
(from skin to skin) result in roasting to a finish in the rare to
medium classification. It is part of the primary objective which
follows to accomplish a perfect doneness result by eliminating the
deleterious effects of upsurging temperatures during the on-heat
cycle of an oven's thermostat.
During such cycling, and/or during roasting at average temperatures
near or above the 212.degree.F. boiling temperature of water, the
outside areas of roasting meat are (with present-day methods)
directly subjected to the temperatures that produce internal
expansions in meat cells. When these temperatures pass the
212.degree.F. level, water changes to steam. Then the expansion is
rapid, big, and under such a pounding pressure that meat cell walls
cannot confine it; the walls rupture, and the valuable protein
juices drain out. But, regardless of the particular temperature at
which a housewife or restaurateur desires to roast beef, but
especially if they wish to stay at or under the critical doneness
temperatures of 140.degree.F. for rare, 150.degree. for medium
rare, 160.degree. for medium all the way from center to the
outside, it is imperative for good beef-roast cookery that all the
factors affecting the final result, but especially both the per se
heats and the pressured heats to which the meat is subjected, be
carefully controllable and controlled; and the preceding-mentioned
undesirable pressure-producing and juice-extracting heats
eliminated.
It is a primary object of this invention to do precisely this. To
provide a method and means, specifically designed for every
individual cut of beef roasted at home or in a restaurant, that
will allow a more even and uniformly accurate penetration of
cooking heat at whatever level, but especially at the critical
140.degree., 150.degree., and 160.degree. heats needed,
respectively, for rare, medium rare, and medium results, so that
the tenderizing activity of the collagenase enzyms may be more
evenly and uniformly controlled throughout every specific roast, so
that, in turn, the maximum natural relaxation (i.e., maximum
non-contraction:
minimum toughness,-maximum tenderness) of the meat fibers during
the roasting process are maintained, which, in turn, prevents loss
of water (i.e., juice) and maintains the maximum juiciness of the
finished roast.
The Influence of Physically-Produced Pressures On Juice Loss
Loss of meat juices is also caused by pressures from
weight-bearing, shocks, squeezings, and bendings whereby the
meat-cell fibers become so stretched and distended, so un-relaxed
that both the intra-cellular and extra-cellular network of
membranes and linkages become distorted and broken, whereby juice
is excreted in this manner too. First the free juices leak out, and
if the pressure is sufficient and continuous, the cell fibers may
also stretch and weaken to the point that bound juices are also
released in quantity. The weight-exerted pressures that can produce
this loss of juices is of the order of less than one-fourth-lb. per
sq. inch, a weight pressure that easily can be produced by an
ordinary home-size beef roast from its own weight. It is in this
specific area of the elimination of pressures, external and
internal, that the most surprising and beneficial results of this
invention are obtained.
Loss of meat juices from weight- and/or shock-exerted pressures is
a common observable phenomenon. Its evidence is widespread in the
blood (meat juice) soaked paper wrappers and/or blood collections
in the plastic wrapper trays packaged with meat purchased by
housewives. This phenomenon is observable in such retail stores
where beef cuts may be too tightly wrapped, tied, and/or piled on
top of each other in the meat case. It usually becomes more evident
after the meat has been handled, tumbled, crushed, and pressured in
the non-refirgerated trip from store to home. It is not uncommon
that from 3% to 6% of a rib roast's total juice content is lost in
this manner. And more is lost from these causes after the meat
enters the oven; i.e., when the previously-caused internal
cell-fractures are opened still more under the influence of
roasting heats.
This juice loss from weight-produced pressure continues high in the
roasting oven because present day roasting accessories and/or
methods, fail to provide the best means for distribution of a
specific meat-cut's own weight. More often than not meat is
positioned and/or supported in a manner that the maximum, rather
than the minimum, amount of weight is bearing down on its resting
surfaces.
It is in this area of weight-shock-squeeze-and-bending-produced
pressures that the shape of a meat roast has never heretofore been
given critical consideration. To relieve and/or eliminate any
and/or all of these pressures, the retention of the meat's natural
shape and the protection of its body against physical abuse must be
scrupulously honored. My invention does precisely that for the
first time in the hisotry of the commercial meat industry.
For example, until this invention, little or no indepth attention
had been given in prior art or practice to the support and
maintenance of the natural shape of boneless ribs of beef while
they were in transit thru the channels of trade and/or roasting in
an oven. At best they might be tied with strings to the rib cage
from which they were cut, on the theory that the shape of the rib
bones would provide support for the natural shape of beef. However,
if the strings were tied tightly they would cut into the meat and
bleed it in this way. Or, if the strings were tied loosely, the
meat would shift on the bones and the hoped-for support would not
be achieved. Still another method would leave the rib meat
un-boned, so the ribs would form a rack on which to hold and
support the meat while it was transported and roasted bone-side
down. But this method provides no support while intransit if it
lies bone-side up and/or against other pieces of meat piled on top
of it; nor against weight-bearing or heat-produced pressures if it
is roasted with the bone-side up (fat-side down).
The best present-day practice for shipping fresh beef ribs
(boneless and bone-in) from packing plant to retail store, is to
carton them with one or more other sub-primal cuts (chucks, loins,
and rounds) of beef, each weighing from 20 to 40 pounds. In transit
these cartons are given shock treatments from rough handling that
includes dropping, smashing, and many hours of travel in bumping
vehicles. Inside the cartons the heavy cuts of meat are pummeled
and knocked against each other. The net result is meat whose cell
walls have been given severe internal bruises, fractures, and
breakages, with resulting leakage of cell juices even though the
meat is relatively firm-bodied while under refrigeration. The
evidence of leakage is observable at point of destination where
pools of blood inside the cartons, and blood soaked carton walls,
are a common phenomena. Additional juice loss from this kind of
packaging and handling comes when the retail store slices the
sub-primal cuts into consumer-size cuts. Leakage from these
internal bruises is even worse when the meat loses its firmness in
the roasting oven.
Another deleterious present-day practice in purveying boneless ribs
of beef is to bone, roll, and tie them. This is supposed to prevent
juice loss, and make carving easy. It does make carving easier, but
instead of reducing juice loss, it actually increases it. By
bending the boneless meat into rolled form and tieing it tightly,
the meat is severly distorted out of its natural shape and many of
its protein cells are squeezed to the point of bursting even before
entering the oven. Then many more cells burst open while being
squeezed under the heat of roasting.
The cumulative effect of the various pressures on fresh ribs of
beef produced by present-day methods of packaging, transporting,
and roasting is juice losses that run well upwards of 15% to as
high as 40%. A low average loss, of combined shipping losses and
oven losses, is about 20%. With whole U.S. Choice grades of
boneless ribs of about 15 lbs. weight priced at the retail level at
$2.00 per lb., a 20% (3 pound) juice loss represents a dollar loss
of $6.00 per rib. In addition, there are unmeasurable losses in
nutrition, flavor, and aesthetic eating values, since juiciness is
one of the qualities both consumers and nutrionalists value in
roast beef.
It is a major objective of this invention, therefore, to package
and roast a fresh boneless rib or beef in a manner that will reduce
and/or eliminate juice losses caused from weight, shock, squeezing,
bending, and string-cutting pressures on the protein-cellular
structures of the meat. It is a corollary objective to package,
transport, and roast, fresh boneless ribs of beef in a manner that
supports and maintains said beef in its natural shape free from all
pressures except that of its own weight. But even in this area of
"its own weight" I have discovered a new, non-obvious, unique way
of substantially reducing weight-produced pressures caused by the
weight of the meat itself on its own protein section alone; the
most nutritionally important and most economically valuable portion
of a beef roast.
Prior methods for roasting such beef have normally practiced
roasting with the fat-side up on the theory that this enabled fat
juices to seep downward and penetrate into the protein section, and
thus keep both the inside and outside of the protein section from
leaking its own juices or drying at the surface during roasting.
There is no actual evidence that such fat juices do penetrate into
unbroken protein cells and/or prevent protein juices from leaking
out of such cells; as a matter of observable fact they do not do
this. Therefore, by reversing this prior-art normal practice and
turning the fat side down, I have not lost anything. In fact, I
have gained much. This gain is achieved by using a preferred
embodiment of this invention, i.e., a package structured to hold a
hammock (i.e., a couch or bed suspended at its ends, which drapes
downward at its middle when a body is supported by it) on which to
rest and support a piece of meat in its natural shape. The natural
curvatured shape of a rib of beef is convex on the outside (the fat
side) and both concave and convex on the inside (the lean rib-bone
side). To support a boneless rib of beef, therefore, in its natural
shape in a hammock, (a structure that drapes downward) its
convex-curved fat side should be down (thus draping downward
towards the hammock's middle to maintain the rib's convex shape).
Supporting a boneless rib of beef on its dual convex-concave
rib-bone side would bend the meat into a slightly unnatural shape,
and place a strain on its cellular structure during
transportation.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, therefore, the web
of may package hammock supports a boneless rib of beef lying convex
side down with a surface-contoured contact on practically five of
its six sides, and supports it thus during its entire journey from
time of packaging until it has finished roasting in an oven. With
such a functioning package I achieve the following objectives,
benefits, advantages, and superior results compared with prior-art
methods of packaging and transporting meat:
1. Protein juice loss in a whole boneless rib (in the 15 to 20
pound weights), for example, is usually reduced to substantially
less then 5%.
The natural outside fat coverings on a boneless rib of beef
represents about 20% to 25% of the total weight of such a meat cut
(depending on the grade, finish, and trim of the meat). And since
this fat is principally layered on and covers one of the cut's two
broadest sides it can provide a wide and thick area on which the
protein section can rest and cushion its cells. Thus the protein
area can rest on a soft pillow-like bed of fat to which it is
fiber-bonded on its original natural-body slightly curved convex
shape. This, in turn, effects positive-positioned maximum-possible
distribution of protein-cell weight, and thus too, minimum-possible
pressure of any kind on the valuable (for eating) protein cells.
Evidence of such effects is dramatic and positive in the tiny
amount of protein-cell juices that are excreted during roasting; an
amount in the order of less than about 5% of a boneless roast's
total weight. This is an unheard-of accomplishment under any of the
prior art methods for roasting beef.
2. Pressured protein areas sealed against juice losses.
Where the protein and fat sections meet (where weight pressure on
the protein section is greatest) they are tissuegrown and
fiber-locked together so that any propensity on the part of the
protein section to excrete juice at this pressured meeting-point
area is effectually sealed off and blocked by bonded cells of the
fat section.
3. Preserves and protects rareness.
Any juices (protein and/or fat) that are excreted will drain to and
collect at the base of the meat around the fat area, away from the
protein area, and are thus prevented from contacting and/or
overheating any of the protein area, which heated contact would
damage some of the desired rareness result of the protein
cells.
4. No juice loss at the top of protein area.
The top of the protein side has no weight on it; so no cell
distention or breakage, and therefore no juice loss can take place
from any weight-produced pressures in this area.
5. Protein area under lowest-possible weight pressure.
It is a coincidental bonus-benefit of this fat-down roasting
discovery that the natural dimensions of most of the consumer
(non-restaurant) size beef roasts above 2 1/2 lbs. of the
various-sized boneless rib cuts have their narrowest dimensions
(i.e., thickness) running from top to bottom when the fat side is
down and their largest non-protein plane area (the fat covering),
i.e., its largest per square inch (pressure-reducing) area, on
which to rest its bearing weight. Here then is the most beneficial
manner of positioning a boneless beef roast to achieve the lowest
possible (practically nil) loss of protein juice, and thus the
juiciest possible finished beef roast. It is therefore the
preferred method of practicing this invention.
It is another primary object of this invention, therefore, to
provide a method and means specifically designed for, tailored to,
adapted for, and structured to guarantee fatside down roasting, and
part of the package of, every individual meat roast purchased in a
retail store that will always reduce to at least the minimum of
each specific roast's total weight, and preferrably to the weight
of the protein section alone, the amount of per square inch weight
(or pressure) on its weight-bearing surfaces at any and all
junctures in its journey from the time of packaging through the
roasting oven, so that, in turn, the weight-produced pressures on
the meat cells (especially the protein cells) in the vicinity of
the weight-bearing surfaces will be reduced to a minimum, which, in
turn, will reduce juice loss (especially the protein juice) due to
pressure to the minimum.
The Desire For Rareness
In addition to tenderness and juiciness, the degree of doneness or
rareness, in beef roasts expecially, is of critical concern to any
cook. Rib roasts are one of the prized entrees most frequently used
for special dinners in home or restaurant. Because of this, all
cooks are seriously, even nervously, concerned over the results of
their cookery with this item. A housewife expecially has good
reasons for being nervous because her results usually fall
considerably short of her hopes and expectations; many of them
outright failures.
These failures, both in number and extent, generally increase in
direct proportion to the degree of rareness she is trying to
achieve. If she is seeking to have her roast medium (i.e., midway
between rare and well done) or medium rare, she is dealing in
degrees of rareness that require tight control over the
interrelated factors that influence the desired result. Such
control increases in difficulty and criticalness as the desired
result goes from well done to medium to medium rare to rare. To
achieve a roast that is truly rare (i.e., pinky red) from center to
the skin-edged outside, and uniformly so thru the entire body of
the roast, is an accomplishment very few, if any, housewives or
chefs are able to achieve. Very few of them are even able to
control the several external factors that influence an accurate
desired internal result.
More often than not in today's home cookery, if the housewife wants
a rare rib roast, it will come out "raw" (i.e., substantially
uncooked) in the center, rare midway between center and outside,
and well-done in various depths along the outside. Or, if it is
rare at the center, it will be well-done in varying degrees from
midway to outside. This is also true of the restaurateur, but in
lesser degree because he has more expert and constant experience
with roasting ribs of beef.
The appetite for beef roasted rare has increased markedly in recent
years. Today the majority of consumers prefer their rib roasts
rare, or at least medium-rare, rather than well-done. This
preference has been stimulated by a growing empirical awareness
that such meat is more flavorful, more tender and juicier, than
most roasted well done.
The cooks who wish their beef rare use the well-known standard
temperature guide of 140.degree. F. internal temperature
(thermometer-inserted reading) in their attempts to achieve the
desired rareness. Both the preferences for rareness and the use of
the 140.degree. guideline, have firm bases in the known scientific
facts that: (1) at the 140.degree. F. line the natural collagenase
enzymes are still within a favorable temperature climate to
actively attack the tough fibrous connective tissues, while at the
same time roasting the meat so it is on longer raw; while as the
temperture rises above 140.degree. these enzymes become less
active; and that (2) rare beef is measurably higher in flavor,
juice, and tenderness.
The pressure on the juices in beef cells, either from contraction
of their fiber walls due to excessive heat (and therefore also from
inactivity of the collagenase enzymes) or from distortion of the
fibers due to other pressure-producing causes has a direct effect
on any cook's ability to obtain the degree and uniformity of
rareness desired. To the extent that a beef cut has lost its
original juice, to that same extent it has lost its ability to
roast-out rare. My objectives of greater tenderness from better
heat control and more juiciness from better pressure control
therefore also have a direct and related influence on the ability
of any cook to achieve a rare beef roast.
It is therefore another primary objective of this invention to
supply housewife and restaurateur with a simple, inexpensive,
method and means tailored to, and packaged with, every meat roast
they buy, that will more accurately and conveniently enable them to
produce finished roasts that are more predictably, completely and
uniformly rare thru-out the entire inside; from the center to the
very skin-edge around the entire periphery of the roast's protein
section.
A Universally Adaptable Package For Maximum Tenderness and
Juiciness
Prior art presents a prolixity of methods and means (e.g., pans,
frames, and racks) that allegedly, but not actually, achieve some
of my objectives. For example, there is a large variety of
rotisseries designed to keep juices that have been forced to the
surface from dropping off the meat and to provide an even
penetration of heat. This is allegedly done by keeping the excreted
juices flowing in contact with the meat's surface by rotating it on
a spit. But, at the same time heat-conducting, and therefore
fiber-tightening and juice-extracting prongs pierce far into the
interior of the roast, nullifying in large part the sought-for
objective of juice retention; an objective that is allegedly
obtainable by this method, but is neither empirically nor
scientifically provable.
Other devices in the prior art pick up, and pour back on the meat,
juices that have already dropped off. There is no evidence to
indicate that once the juice has been forced out of contracted
and/or broken cells the process can be reversed and the juice
forced and held back in. There is no empirical or scientific proof
to support the idea that this kind of "basting" results in a net
reduction of internal juice loss.
Still other devices are designed simply to keep meat raised up from
contact with the bottom of a pan to allow even heat circulation
and/or to fit special carcass contours of some meat item; but these
do not per se distribute pressure-producing, fiber-stretching
weights evenly.
The pans, frames, and racks available for purchase are of such
comparatively large sizes and shapes that most housewives do not
have kitchen storage space for more than 1 or 2 of them. Also, all
are too expensive to be purchased and discarded (like a tin can)
with every particular roast she buys. Thus, because the various
meat roasts have considerable variety in their shapes, sizes, and
weights, and because the very few pans, frames, or racks possessed
by the average housewife (or even the average restaurant) fit all
the roasts she buys, she is limited in her ability to coordinate
the two situations so they could cooperate to minimize
weight-produced pressures and maximize meat-cell fiber relaxation,
enzyme activity, and juice retention during roasting.
Nor can the average retailer or wholesaler be of much help to
correct this lack of coordination and cooperation between what he
sells and the apparatuses on which the meat may be roasted. Nature,
and the economics involved, limit the sellers in the extent to
which they can tailor and reshape roasts to fit the precise pan,
frame, or rack in which every particular cook may wish to roast the
meat. So the majority of cooks, housewives especially, suffer with
what is presently available; both in the meat cuts they can buy,
and the roasting accessories they have at hand.
The tremendous quantity of the prior art in the
meatroasting-accessory field indicates the deep and widespread
concern over; the massive amount of thinking and effort that has
gone into; and the need for solutions of the meat-roasting problems
of every housewife and restaurateur. Despite this prolixity of the
prior art several serious deficiencies common to all remain:
1. None is really an all-purpose accessory capable of distributing
pressures from weight-bearing to the best possible advantage for
the reduction of juice and collagenase enzyme losses. All are made
of relatively heavy-gauge metal, and therefore of rigid
construction. They lack the flexibility needed to fit smoothly
around each different size and shape of roast. Therefore, the
modern cook is really without a direct, simple,
universally-applicable, perfect-fitting device for all roast-meat
contours and shapes that will provide the maximum
weight-distributing function for reducing to the minimum the
fiber-stretching and juice and enzyme losses due to pressure from
weight.
2. None of it is capable of functioning as a good relaxer of meat
fibers so that the natural tenderizing activity of beef's
collagenase enzymes may be more evenly and uniformly controlled so
that, in turn, there is improved control over both tenderness and
juiciness. As a matter of fact, because all present-day accessories
on which roasts must rest their weight are made of metal that is
relatively heavy, dense, and rigid, and because all of them in
varying degrees are in direct pressured and/or meat-pierced contact
with their roasting meats, they do just the opposite. The metal
used in all the prior art has heat-exchanging and heat-retention
properties that promote, rather than retard, searing and
over-roasting of meat at its points of contact with roasting meat;
that retard, rather than promote the natural tenderizing activites
of the collagenase enzymes. So the greater the area of
metal-to-meat contact and pressures in the prior art field, the
greater the difficulty in controlling the uniformity of the roast.
Metal surfaces act as heat exchangers;
transferring low temperature heats out of, and high temperature
heats into, the meat, both in intensity and continuity. Heavy guage
metal, in its entire body, is always closer, more instantly and
continuously so, to the highest heat of the oven's heat-cycling
range than is the body of the meat. Therefore, these higher heats
and greater pressures in the areas of meat adjacent to the
metal-to-meat contacts produce meat that is always more well done
and over-roasted than it is in the main body of the meat.
3. None of it is sufficiently inexpensive to be purchasable and
disposable with every roast the housewife or restaurateur buys.
Therefore it is all economically and commercially impractical for
packaging with, and tailoring to fit, the design need of every cut
and/or carcass of meat.
Thus, on the one hand (1) when consumers purchase meat for
roasting, they are confronted with a wide range of sizes, shapes,
and weights, while on the other hand (2) they are confined within
narrow limitations on the sizes, shapes, structural and metal
make-up of the pans, frames, and/or rack accessories they possess
on which to roast their meat, so that (3) very few of the roasts
they buy will fit into and/or by accommodated by their cooking
accessories in the best possible heat-distributing, fiber-relaxing,
pressure-relieving, juice-enzyme-retaining manner.
It is a further objective of this invention to eliminate these
immediately preceding prior art defieiencies. While my invention
offers a simple solution to the various preceding problems of
roasting beef to a perfect rareness, the solution was not at all
obvious. Considerable time and experimentation was involved before
the simple (and thus the commercially-practical) solution made its
appearance. The tremendous quantity of the prior art, with its
continuing deficiencies and failures in offering real solutions,
further attests to the non-obviousness of my simple answers to the
problem.
It is a further primary objective, therefore to provide both the
housewife and the restauranteur with an inexpensive, oven-rack or
frame-suspendable, hammock-like, universally adaptable,
low-density, non-heat-retaining, web of material on, and/or in,
which their meat can rest while roasting, which is tailored to
and/or flexes to the shape and size of, each individual piece of
meat, and is, or can be, an integral or accessory part of the
package of, every roast they buy, and which will function to
promote the natural tenderizing activity of the collagenase enzymes
and to the best advantage of the objectives of this invention.
The interrelationship fo the various internal and external factors
bearing on a successful roasting result, and the overall combined
objective of the individual objectives may be summarized as
follows:
A package for transporting and roasting meat that is:
1. Specifically adaptable to, designed to fit, and economically
feasible for providing natural meat-shape support for, each
individual item in a wide range of weights, sizes, and shapes of
various meat roasts, and which
2. will universally and substantially improve the predictability of
roasting results, especially in terms of rareness for beef, and
which will also substantially improve relaxation of meat fibers
caused by either
3. heat or
4. pressure, and thus
5. improve fiber tenderness and reduce loss of meat juices
accumulated from the time of packaging through the time of
roasting, and do so
6. with a package structure especially designed for roasting beef
with the fat side down.
None of the prior art in the meat-roasting field, either singly or
in combination discloses such a packaging method and/or means. None
of it (1) is specifically designed to fit, and/or is commercially
feasible for packaging with, each individual item in the wide range
of weights, sizes and shapes of various meat roasts, and which (2)
will universally and substantially improve the predictability of
the roasting results, especially in terms of rareness, and which
will also substantially improve relaxation of meat fibers caused by
either (3) heat or (4) various pressures, and thus (5) improve
fiber tenderness and reduce loss of meat juices accumulated from
time of packaging through time of roasting, and (6) do so in the
preferred fat-side down embodiment of this invention. It becomes,
therefore, the overall primary objective of this invention to
achieve all the objectives as they are embodied in the six
preceding interrelated considerations which bear on a successful
roasting result.
The five major objectives of this invention are designed to
produces, and do accomplish, the following ten detailed functional,
and interrelated advantages over the prior art:
1. A method and means for packaging and/or roasting a boneless or
carcass (bone in) piece of meat that is universally applicable and
individually adaptable to the wide variety of weights, sizes, and
shapes found among the meats and poultry that are the subject of
this invention, that
2. is sufficiently low-cost so it will be commercially purchased
and accepted as a disposable, expendable item that
3. can be tailored to conform to the natural contour of and provide
a protective weight-bearing housing, and/or surface protector for,
every individual piece of meat with which it is sold, so that it
becomes an integral part and/or accompaniment of a retail package,
and
4. is structured, so that at the time of roasting its function will
change from one of a protective packaging role to a supportive
roasting role best suited to hold the roast in a position that
5. will suspend the roast in, and/or on, a cool-to-human-touch,
hammock-like web that is molded to conform to, or that can be
flexed and moved to conform to, and enfold, the contacted surfaces
of the roast, so that it
6. contacts a maximum amount of the roast's surface so that, in
turn, a maximum amount of a beef roast's protein weight is
distributed across a maximum amount of weight-bearing surface
(preferably across the soft fat covering to which it may be
naturally attached) and
7. permits the roast to be positioned so that with boneless meat
the narrowest overall dimension can be in perpendicular (least
amount of weight bearing) and/or fat-down relationship to the base
of the enfolding, supporting, web platform, hammock, or sling, so
that (5), (6), and (7) working and cooperating together result in a
minimum of weight-producing pressures that otherwise would act to
press out the protein juice in the area where weight-bearing is
greatest, and
8. separates and/or isolates the roasting meat from any contact,
direct or through the web, with any material that has a
per-square-measure-weight greater than the surface-weight
resistance of meat juices and/or has better heat-retention
properties than the meat itself and/or is hotter to the human touch
than is the ambient heat within the oven, and
9. insulates the surfaces of the meat against the especially
penetrating heat waves generated during the on-heat cycle of an
oven's heat-cycling-range, and
10. provides a package structure that is "foolproof" for producing
a roasted beef rib roast that is uniformly done through-out from
outer edge to outer edge in the three difficult finishes of rare,
medium rare, and medium.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective longitudinal view of a boneless rib of beef
looking from its large end, lying with its outer-carcass side (fat
side) up;
FIG. 2 is a perspective longitudinal view of the boneless rib of
beef looking from its small end, lying with its inner-carcass side
(rib-cage side) up;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal elevational view of the back-bone carcass
side (thick side) showing the taper from the large end to the small
end;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the boneless rib of beef encased in
a wrapper and being held and lifted by hands grasping the twisted
ends of the wrapper;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a corrugated paper-board sleeve, or
frame, with finger-lifting holes on two sides;
FIG. 6 is a perspective of the sleeve of FIG. 5 with an end panel
cut away to show a web fastened to, and draping down from, two
upper edges to form a hammock within sleeve;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the hammock of FIG. 6 showing the
wrapped rib of FIG. 4 lying fat-side down in its natural carcass
shape on the hammock;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a scored and perforated piece of
corrugated paperboard which is the top enclosure member of my
package;
FIG. 9 shows the enclosure member of FIG. 8 folded along its scored
and perforated lines to form upstanding peripheral flanges;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the sleeve in "knocked-down"
folded condition for shipment from a paper-board plant to a meat
packaging plant;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the closed package showing the
sleeve, the outside, fastened, overlapped portion of the hammock
and the top enclosure member inserted into the sleeve and within
the hammock;
FIG. 12 is a diagonal sectional view of FIG. 11 taken along line
12-12 showing a boneless rib of beef resting in its natural shape
fat-side down on the hammock;
FIG. 13 is a transverse sectional view of FIG. 11 taken along the
line 13--13 showing the boneless rib of beef resting in its natural
shape fat-side down on the hammock;
FIG. 14 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line
14--14 showing the boneless rib resting with its fat-side down at
an angle from the bottom of the package to compensate for its
having a large end and a small end;
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a package
formed in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 16 is a view similar to FIG. 15 with the beef roast removed
and a portion of the package broken away;
FIG. 17 is a longitudinal sectional view of the package of FIGS. 15
and 16;
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of still another embodiment of my
package; and
FIG. 19 is a longitudianl sectional view of the package of FIG. 18
showing a beef roast resting therein.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1 thru 3 show the shape and peculiar conformation of a
boneless rib 20 of beef. Lengthwise it has a small end 21 and a
large end 22, which are the only two sides that lie in
substantially parallel planes. The long fat side 23 is shaped in a
uniform convex curve; while its opposite (protein) side 24 is
shaped part concave and part convex. The remaining two sides, the
thick (back-bone) side 25 of the rib is angled in a different plane
than its opposite narrower (flank) side 26.
Thus, for packaging purposes, it is a complex-surfaced object for
which to provide a compact, natural-shaped, protecting,
pressure-withstanding, package structure that must function in two
different environments; namely, under refrigeration and severe
handling during transportation, and at rest against hot metal
surfaces during roasting in an oven. Each of these environments
subject the meat to their own perculiar pressure-producing factors.
Normally, during transportation meat is subjected to numerous
outside pressures from shocks, weights, and distortions of its
body; then, during roasting, to excessive heats within the cycling
range of the oven's thermostat, and from contacts with hot metal
surfaces in the oven.
As will be evident from the following drawings and explanation,
this uniquely complex meat object with its peculiar, changing, and
damaging environmental exposures is packaged in a unique and novel
manner that provides the various protections needed to guard its
protein cells against loss of their juices.
FIGS. 4 thru 10 illustrate the four essential parts of my preferred
package. The sleeve or frame 27, the web or hammock 28, the
contents or boneless rib of beef 20, a top or closure 29, and,
optionally, a wrapper 30. These parts are used to create an
exemplary structure of my invention to transport and roast a piece
of meat whereby the advantageous objectives of my invention are
achieved. The frame 27 holds the hammock 28 within which the meat
20 is cradled in its natural shape, and the top 29 assists in
supporting and maintaining the meat-holding hammock in a looped
shape that conforms to the natural shape of the meat it holds while
holding the ends of the hammock rigid and firm where it is attached
to the frame.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a boneless beef rib wrapped in a
plastic film 30, which is twisted at each end to provide handles 31
(FIGS. 7 and 14) for lifting the meat into and out of its package.
This wrapper film is an optional feature which is in no way
essential for the successful performance of my package, during
either shipment or roasting. It simply assists in confining what
little juice is excreted.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the sleeve or frame 27 that forms
the support on which, and to which, the hammock portion 28 of my
package is attached. The frame is preferably made from ordinary
corrugated paperboard (for maximum paper strength at lowest paper
cost) having sufficient compression strength to withstand, without
breaking or crushing, the weight of the meat and any weights and/or
shocks received by it during transportation from packing plant to
the consumer. When using corrugated paperboard I prefer to have the
flutes or corrugations extend vertically to achieve maximum
weight-bearing strength with the minimum amount of paper.
My frame may be structured from any material which has a low cost
and high weight-bearing ability in relation to the particular piece
of meat to be packaged. Such a frame is made in size and shape to
conform to individual sizes, shapes, and weights of meat cuts. It
is formed and shaped to function both as a sling-like or
hammock-like support for my webbing during the roasting process, as
well as a protective-housing for the meat against outside bearing
weights while the meat is in transit from the packaging plant to
the consumer's home.
The particular frame illustrated is formed from a single sheet of
corrugated paperboard which is provided with four fold lines 32,
33, 34, and 35. The ends 36 and 37 overlap and are suitably secured
by adhesive, staples, or the like. The frame is shown in a
knocked-down or flattened condition for storing or shipping in FIG.
9, the sheet being reversely folded on fold lines 32 and 34. In use
the frame is opened to the rectangular configuration shown in FIG.
5 in which the four walls extend perpendicularly to each other. The
end panels 38 and 39 may be provided with punched finger openings
40 to facilitate lifting.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the frame with one end cut away to
show the hammock 28 draped (or looped) within the frame and
fastened to the frame's upper long-side edges 41 and 42 with
staples 43.
The hammock web 28 is sufficiently non-heat absorbent and/or
sufficiently fast in heat-radiation, convection, and/or conduction
that it is not hot to the human touch regardless of the temperature
at which the meat is roasting. The human hand should be able to
touch and/or hold my webbing without being burned or feeling pain.
My web is generally so thin, and/or non-heat-retaining, that only
fine thermocouple instrumentation could measure its temperature.
Since this is neither available nor practical for a housewife or a
restaurateur to use, I prefer to use human body heat as a
temperature indicator for the desired non-heat-retaining function
of my webbing. This low heat-retention quality of my webbing is
necessary to prevent over-roasting (overheating) of the kind that
is now present with the heavy-weight metal accessories used with
the prior art's meat cookery.
In addition to the necessary low-heat retention quality, my webbing
should be of a material that is formable to accommodate itself to
the shape of the meat it is required to hold. If it is flexible, as
illustrated in these drawings, it will function like a hammock by
draping and conforming itself to the resting surfaces of the meat
it is holding. If it is non-flexible, I use a thermoplastic sheet
and pre-mold it to conform, as in FIGS. 15-19, to the natural shape
of the meat it is required to hold. It then functions more like a
cradle in which the resting body is held snugly fitted on all five
of its resting sides. The packages of FIGS. 15-19 will be explained
in detail hereinafter.
Such materials as high-heat-resistant, non-heat-retaining, and/or
flame-retardant cloth fabrics, glass fibers, reinforced papers,
thermoplastic films and/or sheets in gauges within the range of
0.001 inch to 0.007 inch for flexible materials, and 0.007 inch to
0.03 inch for thermoplastic sheets, are all candidates for the
webbing of my invention. The particular hammock web 28 illustrated
in the drawing is a sheet of glass-fiber-reinforced laminated
paper. The reason for such thin webs not feeling hot is known to
those skilled in the art to relate to the thickness, specific
gravity, and specific heat of the web compared to the thickness,
specific gravity, and specific heat of human body skin. That is,
the comparative masses and specific heats of the web and skin are
such that the temperature change in the skin will be relatively
minor compared to the temperature change in the web when the web is
touched.
The web illustrated here, and seen best in FIGS. 6 and 7 is seen to
hook over the two upper edges 41 and 42 of the frame, and it may be
secured by adhesive, staples, stitching, or the like, in order to
be fastened and suspended in true hammock-like fashion. As
illustrated here, the web is secured to the frame by staples
43.
Optionally, if the web is preformed from a plastic sheet, as in
FIGS. 18 and 19, its ends may be formed in the shape of hooks
whereby it is hooked over the upper edges of the frame and held in
place by the weight of the meat pressing downward. Optionally, too,
the hammock may be formed from polystyrene foam, cut or molded to
form a cavity in which the meat may lie in its natural shape.
My web may also be hung from, and secured to, all four upper edges
of the frame. This is particularly desirable for packaging turkeys
with the breast side down. When hung in this manner, the web, with
its frame support, functions more like a cradle, than like a
hammock, in which shape conforming support is given to the turkey
body on all of its multiple (peculiarly shaped), natural resting
sides.
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 showing a wrapped boneless rib
of beef 20 lying in its natural-shape fat-side down on the hammock
28. The frame 27 and the web 28, in fastened-together combination,
cooperate to form an effective hammock on which to rest the meat
and hold it suspended in its natural shape during transportation
and roasting, thereby protecting it against both internally and
externally produced pressures that break its protein cells and
leak, and bleed out, its protein juices. In this protective-housing
role my frame-supported hammock has dimensions which circumscribe
and encompass the general overall cubic dimensions of the meat it
is protecting, and suspends the meat away from any pressured
contact (except for that of its own weight) with sides of the frame
so that:
1. During transportation, it is the frame, and not the meat, that
will absorb any outside weight-bearing and/or shock produced
pressures, and
2. during roasting, the meat is suspended, elevated, and spaced
apart, and away, from whatever base on which the package rests
within the oven; and does so at a distance that provides adequate
insurance that sufficient ambient heat separates the hammock-held
meat away from any high-heat-retaining metal surfaces that
otherwise, from close proximity and/or contact would over-cook the
roasting meat. (Note the clearance in FIGS. 6, 7, 12, 13 and 14
between the bottom of the hammock and the bottom of the frame.)
The top 29 of the package is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The top may be
formed from a sheet of the same material which is used to form the
frame and is provided with fold lines 45, 46, 47 and 48 which
define a rectangular control panel 49 and edge panels 50, 51 and 52
and 53. The top may be stored and shipped in the flattened
condition shown in FIG. 8, and when the top is to be used, the edge
panels are folded upwardly to form the upstanding peripheral flange
54. The top is sized so that it is snugly received by the frame
when the edge panels are folded upwardly, and the top may be
pressed into the open top of the frame until the upper edge of the
peripheral flange is even with the upper edge of the frame. The top
can then be quickly and easily secured to the frame by staples 55
(FIG. 11) which extend through the flange 54 and the walls of the
frame.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the outside of my completed
package showing the top member recessed and secured in place by end
and side staples 55, whereby the frame is rendered rigid and held
squared and non-collapsible. This is the completed package for both
shipping and roasting. Note that the bottom is open (illustrated in
FIGS. 6 and 7); that the top has several holes 56; and that the
hammock web is fastened to the frame at only two ends, while its
sides 57 and 58 at the ends of the meat (see FIG. 14) are free from
the frame. Thus ambient oven heat can circulate up and down thru
the roasting package. This circulation can be increased, if needed,
by using a porous fabric for the material of my hammock web. This
is desirable when all four sides of the web are fastened to the
frame; as in the case of a cradle effect for the roasting of
turkeys breast-side down.
With this kind of functional construction for roasting within an
oven, I have discovered a surprising way in which the original
package in which meat is transported may also enter the oven,
without any alteration or handling of the meat by the final
consumer.
The precise manner in which the roast is resting during roasting is
also influential for protein-juice retention. The curvature of the
bones of a beef rib-roast determines the inside and outside shape
of the piece of meat. When the ribs are removed, the surface of the
rib-side (protein-inside side) loses its definitive surface shape,
but the fat-covered outside (and most of the protein inside which
is attached to it) will remain substantially intact with its
original curvature so long as the meat remains chilled and is not
bent or rolled and tied. The connecting tissues between the fat and
protein sections will thus remain substantially undisturbed; they
have not been stretched or strained to the point of tearing or
breaking. However, when the meat loses its chill and firmness by
heating, and its original curvatured shape is not retained, the
connective tissues between protein and fat sections are stretched,
strained, and may even be torn. At any rate, this condition is not
conducive to the best retention of protein juices.
With my preferred hammock-like package, however, the packaged
roasting meat rests in a fat-side down position substantially the
same as its natural curvature before boning out the ribs. Even
though roasting temperatures render its body limp, my preferred
package cradles, positions, and supports the meat during roasting
so that there is no pulling stress or strain on the connective
tissues between the fat and protein sections or within the protein
section itself. Therefore, all protein-cell fibers, though
structurally relaxed during roasting, are maintained in
substantially their original structural shape by the hammock-like
curvature support provided by my package.
Also, in my preferred roasting package the protein area of the meat
is protected against the penetrating juice-expanding (and,
therefore, cell-wall-breaking) high heats generated during the
on-cycle of an oven's thermostat. At the exposed bottom of the
package, the protein is shielded from these upsurging penetrating
heat waves by the fat layer on which it rests. At the sides and top
of the package, the protein is shielded from these heats by a
barrier of paperboard walls that insulate the meat from their
direct impact.
FIGS. 12 and 13 show the full hammock effect of the package
structure with web 28 fastened to and hung from the upper edges 41
and 42 of the frame 27, and hanging free within the frame with the
boneless rib resting thereon in perfect natural shape and
conformation, with the symmetrical curvature of the fat-side 23
resting on the hammock which is the bottom (and natural shipping
position) of the package. It will be noted that the top of the meat
with its dual shaped (both concave and convex) surface 24 is in
contact at two points 60 and 61 with the top member 29 so that in
the event the package is turned upside down during transportation
it will rest on a substantial part of the meat's top surface. In
addition, the meat is so confined between the six sides that
regardless of which side it rests on, it is held in a relatively
compact condition. However, resting in fat-side down position is
the ideal condition under which the meat should be transported, and
strongly worded copy on the package will normally assure that this
is the position that will be maintained in shipment. Other fragile
food items such as eggs and glass bottles are now normally handled
in transportation with their proper sides up, and my package will
be similarly transported.
By resting the meat fat-side down, the following advantages are
obtained:
1. The fat provides a cushion for the protein part of the meat;
2. The protein cells bear the absolute minimum amount of weight
pressure: only its own weight;
3. The maximum uniformly-shaped surface area is provided across
which to spread the total weight of the meat;
4. The only naturally-shaped side is used to provide the simplest
and cheapest package construction with which to support the meat in
its natural shape;
5. By a fortunate happenstance it is a shape that forms a natural
cooperative mating with the shape of a hammock when the latter
supports an object.
A hammock flexes into a concave (inside) shape when an object is
placed within it. The natural shape of the fat-side of a beef rib
being convex, we have a perfect mating and matching of shapes
between the convex meat and the concave hammock. Like a real-like
hammock which can be tightened or loosened to provide a relatively
level or curved angle in which the occupant can lie, my
meat-holding hammock-package may also be structured to give the
meat whatever supporting angle is best suited to its natural
curvature. This is accomplished by fastening the ends of my
hammock-web to provide a looping angle best suited to the shape of
the meat it must hold. Additionally, I can also give my hammock a
side tilt to accomodate (e.g., in the case of a rib of beef) both a
tapered shape in addition to a curved shape in a single piece of
meat.
FIG. 14 illustrates the manner in which the hammock is tilted from
side to side to accommodate the tapered length of the boneless rib,
so that the meat rests firmly within the package regardless of
whether it is fat side up or fat side down. It will be noted that
the bottom of the hammock holds the meat at an angle to the
horizontal sufficient to compensate for the tapered length of the
meat so that the top of the meat lies in a horizontal plane and in
proximate contact with the package cover 29. Thus both the top and
the bottom (protein side and fat side) of the length dimension of
the meat is in direct surface-bearing contact along the length of
the package's internal structures, and thus, in turn, the meat is
supported across the largest weight-bearing surface areas whether
the package is transported right side up or upside down.
It will be understood that the angle of support furnished by the
hammock and the top may be reversed so that the bottom of the
hammock lies in the horizontal plane, and the top of the package is
inserted and secured at an angle to the horizontal sufficient to
provide the necessary compensation for good weight and bearing
support needed for the tapered shape of the meat.
FIGS. 15-17 illustrate a container 65 which is molded from
relatively rigid plastic and which supports a boneless rib 66. This
embodiment of my invention serves the double function of providing
(1) a perfect individually-fitted, form-fitting cradle or web 67
(for maximum weight distribution) in which the roast is nested, and
(2) a structure with extensions forming flat sides 68, 69, 70, and
71 which serve as peripheral legs on which the cradle with its
nesting roast can rest while enroute through channels of
distribution and in the oven while roasting. These sides extend
downwardly about 1-inch beyond the lowest point of the cradle
portion of the package so that the cradle portion is well elevated
out of contact with any metal surface in the oven on which it may
be standing.
FIGS. 18 and 19 show an adaptation of the package of FIG. 15 with
two of the side legs 68 and 70 removed and the end legs 72 and 73
modified to serve as hooks for hanging the meat-containing cradle
portion 74 from the underside of an oven's rack. The relatively
rigid legs 72 and 73, are molded into the hooked shape illustrated
so that the hooked ends will not straighten out under the weight of
the package, and the roast 75 is supported with its fat side 76
down and it protein side 77 up.
It will be understood that the packages of FIGS. 15 and 19 can also
be provided with a cover above the meat.
It will also be understood that the packaging of a boneless rib of
beef herein is used as an exemplary illustration for the objectives
of my invention; the same objectives being achievable by
alterations in the structure of the package to accomodate other
particular shapes and sizes of other meats. Thus too, for this
purpose, the drawings and descriptions in my aforesaid
applications, Ser. Nos. 50,374 and 215,620 should be considered as
illustrative of the scope of this invention.
It is therefore an additional specific objective to provide a
package structure that roasts a boneless rib of beef within a
meat-suspending hammock-like package that substantially retains and
maintains the original contour of the roast and assures that the
meat itself is lying in a fat-down, normally contoured,
position.
Such cradling, contour-accommodating, curvature-supporting, of meat
like a boneless rib of beef that lacks self-support for its shape
once its supporting bony structure is removed also has
applicability for meat and poultry items in which the bone
structure remains intact during roasting, but which is structured
in such a way that it does not provide its own needed support.
From the foregoing, it would seem that my invention has several
surprising aspects:
1. Its utter simplicity in performing several diverse and
heretofore complicated functions, while remaining extremely low in
cost.
2. Its ability to perform these functions, and thus produce the
long-sought-for beneficial result of a perfectly rare beef rib
roast, in a manner that is uniquely new and different within a
field of patented art that is voluminous.
3. A dual-purpose package structure that during the marketing phase
of its functional life serves both as a protective enclosure for a
piece of meat against any outside force to which it might be
subjected, and as a hammock or sling supporting and suspending the
meat in its natural shape, and in a maximum weight-distributing
manner against internally-produced pressures. Then when it enters
the roasting oven it continues to perform these same dual-purpose
functions, plus keeping the meat free from any contact with
surfaces too hot for human hand to touch. Thus, a package structure
for achieving the sought-for advantages during the marketing phase
is also the same structure that achieves the sought-for advantages
during the roasting phase.
4. In its preferred embodiment, one package structure that fulfills
numerous functional objectives for all sizes, shapes and weights of
meat-cuts.
5. The paradoxical ability to reduce in roasting meat the
scientifically-known biological and physiological internal causes
of juice loss and fiber toughness by use of an external
non-biological, non-physiological, method and means.
6. The contradictory function of roasting meat at temperatures too
hot for sustained human body contact, while resting the meat on a
webbing that is always comfortable for such contact.
7. Changing a liability into an asset by using the meat's own fat
coating (an economic and nutritional liability in today's dietary)
as a soft pillow-like cushioning base (an economic and nutritional
asset with my invention) on which to rest the attached
economically-valuable, desirable-eating protein-portion of the
meat; thus changing the undesirable-eating fat-portion liability of
a beef roast into a valuable and ideal asset in reducing (and
practically eliminating) weight-pressures and juice losses in the
desirable protein portions.
It is these several foregoing surprising, paradoxical, and/or
contradictory aspects that apparently have rendered the present
discovery non-obvious to prior practitioners in this field of
art.
While in the foregoing specification, a detailed description of
specific embodiments of my invention were set forth for the purpose
of illustration, it is to be understood that many of the details
herein given may be varied considerably by those skilled in the art
without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention.
* * * * *