U.S. patent number 3,872,449 [Application Number 05/449,287] was granted by the patent office on 1975-03-18 for fire detector and method employing assymetrical integrator.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Cerberus AG.. Invention is credited to Andreas Scheidweiler.
United States Patent |
3,872,449 |
Scheidweiler |
March 18, 1975 |
FIRE DETECTOR AND METHOD EMPLOYING ASSYMETRICAL INTEGRATOR
Abstract
A fire indication signal, derived from a sensor, is tested
whether it exceeds a first threshold level; if it does, the signal
is integrated in an integrator which has a slow, or long time
constant to integrate a rising signal, but a short, rapid time
constant to discharge, upon drop of the signal; in one form, the
integrator includes a diode in the integration circuit, so that it
will discharge an integrating capacitor rapidly, upon drop in
signal level exceeding the first threshold. When the integrated
signal exceeds a second threshold, an alarm is given. Providing for
rapid discharge of the integrated signal prevents false alarms
resulting from repetitive short pulses exceeding a first threshold
level which, however, do not persist.
Inventors: |
Scheidweiler; Andreas (Stafa,
CH) |
Assignee: |
Cerberus AG. (Mannedorf,
CH)
|
Family
ID: |
4279532 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/449,287 |
Filed: |
March 8, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
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Mar 30, 1973 [CH] |
|
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4621/73 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/629;
327/74 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
17/11 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08B
17/11 (20060101); G08B 17/10 (20060101); G08b
017/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/228.1,227R,228.2,228R,261,420 ;328/127 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Swann, III; Glen R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Flynn & Frishauf
Claims
1. Method to indicate occurrence of a fire having means generating
a signal indicative of fire comprising
detecting a first threshold level of said fire indication signal,
and providing a first signal representative of the fire indication
signals having exceeded said first threshold level;
integrating rise in the level of said first signal with a first
integration time constant, and drop in level of the first signal
with a second integration time constant which is small with respect
to said first integration time constant;
and detecting when the integrated signal reaches a second threshold
value,
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the first and second time
constants
3. Method according wherein claim 1, whereien the first time
constant is in the order of 10-60 seconds and the second time
constant in the order of
4. Fire alarm system carrying out the method of claim 1
having fire sensing means (1, 2) providing an output signal
indicative of a fire,
characterized by a first threshold detector (6) having the fire
indicating signal applied thereto and providing a first signal
representative of the fire indicating signal's having exceeded the
first threshold of said first threshold detector;
a non-symmetrical integrator (I) integrating the first threshold
signal with the first integrating time constant (RC) and a drop of
the first signal with a second integrating time constant (rC) which
is small with respect to said first time constant;
and a second threshold detector (10) sensing when the integrated
signal has
5. System according to claim 4, wherein the fire sensing means
comprises an ionization chamber (1), in which the ion current
changes upon presence of
6. System according to claim 5, further comprising a resistance
means (2) connected in series with the ionization chamber, the
voltage drop across
7. System according to claim 4, wherein the integrator (I)
comprises a capacitor (8) and a resistor (9) connected to charge
the capacitor (8), the signal indicative of fire being connected
through the resistor (9) to
8. System according to claim 7, further comprising a diode (11)
connected in parallel to the resistor (9) to charge the capacitor,
and poled oppositely the polarity of the signal indicative of fire
charging the capacitor, and to permit rapid discharge of the
capacitor upon cessation
9. System according to claim 4, wherein the integrator (I)
comprises a capacitor (8), a first resistor (9) connected between
the output of the first threshold detector and one terminal of the
capacitor, and a second resistor (7) connected between the output
of the first threshold detector (6) and the other terminal of the
capacitor, and a diode (11) connected in parallel to the first
resistor (9) and poled to block signals from the first threshold
detector (6) charging the capacitor (8) so that said signals flow
through the first resistor, but pass discharge current from the
capacitor and permit discharge of the capacitor through the second
resistor (7), the resistance value of said second resistor (7)
being small with respect to the resistance value of said first
resistor (9);
the second threshold detector (10) being connected across the
capacitor (8) and providing an alarm signal when the charge across
the capacitor (8)
10. System according to claim 9, wherein the relative values of
resistance of said first resistor (9) and said second resistor (8)
are selected to provide a charge time constant of the first
resistor - capacitor R/C circuit which is at least about tan times
the discharge time constant of the R/C circuit formed of the second
resistor (7) and the capacitor (8).
11. System according to claim 4, wherein the integrator comprises a
first timing circuit (8, 9) having a time constant in the order of
10-60 seconds, a second timing circuit (7, 8) having a time
constant in the order of 0.1-5 seconds, and a diode (11) connected
and poled in the integrator to render the timing circuit with the
shorter time constant effective upon decrease of the signal applied
to the integrator, to provide for non-symmetrical integration of
signals exceeding the first threshold level, in increasing, and
decreasing direction of said signals.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to sensing, and indicating presence
of a fire, and more particularly to indicate presence of a fire
reliably, while rejecting spurious responses, which might lead to
false alarms. Specifically, the present invention relates to a
method to reliably detect a fire, and to a system to carry out the
method, in which electrical signals are processed.
Fire alarm systems in which an alarm signal is generated as soon as
a characteristic of a fire exceeds a certain threshold value are
known. Various types of fire sensors respond, specifically, to
certain characteristics of fires. Difficulties arise when such fire
sensors are used in rooms, or spaces in which the specific
characteristic of the fire may occur for a short period of time,
intermittently, or in pulses, without a fire actually being
present. One such sensor uses smoke as the sensing characteristic.
In offices, garages, automotive repair shops, and the like, smoke
may arise, intermittently, without a fire actually being present.
Fire sensors installed in such locations may provide false alarms.
It has been tried to avoid the undesirable influence of such pulsed
smoke on the sensors by introducing a time delay, either
mechanically, or electrically. A mechanical time delay can be
introduced by partly masking, or interfering with the accessibility
of a measuring chamber of the fire sensor to free ingress of air,
for example by means of covers, shrouds, or the like. Time delays
can also be introduced electrically by electrically delaying a
signal derived from the sensor. Delaying the response of the sensor
has the result that the threshold value of the response circuit
connected to the sensor will be reached only after a predetermined
time corresponding to the delay time.
Interfering with free air circulation as a way to introduce a time
delay has a decided disadvantage. Slowly developing fires such as
smoldering fires are sensed only with difficulty, or poorly.
Usually, therefore, the second solution has been used, that is, a
signal derived from the sensor is delayed in time. Disturbances due
to single, short-time smoke pulses, which might have led to a false
alarm, can be avoided by this solution. If, however, sequential
smoke pulses follow each other in relatively short periods of time,
the known fire sensors and systems will integrate the signal, and
an average value will result which may well be above the alarm
threshold of the response circuit so that a false alarm is
triggered, although with delay. Sequential smoke pulses are
frequent in actual practice, for example due to heavy smoking by
various people in a small space.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a fire alarm
system and method, in which false alarms are essentially avoided
although the sensors are subjected to pulsed influences,
characteristic of fires, and to which the sensors can respond.
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Briefly, the method includes a plurality of steps: 1. The
electrical signal from the sensing element is processed to
determine if it exceeds a first threshold level. If it does, an
output signal is generated, independent of the input signal, so
long as the input signal exceeds the threshold value.
2. The output signal which exceeds the first threshold is applied
to an integrator which is non-symmetrical, that is, has two time
constants, one long or slow time constant if the signal is
increasing, and a short or rapid time constant if the signal is
decreasing; thus, the charge time constant of the integrator will
be substantially greater, or longer, than the discharge time
constant.
3. The output signal from the integrator is applied to a second
threshold detector which provides the alarm signal when its
threshold level is exceeded.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the system includes
an integrator which has a diode in its integrating circuit so poled
that it is blocked upon a rising signal applied thereto, so that
the time constant of the integrator will be determined by circuit
parameters without consideration of the diode and, for decreasing
input signals, the diode becomes conductive to provide a low
resistance, short time constant discharge path for the integrating
capacitor of the integrator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The invention will be described by way of example with reference to
the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a highly schematic diagram of a fire alarm system in
accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a series of graphs illustrating the operation of the
circuit of FIG. 1, and the method, in accordance with the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The fire alarm sensor selected for the example is an
ionization-type fire sensor. Referring to the circuit of FIG. 1, an
ionization chamber 1, acting as the fire sensor, is connected in
series with a reference chamber 2. The ionization chamber 1 can be
referred to as the sensing chamber, and is accessible to outside,
ambient atmosphere. Chambers 1, 2 are series connected between
energized conductors 3, 4. The junction 5 between the chambers 1, 2
will have a voltage arise thereat which changes continuously as the
smoke or aerosol concentration in the sensing chamber 1 changes.
This voltage is applied to a threshold detector 6. The threshold
detector 6 will have an output only if the input thereto, from
junction 5, exceeds a certain threshold value. The output from
threshold detector 6 is applied to an integrator I, which includes
a resistor 7, having a resistance value r. The voltage across
resistor 7 is applied to capacitor 8 over a resistor 9, which has a
resistance R. The capacitor 8 is charged with a time constant of
RC, in which C is the capacitance of capacitor 8. When the voltage
across capacitor 8 reaches the alarm threshold of a second
threshold detector 10, threshold detector 10 will generate an alarm
signal. The time required after the first threshold detector 6
provided an output signal exceeding its first threshold value until
the second threshold detector provides an alarm is determined by
the time constant of the R/C circuit determined by resistor 9 and
capacitor 8. This is the alarm delay time.
A diode 11 is connected in parallel to resistor 9. The diode 11 is
so poled that the voltage across capacitor 8 can discharge through
the diode. As soon as the voltage from the first threshold detector
6 drops, and specifically when the signal from the sensor drops
below the threshold level of the first threshold detector 6,
capacitor 8 can discharge through diode 11. This discharge will
occur with the time constant rC, in which the time constant of the
discharge circuit is governed by the resistance value of resistor 7
and the capacitance of capacitor 8. Resistor 7 is selected to be
substantially less than resistor 9. The capacitor discharge will,
then, occur much more rapidly when the signal from the sensor 1
disappears than the charge build-up on the capacitor 8 when the
first threshold level is exceeded.
The operation of the circuit is best seen by reference to FIG. 2,
in which also curves showing the operation of known systems are
illustrated. Curve S is indicative of separate smoke pulses which,
for example, may arise in an office upon presence of heavy smokers.
Similar pulses may arise in an automobile garage. Clearly, no fire
is present, and the pulses, essentially, are disturbance pulses. In
case of a fire, there would be a continuous increase in smoke
concentration.
A simple first alarm sensor, without time delay, would provide an
alarm when the first pulse exceeds the alarm threshold, indicated
at A.sub.O, and as shown at curve S. A known fire sensor with time
delay would have different characteristics; in accordance with
curve V, the voltage at the input to the threshold detector would,
first, increase slowly; after termination of the pulse S, the
voltage would drop slowly, with the same time constant. As can be
seen by consideration of curve V, several sequential smoke pulses
would, eventually, cause the level of the signal to rise until,
finally, the alarm threshold is exceeded, providing a false alarm,
as indicated at A.sub.1.
A fire sensor in accordance with the present invention, under
conditions of smoke pulses, would provide signals as shown in curve
B. Upon sensing of the first smoke pulse, the input voltage to the
second threshold detector would follow curve B, and rise. After the
smoke pulse stops, however, the curve drops rapidly, and with a
short time constant. Thus, although sequential smoke pulses occur,
following each other rapidly, the voltage at the input to the
second threshold detector cannot build up, or accrete, and reach
the alarm threshold. After each smoke pulse, the voltage of the
integrator, that is, across capacitor 8, drops practically again to
zero or null. Thus, false alarms due to sequential smoke pulses are
avoided. A real fire which persists would, however, cause
continuous charge of the integrating capacitor, as seen in curve C.
An alarm will be given when the threshold level of the first
threshold detector has been exceeded by the duration of the desired
delay time, that is, at A.sub.z.
Experience has shown that false alarms can be avoided if the second
time constant, that is, the discharge time constant, is less than
the time constant of the first, or charge circuit by a factor of
10, at least. A typical example would be:
Rc : 30 seconds;
rC : 1 second.
These time periods are not critical; the charge time, that is, the
RC time constant may be in the order of from between 10 to 60
seconds; the discharge time constant, rC, may be in the order of
from 0.1 to 5 seconds, the two respective time constants having a
relationship of 1 to 10, at least.
Various types of fire sensors may be used, and the present
invention is not limited to ionization-type sensors, with which it
has been described. The first sensors may be responsive to other
parameters than smoke, for example combustion gases, or other
indicia of fire, and suitable sensors of known types may be used.
Various changes and modifications may be made within the scope of
the inventive concept.
* * * * *