U.S. patent number 3,876,471 [Application Number 05/396,978] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-08 for borehole electrolytic power supply.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sun Oil Company (Delaware). Invention is credited to Jack W. Jones.
United States Patent |
3,876,471 |
Jones |
April 8, 1975 |
BOREHOLE ELECTROLYTIC POWER SUPPLY
Abstract
Power supply apparatus for generating electrical energy for a
sustained period of time within the environment of an earth
borehole filled with drilling mud. The power supply is used in a
downhole well logging system for supplying electrical energy to
circuitry located down within the borehole and includes an elongate
magnesium electrode having a plurality of circumferentially spaced,
longitudinally extending slots formed therein. The electrode is
located in a special sub within the drill pipe and a potential
difference is produced between the magnesium electrode and the
walls of the steel drill pipe due to electrolytic decay of the
metals, when a conductive drilling mud is located therebetween.
Inventors: |
Jones; Jack W. (Richardson,
TX) |
Assignee: |
Sun Oil Company (Delaware)
(Dallas, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
23569396 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/396,978 |
Filed: |
September 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
175/93; 175/320;
324/323; 324/347; 429/165 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M
6/32 (20130101); E21B 41/0085 (20130101); E21B
17/00 (20130101); E21B 47/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
47/12 (20060101); E21B 17/00 (20060101); E21B
41/00 (20060101); H01M 6/32 (20060101); H01M
6/30 (20060101); H01m 013/00 (); H01m 017/00 ();
H02j 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/1,2,10 ;136/1R,1M
;73/152,153 ;204/148,197,248 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Strecker; Gerard R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Church; George L. Johnson; Donald
R. Holder; John E.
Claims
1. A downhole power source for generating electrical energy within
an earth borehole, comprising: a hollow cylindrical drilling pipe;
a cylindrical electrode positioned coaxially within said pipe to
define an annular space therebetween and having a plurality of
circumferentially spaced, longitudinally extending slots formed
therein, said electrode being formed from a material having a
different electrochemical potential than said drilling pipe; a
plurality of radially extending, circumferentially-spaced struts
between said pipe and said electrode to hold said electrode in
position; means for insulating said electrode from said drilling
pipe; and a conductive drilling mud located in the annular space
between said electrode and said drilling pipe to produce an
electrical potential
2. A downhole power source for generating electrical energy within
an earth borehole as set forth in claim 1 wherein said drilling
pipe is made of
3. A downhole power source for generating electrical energy within
an earth borehole, as set forth in claim 1, which also
includes:
means for moving said conductive drilling mud through said annular
space to
4. A downhole power source for generating electrical energy within
an earth borehole, as set forth in claim 1, which also
includes:
a d. c. to d. c. converter having its input terminals connected
between said electrode and said drilling pipe to amplify the
potential
5. A downhole power source for generating electrical energy within
an earth borehole, as set forth in claim 1,
wherein, the resistivity of said conductive drilling mud is less
than 15
6. A special telemetry sub for inclusion in the drill pipe string
of an earth borehole drilling apparatus, said sub comprising:
a section of hollow steel drill pipe having threads at either end
for engagement with drill pipes within a string;
an elongate cylindrical telemetry instrument package positioned
coaxially within said pipe to define an annular space therebetween,
said package being held in position by a plurality of radially
extending, circumferentially spaced struts;
a cylindrical electrode attached to and insulated from the end of
said coaxial instrument package, said electrode being formed from a
material having a different electrochemical potential than said
drill pipe;
means for connecting to said instrument package the potential
generated between said electrode and said drill pipe when a
conductive drilling mud
7. A special telemetry sub as set forth in claim 6 wherein:
said telemetry instrument package includes a d. c. to d. c.
converter having the input thereof connected across said drill pipe
and said electrode to power said package from the potential
difference
8. A special telemetry sub as set forth in claim 6 wherein:
9. A special telemetry sub as set forth in claim 8 wherein:
said cylindrical electrode includes a plurality of
circumferentially spaced, longitudinally extending slots formed
therein to increase the effective surface area thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a system for generating electrical power
at a location within an earth borehole containing drilling mud and,
more particularly, to a well logging power supply which operates on
the electro-chemical erosion of a steel drilling pipe and a
magnesium electrode.
In the drilling of earth boreholes, for example to seek sub-surface
oil, gas or minerals, it is desirable to obtain measurements of
various parameters in situ, that is, measurements which are made
downhole within the borehole while drilling is in progress. For
example, in order to operate drilling equipment at maximum
efficiency, it is useful to obtain borehole environmental
parameters such as temperature, pressure, mud weight, vibration,
and borehole deviation as well as parameters relating to the earth
formations being penetrated by the drill bit such as electrical
resistivity and spontaneous potential.
Systems have been proposed which measure various parameters
downhole and then either record the information within the downhole
instrument package or transmit the information back up the borehole
for detection and recording of the information at the surface. In
either case, electrical power is generally required at the downhole
location in order to operate the measuring instrument package. A
principal problem encountered in the design of borehole power
supplies is that the downhole environment is relatively hostile in
nature with large pressures and high mud flow rates being
characteristic.
In the past, electrical power has been either generated downhole,
for example by a mud driven turbine generator, or produced by
various types of batteries. Mud turbine generators are relatively
complex and are subject to wear and other malfunctions which may
disable the entire downhole instument package until the complete
drill string is pulled and the turbine replaced. Conventional
batteries, on the other hand, may not produce an adequate quantity
of power for a sustained period of time and further, require
elaborate sealing precautions to avoid damage due to high pressures
and the flow of liquid drilling mud.
In prior art systems such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,079,549
to P. W. Martin, it has been suggested that electrical power be
generated downhole by making sections of the drill stem of
dissimilar materials and utilizing the electromotive force between
them. While this technique may be desirable in some aspects, it
possesses the disadvantages of an inefficient, longitudinally
spaced electrode configuration and electrodes which are subject to
wear and damage due to contact with the walls of the borehole,
especially if drill stem sections of a material softer than steel
are employed.
One embodiment of the system of the present invention utilizes the
steel drill pipe as one electrode, a magnesium rod mounted within
but insulated from the drill pipe as the other electrode and the
mud stream flowing therebetween as an electrolyte to generate an
electrical potential. The present system comprises a highly
efficient electrode configuration which is relatively safe from
damage and which generates an adequate quantity of power over a
sustained period of time to operate a a downhole instrument
package.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an electro-chemical system for generating
power within an earth borehole due to the potential difference
between a drilling pipe and a coaxial electrode of a different
material than the pipe which are separated by a flowing stream of
conductive drilling mud. More particularly, the invention comprises
a downhole power source for generating electrical energy within an
earth borehole which includes a hollow cylindrical drilling pipe. A
cylindrical electrode is positioned coaxially within the pipe to
define an annular space therebetween. The electrode is formed from
a material having a different electro-chemical potential than the
drilling pipe. A conductive drilling mud is located in the annular
space between the electrode and the drilling pipe to produce an
electrical potential therebetween.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for
further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be had to
the following description taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational view, partially schematic and partially in
longitudinal cross-section, illustrating the general location and
arrangement of the power supply of the present invention as used in
connection with a typical earth borehole drilling rig;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of a portion of the
apparatus of FIG. 1, showing the power supply of the present
invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG.
2;
FIG. 4 is a graph of maximum output power as a function of length
of the magnesium electrode used in the present invention, for
various resistivities of drilling mud;
and
FIG. 5 is a graph of expected electrode life at maximum power as a
function of length, for various resistivities of drilling mud.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a conventional earth
borehole drilling rig including a lower uncased portion of the
borehole 10 and an upper portion of the borehole 11 in which the
usual surface string of casing 12 has been set. A conventional
rotary drilling rig is shown with portions above the surface of the
borehole and portions within the borehole. The latter portions
include a drill pipe 13 having a drill collar 14 and a drill bit 15
attached to the lower end. The drill bit 15 may be rotated by
either the drill pipe 13 or by a rotary mud motor,(not shown). A
drill stem is shown within the borehole and comprises the drill
pipe 13 connected at the upper end through a square Kelly Bar 16 to
a swivel 17. The swivel 17 is suspended from a traveling block hook
18, a traveling block 19, drilling lines 20 and a crown block 21
located in the top of a derrick 22. The square Kelly Bar 16 passes
through conventional gripping means in a rotary drilling table 25
which is supported in the customary manner upon the derrick floor
supports. The rotary table 25 is rotated by means of a conventional
bevel gear 26 and a pinion rotary table drive 27. The pinion drive
27 is coupled to be driven in accordance with the usual practice
through a shaft 28 by the power unit of a draw works 30.
A body of drilling fluid 31(commonly known as drilling mud) is
contained within a mud reservoir or pump 32. A drilling fluid
circulation passage extends from the discharge connection 35 of a
drilling fluid circulation pump 36, through connecting pipes 37, a
riser 38, a suitable flexible connection 39, the swivel 17, the
Kelly Bar 16, down the drill pipe 15, through the drill collar 14
and out an opening 40 in the drill bit 13. The fluid travels back
up the lower uncased portion of the borehole 10 and through the
surface casing 12. The upper end of the surface casing 12, which
provides a return path for circulating drilling fluid from the open
borehole, is provided with a lateral outlet pipe 42 which extends
to and discharges into the drilling fluid reservoir 32. The
drilling fluid circulating pump 36 takes suction through a pipe 38
from the body of drilling fluid 39 contained in the mud reservoir
40. A surge chamber 45 may be connected to the discharge connection
35 of the drilling fluid circulating pump 36 for the purpose of
smoothing out or reducing the pump discharge pressure
fluctuations.
Attached to the lower end of the drill pipe 13 is a special sub 51,
the bottom of which is connected to the drill bit 15 through a
drill collar 52. The sub 51 is preferably located in the region of
the borehole 10 from which environmental parameter measurements are
to be made.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a longitudinal cross-section
view of the special sub 51 which includes a cylindrical outer
casing 53 preferably formed from a section of steel drilling pipe
having a female threaded opening 54 at the upper end and a male
threaded opening 55 at the lower end. A cylindrical telemetry
instrument package 56 which includes d. c. to d. c. converter 57 is
positioned within and in axial alignment with the casing 53. The
instrument package 56 is attached to and spaced from the inner
walls 58 of the casing 53 by means of a plurality of
circumferentially spaced struts 59 to define an annular space 60
therebetween. The lower end of the package 56 includes an
internally threaded socket 61, which is electrically isolated from
the body of the package 56 but electrically connected to one input
terminal (not shown) of the d. c. to d. c. converter 57. Attached
to the lower end of the package 56 is a generally cylindrical,
axially positioned electrode 62, formed from a material, such as
magnesium, having a different electrochemical potential than that
of the outer casing 53. The electrode 62 is attached to the package
56 by means of an upper threaded section 63 which engages the
socket 61. The body of the electrode 62 is electrically isolated
from the package 56 by an insulative disk 64. The electrode 63 also
includes a lower threaded section 65 which is attached to an
insulative, streamlining dome 66.
A flow of drilling mud enters the sub 51 through the top opening
54, flows through the annular space 60 in the direction of arrows
70 and exits through the bottom opening 55.
As just shown in the cross-section view in FIG. 3, the electrode 62
includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced, radially
extending, longitudinally disposed slots 67. The slots 67 serve to
increase the effective surface area of the electrode 62 and channel
drilling fluid flowing through the annular space 60 to keep the
electrode surfaces flushed and cleaned of any polarizing film that
might tend to develop.
Referring again to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the power supply
comprises a primary cell using the magnesium electrode 62 as a
sacrificial anode, the steel of the drill pipe casing 53 as a
cathode, and the conductive drilling mud in the annular space 60 as
an electrolyte. Since magnesium stands at about a plus 2.40 volts
in the electromotive series of elements and steel ranges from about
a plus 1.15 volts to a plus 1.3 volts, the electrochemical
potential of the resultant primary cell is from about 1.1 to 1.25
volts. This potential, when coupled to the input terminals of the
d. c. to d. c. converter 57 produces an output voltage on the order
of 12 volts, suitable for driving transistor circuitry in the
telemetry instrument package 56.
The internal resistance of the primary cell is inversely
proportional to the exposed areas of the anode and cathode and
directly proportional to the resistivity of the electrolyte in
contact with both electrodes. The effective life of the primary
cell is directly proportional to the quantity of magnesium in the
anode electrode 61 which may be six months or more in normal
operation. Power outputs on the order of 15 to 20 watts may be
achieved with the system of the present invention.
There are a number of factors, such as particle size, particle
density, impurities present, etc. which affect the resistivity of
the drilling mud. Preferably, a mud having a resistivity on the
order of 10-15 ohm-cm or less is used for the electrolyte in the
power supply of the present invention in order to achieve usable
power levels on the order of 10 watts or more.
FIG. 4 is a graph of maximum power output in watts as a function of
the length of the magnesium electrode for various resistivities of
drilling mud. These curves were calculated for a magnesium-iron
cell with an anode electrode having a diameter of 3 inches. The
curves are further based on an open circuit output voltage from the
cell of 1.15 volts and a surface resistance of the magnesium
electrode as calculated by the following modified Dwight's
formula:
R=(0.012) (P) (Log.sub.10 [2L/q])/L
wherein, R = contact resistance of anode in ohms;
P = resistivity of electrolyte in ohm-cm;
L = length in feet; and
q = radius in feet (assumed 0.25 ft.).
FIG. 5 is a graph of expected cell life in years for a cell
operating at maximum output power as a function of the length of
the magnesium electrode for various resistivities of drilling mud.
These curves were calculated for a magnesium iron cell with anode
electrode 3.1416 sq. in. in cross-sectional area and a specific
gravity of 1.74. Also used was a rule of thumb that 17 pounds of
magnesium will last 1 year as a sacrificial anode with a 1 amp
drain. As can be seen from FIG. 5, for mud resistivities on the
order of 10 ohm-cm, a life expectancy of 6 months or more can be
anticipated.
Thus, in accordance with the invention, it can be seen how an
efficient down-hole power supply can be constructed by arranging a
cylindrical anode coaxially within a steel drilling pipe, serving
as the cathode, and flowing drilling mud through the annular space
therebetween. A potential is produced from the cell depending on
the relative electrochemical potentials of the anode and cathode
materials. The output voltage is preferably amplified by a d. c. to
d. c. converter to bring it to usable voltage levels.
Having discussed the invention in connection with certain specific
embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that further
modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the
art and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within
the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *