U.S. patent number 3,874,422 [Application Number 05/450,735] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-01 for triaxially woven fabrics of uniform compliancy and porosity.
This patent grant is currently assigned to N.F. Doweave, Inc.. Invention is credited to Norris F. Dow.
United States Patent |
3,874,422 |
Dow |
April 1, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
TRIAXIALLY WOVEN FABRICS OF UNIFORM COMPLIANCY AND POROSITY
Abstract
Triaxial fabrics with weave patterns which provide relatively
uniform porosity and uniform, isotropic compliancy with
unstabilized lengths of yarn courses in each of the three yarn
course sets. Three particular such weaves include two which are
relatively non-porous and which include locked intersections to
stabilize the woven structure, uniformly dispersed throughout the
weave. A third weave includes no stabilized intersections and
unlimited variation in the spacing between adjacent yarn courses
and resulting porosity. In this third weave, a minimum thickness
fabric is provided with optimum nesting characteristics of the
three yarn courses.
Inventors: |
Dow; Norris F. (Radnor,
PA) |
Assignee: |
N.F. Doweave, Inc.
(Philadelphia, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23789289 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/450,735 |
Filed: |
March 13, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
139/383R;
139/DIG.1; 139/419 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D03D
13/004 (20130101); D03D 13/002 (20130101); Y10S
139/01 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
D03D
13/00 (20060101); D03d 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;139/DIG.1,11,383R,28,419,424 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Textile Research Journal, Vol. 40, No. 11, November 1970, pages
986-996. .
Textile Research Journal, Vol. 41, No. 8, August 1971, pages
637-647..
|
Primary Examiner: Kee Chi; James
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Miller, Frailey & Prestia
Claims
The following is claimed:
1. In a triaxially woven fabric comprising three sets of parallel
yarn courses, the yarn courses of each set forming an angle of
approximately 60.degree. with the intersecting yarn courses of each
other set, the improvement consisting of a repetitive weave pattern
with relatively uniform porosity said pattern including
unstabilized lengths of yarn courses in each yarn course set, said
unstabilized lengths in each yarn course set crossing at least two
intersecting yarn courses of one of the remaining yarn course sets,
said unstabilized lengths providing some compliancy to the fabric,
said compliancy being relatively isotropic in the plane of the
fabric.
2. In a triaxially woven fabric comprising three sets of parallel,
paired yarn courses, the courses of each pair lying next to one
another and spaced from adjacent parallel paris by a distance of
one yarn diameter, one of said sets comprising wefts disposed
perpendicular to the length of said fabric and the other of said
sets comprising 11 o'clock and 1 o'clock warps, respectively, the
yarn courses of each set forming angles of approximately 60.degree.
with the intersecting yarn courses of each of said remaining sets,
all of said 1 o'clock yarn courses passing over all intersecting 11
o'clock yarn courses, the improvement consisting of a compliant,
repetitive weave pattern in which
a. a first weft passes from left to right, under a first 11 o'clock
warp then over paired second and third 11 o'clock warps, while at
the same time passing over a first 1 o'clock warp and under a
second 1 o'clock warp paired therewith, thence over paired fourth
and fifth 11 o'clock warps and under paired third and fourth 1
o'clock warps, and thence over a sixth 11 o'clock warp and under a
seventh 11 o'clock warp paired therewith and under paired fifth and
sixth 1 o'clock warps, said seventh 11 o'clock warp corresponding
to said first 11 o'clock warp in the next lateral repetition of the
weft path;
b. a second weft, forming a pair with said first weft and being
disposed parallel thereto but removed in a 12 o'clock direction
therefrom, said second weft passing over all of said 11 o'clock
warp except said fourth warp which it passes under and under all of
said 1 o'clock warps, except said second 1 o'clock warp which it
passes over;
c. a third weft disposed parallel to said second weft and displaced
in a 12 o'clock direction from said second weft and spaced one yarn
diameter therefrom, said third weft passing under all of said 1
o'clock warps and over all of said 11 o'clock warps, except said
third 1 o'clock warp which it passes over and said fifth 11 o'clock
yarn which it passes under;
d. a fourth weft, paired with and parallel to said third weft and
disposed in a 12 o'clock direction therefrom, said fourth weft
passing under all of said 11 o'clock warps, except said fourth 1
o'clock yarn which it passes over and under an eighth 11 o'clock
yarn lying adjacent and paralleling said seventh 11 o'clock yarn
spaced one yarn diameter thereform.
3. In a triaxially woven fabric, as recited in claim 2, the further
improvement consisting of selvage edges formed by reversing the
lateral direction of each of said 11 o'clock warps at an
intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 11 o'clock warp passes over said weft and by
reversing the lateral direction of each of said 1 o'clock warps at
an intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 1 o'clock warp passes under said weft.
4. In a triaxially woven fabric, as recited in claim 3, the further
improvement consisting of providing a total number of warps in said
warp yarn sets which is divisible by 15.
5. In a triaxially woven fabric comprising three sets of parallel
yarn courses, the intersecting courses of each forming angles of
approximately 60.degree. with one another, one of said sets
comprising wefts running perpendicular to the length of said fabric
and the other two of said sets comprising 1 o'clock and 11 o'clock
warps, respectively, said 1 o'clock warps overlying said 11 o'clock
warps throughout the fabric, the improvement consisting of a
compliant repetitive weave pattern in which said wefts pass from
left to right, alternatively over and under successive 11 o'clock
warps and also over and under successive 1 o'clock warps;
a. a first weft woven, with reference to the adjacent weft disposed
parallel to and removed in the 6 o'clock direction therefrom and to
specific 1 o'clock and 11 o'clock warps, such that the over-under
pattern is exactly opposite that of said reference weft with said
11 o'clock warps and the same as that of said reference weft with
said 1 o'clock warps;
b. a second weft, adjacent said first weft and disposed parallel to
and removed in the 12 o'clock direction therefrom, woven, with
reference to said first weft and to specific 1 o'clock and 11
o'clock warps, such that the over-under pattern is the same as that
of said first weft with said 11 o'clock warps and opposite that of
said first weft with said 1 o'clock warps;
c. a third weft, adjacent and parallel to said second weft and
removed in the 12 o'clock direction therefrom, woven, with
reference to said second weft and to specific 1 o'clock warps, such
that the over-under pattern is opposite that of said second weft
with said 11 o'clock warps and the same as that of said second weft
with said 1 o'clock warps.
6. In a triaxially woven fabric as recited in claim 5, the further
improvement consisting of selvage edges formed by reversing the
lateral direction of each of said 11 o'clock warps at an
intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 11 o'clock warp passes over said weft and by
reversing the lateral direction of each of said 1 o'clock warps at
an intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 1 o'clock warp passes under said weft.
7. In a triaxially woven fabric, as recited in claim 6, the further
improvement consisting of providing a total number of warps in said
warp yarn sets which is divisible by 4.
8. In a triaxially woven fabric comprising three sets of parallel
yarn courses with equal spacing therebetween throughout the fabric,
the intersecting courses of each forming angles of approximately
60.degree. with one another, one of said sets comprising wefts
running perpendicular to the length of said fabric and the other
two of said sets comprising 1 o'clock and 11 o'clock warps,
respectively, said 1 o'clock warps overlying said 11 o'clock warps
throughout the fabric, the improvement consisting of a compliant
repetitive weave pattern in which a first weft passes successively
under a first 1 o'clock warp, over a first 11 o'clock warp, over a
second 1 o'clock warp, over a second 11 o'clock warp, under a third
1 o'clock warp and under a third 11 o'clock warp, said pattern
being laterally transposed one warp yarn position to the right with
each successive weft, such that a second weft adjacent said first
weft and disposed in the 12 o'clock direction therefrom, passes
over said third 1 o'clock warp and under the two adjacent 1 o'clock
warps on either side thereof, and also passes under said second 11
o'clock warp and over the two adjacent 11 o'clock warps on either
side thereof.
9. In a triaxial fabric as recited in claim 8, the improvement
wherein the adjacent yarn courses in each of said sets abut one
another.
10. In a triaxially woven fabric as recited in claim 8, the further
improvement consisting of selvage edges formed by reversing the
lateral direction of each of said 11 o'clock warps at an
intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 11 o'clock warp passes over said weft and by
reversing the lateral direction of each of said 1 o'clock warps at
an intersection of said warp with the edge of said fabric at a weft
position wherein said 1 o'clock warp passes under said weft.
Description
This invention relates to triaxially woven fabrics and particularly
to such fabrics with a controlled degree of compliancy and porosity
providing optimum conformability of the fabric to curved surfaces
for purposes of reinforcement in curved products or for other
special applications. More particularly, this invention pertains to
three such weaves providing either a controlled degree of isotropic
stability in the fabric structure or unlimited variation in
porosity with optimum nesting characteristics.
A variety of triaxially woven fabric structures are known in the
prior art. In some cases, these prior art triaxial fabrics have
been very porous with the pore openings having a variety of shapes
and sizes. Moreover, many of these prior art fabrics have not been
stabilized except by the frictional effect of the interwoven yarn
courses. One such woven structure is that seen in the U.S. Pat. No.
1,368,215--Stewart.
Relatively stable, isotropic fabrics, substantially stabilized by
snugly compacted interlocked intersections, have been disclosed and
claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, of common inventorship and
assignment herewith. While the variety of weave patterns disclosed
in that patent included certain relatively non-porous weaves, such
as those seen in FIGS. 3, 4, 7, 9, 10 and 12 through 15, these
weaves have all resulted in fabric structures which are relatively
dense and thick. Certain of the fabrics disclosed in that patent,
such as the fabric shown in FIG. 6, did include pore openings of
uniform size and shape. Still further, that patent disclosed that
certain stabilized triaxial weaves could be adapted for specific
purposes by the provision of unlocked yarn courses, i.e., yarn
courses in which lateral displacement is not prevented by snugly
compacted interlocked intersections. Such weaves with so-called
"long float lengths" are seen in FIGS. 14 and 15.
Notwithstanding all of these prior art teachings, there has
remained the need for triaxial fabrics with controlled or limited
porosity of uniform pore size and shape with some compliancy
throughout the weave, and particularly relatively uniform isotropic
compliancy.
It is the general object of the invention to provide such
triaxially woven fabric structures which are relatively
compliant.
It is a more specific object of this invention to provide such
isotropic compliant triaxial weaves with uniform or controlled
porosity and controlled fabric density and thickness.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide such
weaves which are either relatively stable by virtue of uniformly
dispersed interlocked intersections throughout the weave or are
rendered substantially compliant by the absence of such interlocked
intersections.
These and other objects are met, in accordance with the present
invention by a variety of triaxially woven fabric structures having
repetitive weave patterns with relatively uniform porosity. The
weaves of this invention further include stabilized yarn lengths in
each of the three yarn course sets of the weaves, the unstabilized
yarn course lengths in each case crossing at least two of the
intersecting yarn courses of one of the remaining yarn course sets.
These unstabilized yarn course lengths provide the compliance
necessary in the fabrics of the present invention and do so in a
manner which does not upset the otherwise desirable isotropic
physical properties of the triaxial weave.
Three preferred forms of the present invention are those shown in
FIGS. 1 through 3 of this application. This invention may be better
understood by reference to the following detailed description of
these weaves, taken in conjunction with the accompanying FIGS. 1-3,
and the Claims appended hereto.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a relatively stable, non-porous
triaxially woven fabric with a controlled degree of compliance
throughout the weave;
FIG. 2 is also a compliant; relatively stable triaxial weave of
little or no porosity; and
FIG. 3 is a highly compliant triaxial weave readily adaptable to a
wide variation in density and porosity, the pore openings of which
nevertheless are of uniform size and shape.
Turning more specifically to FIG. 1, there is shown a triaxial
weave sometimes referred to as the "bi-satin" weave. This is
essentially a non-porous weave of comparable density to that of a
non-porous orthogonal weave of the same denier yarn. The weave of
FIG. 1 provides relatively uniform compliance in all directions due
to the presence of unstabilized lengths of yarn in each of the
three yarn course directions. This refers to the lengths of the
yarns between the points at which the yarns are locked by snugly
compacted intersections with intersecting yarns so as to prevent
lateral displacement of the locked yarn. These unstabilized lengths
in each case cross over at least two yarn courses of one of the
remaining yarn course sets. The presence of unstabilized yarn
lengths in each of the three directions of the yarn course sets
permits the fabric woven in accordance with FIG. 1 to yield
slightly providing a greater tear strength than would otherwise be
present and also permitting accurate conformation of the fabric to
complex shapes, particularly where this is necessary for
reinforcement of a molded article.
The weave of FIG. 1 includes three yarn course sets consisting of
paired parallel yarn courses, each of which intersects the yarn
courses of remaining sets to form angles of about 60.degree..
Paired abutting yarn courses with a spacing of approximately one
yarn diameter between such paired abutting yarn courses form an
array comprising the yarn course sets. One of these yarn course
sets is referred to herein as the wefts. The weft yarn courses are
horizontal in the drawing of FIG. 1, but their disposition may be
more accurately described as lying perpendicular to the length of
the fabric which extends from top to bottom in the illustration of
FIG. 1. The remaining two yarn course sets are referred to herein
as the 1 o'clock and the 11 o'clock warp sets, respectively,
corresponding approximately to the direction of a line on a clock
face through the center of the clock and extending toward the 1
o'clock and 11 o'clock directions. For purposes of describing the
fabrics of the present invention, in some cases the 12 o'clock or 6
o'clock direction will be referred to, this being the direction
along the length of the fabric either upward or downward as seen in
an illustration such as that of FIG. 1.
Referring again more specifically to the woven fabric of FIG. 1, it
will be noted that the 1 o'clock warps in each case pass over or
lie above the 11 o'clock warps throughout the fabric. With respect
to the 1 o'clock warps, each weft passes under one and over five
such 1 o'clock warps. With respect to the 11 o'clock warps, each
weft passes successively over one and under five such 11 o'clock
warps. The combined over and under path of each weft with respect
to both the 1 o'clock and 11 o'clock warps varies from weft to weft
depending upon the relative lateral position of the 11 o'clock warp
which the weft passes over and the 1 o'clock warp which the weft
passes under. This varies in a four weft cycle such that the fifth
weft path corresponds to that of the first weft path of the
previous cycle. Laterally, of course, the pattern repeats itself
with every seven warps.
The fabric pattern is then defined by the path of four successive
wefts starting, for example, with weft X.sub.3 which passes, from
left to right, first under 11 o'clock warp Y.sub.2, then over 1
o'clock warp Z.sub.1, then over the next successive five 11 o'clock
warps Z.sub.3, Y.sub.4, Z.sub.5, Y.sub.6, and Z.sub.7 and under the
next successive five 1 o'clock warps, Y.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Y.sub.3,
Z.sub.4, and Y.sub.5. Weft X.sub.3 then passes under the next 11
o'clock warp Y.sub.8 and over the next 1 o'clock warp Z.sub.6 to
begin a repetition of the lateral cycle. The next successive weft
in a 12 o'clock direction from weft X.sub.3 is weft X.sub.4 which
passes under all of the 1o'clock warps except Y.sub.1 and over all
of the 11 o'clock warps except Z.sub.5. Again, the next weft in the
12 o'clock direction, weft X.sub.5, passes under all of the 1
o'clock warps excpet Z.sub.2 and over all of the 11 o'clock warps
except Y.sub.6 ; and the next succeeding weft, weft X.sub.6, passes
under all 1 o'clock warps except Y.sub.3 and over all 11 o'clock
warps except Z.sub.6.
The next weft, weft X.sub.7, then follows precisely the same
pattern as weft X.sub.3. It should be noted that the successive
wefts pass over individual 1 o'clock warps one warp space to the
right from that in the previous weft while the 11 o'clock "under"
warps traverse with successive wefts three, one, three and one warp
spaces to the right.
As seen in FIG. 1, abutting pairs of parallel yarn courses are
formed by wefts X.sub.3 and X.sub.4, wefts X.sub.5 and X.sub.6, and
warps (at the longitudinal position of weft X.sub.3) Y.sub.1 and
Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.2 and Y.sub.3, Z.sub.4 and Y.sub.5, Z.sub.6 and
Y.sub.7, Z.sub.3 and Y.sub.4, Z.sub.5 and Y.sub.6, and Z.sub.7 and
Y.sub.3.
By providing a total number of warps in the 11 o'clock and 1
o'clock warp sets (in a weave of the type shown in FIG. 1) which is
divisible by 15 a desirable selvage configuration is possible. In
this selvage edge configuration, each 11 o'clock warp intersects
with the edge of the fabric at a weft position where that 11
o'clock warp passes over the weft and its lateral direction is
reversed so that it becomes a 1 o'clock warp. At the opposite edge
of the fabric, each 1 o'clock warp intersects the edge of the
fabric at a weft position where it passes under that weft so that
it is laterally reversed into an 11 o'clock warp. This selvage
provides a stable edge configuration and is particularly adapted to
certain triaxial fabric weaving equipment.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown what is known as the
"double basic" stabilized triaxial weave. This weave may be
visualized as two "basic" weaves, of the type shown in FIG. 1 of
U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, interwoven with one another. The nominal
space between yarns in this weave is one half a yarn diameter. The
pattern for this weave starting with any specific weft yarn, such
as weft X.sub.1 ', is that it goes under and over successive 11
o'clock warp yarns on a one by one basis, and also under and over
successive 1 o'clock yarns. The next successive weft, such as weft
X.sub.2 ', does the same thing; however, it passes over and under
identically the same yarns in the 1 o'clock warp courses as the
preceding weft, X.sub.1 ', while following exactly an opposite path
with respect to specific 11 o'clock warps and the preceding weft.
In the next weft along the length of the fabric, i.e., the next
weft in a 12 o'clock direction from the preceding weft, X.sub.3 ',
the pattern remains the same with respect to specific 11 o'clock
warps as in the preceding weft and is reversed with respect to
specific 1 o'clock warps. Thus the third weft, X.sub.3 ', follows a
pattern exactly opposite that of the first weft, X.sub.1 ', with
respect to specific 1 o'clock and 11 o'clock yarns. This pattern
continues such that the path of weft X.sub.5 ' is the same as that
of weft X.sub.1 '.
The weave of FIG. 2 is also relatively non-porous and has a density
comparable to that of the weave of FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No.
3,446,251, which is equivalent to that of a tightly woven
orthogonal weave of yarns of the same denier. In that prior art
weave, however, the yarn courses are paired rather than equally
spaced from one another. Further, in this weave of the present
invention, there are relatively longer lengths between the points
of stabilization or interlocked intersections so that the weave is
more compliant than that shown in FIG. 3 of the prior art patent
referred to.
It is important to note that in this double basic weave shown in
FIG. 2, the fabric can be easily woven on equipment adapted to
produce the "basic weave" of FIG. 1 in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251.
More specifically, the basic equipment would be set up to weave the
fabric of FIG. 2 of the present invention and could be adapted to
produce the FIG. 1 weave of U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,251, by the simple
omission of every other warp and weft.
As noted above, this weave of the present invention is somewhat
compliant and therefore more readily conforms to the complex shape
of a molded article in which it serves as a reinforcement. In
addition, this compliance causes the fabric to have some yield
resulting in an enhanced tear strength.
The weave as shown in FIG. 2 has a selvage configuration similar to
that described with respect to the weave of FIG. 1 which also
adapts this form of the invention to be woven in certain triaxial
fabric manufacturing equipment.
In FIG. 3 is shown what is known as the "substrate" weave. This
weave is not inherently stable by virtue of interlocked
intersections. It is however, adaptable to receive the same selvage
treatment as that of the weaves shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and to be
woven in triaxial fabric manufacturing equipment of the type in use
for manufacturing other triaxial fabrics heretofore described. In
the weave of FIG. 3, all of the yarns are equally spaced from
adjacent yarns in each yarn course set; this spacing, however, is
unlimited and may vary from zero to any desired amount of space
depending on the desired degree of porosity in the fabric. With
small inter-yarn spacings, this weave provides optimum nesting of
yarn courses and essentially a minimum thickness, low porosity
fabric which may in itself have particular desirable
characteristics. When adjacent yarn courses abut one another, a
maximum density fabric, which is approximately 150 percent of the
density of a tightly-woven orthogonal weave of yarns of the same
denier, is produced.
As shown in FIG. 3, this fabric is woven with a one-half yarn
diameter spacing between adjacent yarn courses resulting in a
fabric density equal to that of a tightly woven orthogonal weave of
yarns of the same denier and also roughly equivalent to that of the
fabrics described above and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
In all of these weaves, a fabric is provided having compliance
which is relatively uniform in all directions for optimum
compatibility with molding material. In FIG. 3 the size and shape
of the pore openings is also highly uniform providing adaptability
to impregnation for reinforcement applications.
In the weave of FIG. 3, as in the weaves previously described and
illustrated herein, all 1 o'clock warps pass over all 11 o'clock
warps and each weft passes over one 1 o'clock and under the next
two 1 o'clock warps while passing over the 11 o'clock warps on
either side of the odd or "over" 1 o'clock warp. Adjacent the odd
or "under" 11 o'clock warp, the weft passes under the next two
adjacent 11 o'clock warps. This pattern repeats itself being
displaced laterally one warp space distance between adjacent
wefts.
The weave of FIG. 3 is also desirable in various applications
because of its minimum thickness characteristic. This results from
the nesting property previously referred to.
In summary, while this invention has been described with respect to
specific embodiments, it should be understood that minor variations
would be apparent to those skilled in the art and the appended
claims are intended to cover such minor variations which come
within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Furthermore, the drawings of the specific embodiments, illustrated
in the present invention, are idealized in that individual yarns
are, to some degree crimped where one yarn intersects another.
Generally, this invention, as exemplified and illustrated above,
resides in the development of triaxial fabric weave patterns with
relatively uniform porosity wherein the pattern includes
unstabilized lengths of yarn in each yarn course set to provide
fabric compliancy and yield for enhanced tear strength. Further,
these weaves are designed to provide such compliancy in a
relatively isotropic manner, i.e., in all directions within the
plane of the fabric. This compliancy results from the incorporation
in the weaves of this inventions of unstabilized lengths of yarn
courses in each yarn course set which cross at least two
intersecting yarn courses of one of the remaining yarn course
sets.
* * * * *