U.S. patent number 3,866,574 [Application Number 05/432,251] was granted by the patent office on 1975-02-18 for xerographic developing apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Paul G. Andrus, James M. Hardennrook.
United States Patent |
3,866,574 |
Hardennrook , et
al. |
February 18, 1975 |
XEROGRAPHIC DEVELOPING APPARATUS
Abstract
An apparatus for developing a latent xerographic image is
disclosed. The development device comprises a toner supporting
donor member adjacent, and in spaced relationship to, an image
retaining member. Means are also provided to apply a pulsed
electrical bias to the donor member to introduce an electrical
field in the gap between the donor and image retaining member
whereby the electroscopic particles are made more readily available
to the charged image thereby resulting in fine image development.
The electric field applied across the gap is a result of a pulsed
bias applied in such a manner so as to enable toner to deposit on
the electrostatic image and to reduce deposition in non-image areas
of the xerographic plate. The instant donor development system
results in excellent copy quality with reduced background
development.
Inventors: |
Hardennrook; James M.
(Columbus, OH), Andrus; Paul G. (Powell, OH) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
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Family
ID: |
26988425 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/432,251 |
Filed: |
January 10, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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332852 |
Feb 15, 1973 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
399/285;
399/286 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/065 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/06 (20060101); G03g 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/637 ;117/17.5
;96/1R,1SD,1.4 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
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|
|
3012839 |
December 1961 |
Epstein et al. |
3332396 |
July 1967 |
Gundlach |
3345944 |
October 1967 |
Simmons |
3550153 |
December 1970 |
Haeberle et al. |
3697169 |
October 1972 |
Maksymiak et al. |
3707389 |
December 1972 |
Maksymiak et al. |
3754962 |
August 1973 |
Berlier et al. |
3759222 |
September 1973 |
Maksymiak et al. |
|
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Millstein; Leo
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No.
332,852 filed on Feb. 15, 1973, now abandoned.
Claims
1. An apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image
recorded on an image retaining member comprising:
a. a donor member for supporting a uniform layer of electroscopic
developing material adjacent to the image retaining member, said
donor member and image retaining member being spacially disposed as
to create a space gap between both members;
b. means to introduce a pulse bias across said gap, said pulse
being comprised of an activation potential segment in which
electroscopic particles are released from the donor member and a
development potential segment of different polarity in which the
electroscopic particles in non-image areas are attracted towards
the donor thereby preventing
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spacial gap measures from
about 2
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activation potential is a
negative polarity of greater than 150 volts and the development
potential is a
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the difference between the
activation
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the activation potential takes
place from periods of about 30 to 70 microseconds and the
development potential
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the activation and development
time segments of the pulse result in a repetition rate of from
about 4-8
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the activation and development
time
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the donor member is in the form
of a
9. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the cylindrical donor comprises
an aluminum substrate and an enamel surface layer containing an
etched layer
10. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the grid contains 120 to 150
lines per inch.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the art of xerography as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691 to
Carlson, a xerographic plate comprising a layer of photoconducting
and insulating material on a conducting backing is given a uniform
electric charge over its entire surface and is then exposed to the
subject matter to be reproduced usually by conventional projection
techniques. This exposure results in discharge of the
photoconductive plate whereby an electrostatic latent image is
formed. Development of the latent charge pattern is effected with
an electrostatically charged, finely divided material such as an
electroscopic powder, that is brought into surface contact with the
photoconductive layer and is held thereon electrostatically in a
pattern corresponding to the electrostatic latent image.
Thereafter, the developed image may be fixed by any suitable means
to the surface on which it has been developed or may be transferred
to a secondary support to which it may be fixed or utilized by
means known in the art.
In any method employed for forming electrostatic images, they are
usually made visible by a development step. Various developing
systems are well known and include cascade, brush development,
magnetic brush, powder cloud and liquid developments, to cite a
few. In connection with these various developing systems, it is
known that a conductive control electrode as, for example,
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,808,023, 2,777,418, 2,573,881 and
others, is highly effective in influencing electrostatic gradients
to develop images having varying charge gradients and having
relatively large solid image areas. At the same time, when
developing images generally devoid of solid areas and consisting
primarily of lined-copy images, superior results are generally
obtainable without the electrode in place.
Another important development technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 2,895,847 issued to Mayo. This particular development process
employs a support member such as a web, sheet or other member
termed a "donor" which carries a releasable layer of electroscopic
marking particles to be brought into close contact with an image
bearing plate for deposit in conformity with the electrostatic
image to be developed. In donor or transfer development of this
type, the electrical properties of the donor are a factor for
development in response to the area characteristics of the latent
charge image. Specifically, electrically insulating donors respond
best with line copy, while electrically conductive donors respond
best with solid areas in a manner comparable to the control
electrode. Accordingly, prior attempts to provide development
flexibility on a practical basis for development of any kind of
image, such as solid area versus line copy, have met with
difficulty. This has resulted in limitations on the usual copying
system and has necessitated selectivity with regard to particular
materials to be reproduced.
As mentioned above, transfer development broadly involves bringing
a layer of toner to an imaged photoconductor where toner particles
will be transferred from the layer to the imaged areas. In one
transfer development technique, the layer of toner particles is
applied to a donor member which is capable of retaining the
particles on its surface and then the donor member is brought into
close proximity to the surface of the photoconductor. In the
closely spaced position, particles of toner in the toner layer on
the donor member, are attracted to the photoconductor by the
electrostatic charge on the photoconductor so that development
takes place. In this technique the toner particles must traverse an
air gap to reach the imaged regions of the photoconductor. In two
other transfer techniques the toner-laden donor actually contacts
the imaged photoreceptor and no air gap is involved. In one such
technique, the toner-laden donor is rolled in non-slip relationship
into and out of contact with the electrostatic latent image to
develop the image in a single rapid step. In another such
technique, the toner-laden donor is skidded across the xerographic
surface. Skidding the toner by as much as the width of the thinnest
line will double the amount of toner available for development of a
line which is perpendicular to the skid direction and the amount of
skidding can be increased to achieve greater density or greater
area coverage.
It is to be noted, therefore, that the term "transfer development"
is generic to development techniques where (1) the toner layer is
out of contact with the imaged photoconductor and the toner
particles must traverse an air gap to effect development, (2) the
toner layer is brought into rolling contact with the imaged
photoconductor to effect development, and (3) the toner layer is
brought into contact with the imaged photoconductor and skidded
across the imaged surface to effect development. Transfer
development has also come to be known as "touchdown
development."
In connection with transfer type development, it is known that by
applying a controlled bias to a donor member characterized by
appropriate electrical resistance while in contact with a plate
being developed, that the donor functions to effect results similar
to a control electrode described above. That is, by applying a bias
potential to the rear surface of the donor member when presenting
developer into contact with an electrostatic latent image, it
becomes much more effective than an insulating or highly resistive
unbiased donor for developing images having relatively large solid
areas, as well as the various gradations of charge commonly
associated with continuous tone images. At the same time, when
developing images generally devoid of solid areas and gradations in
tone and consisting primarily of line copy images, substantially
greater image exposure latitude can still be obtained by developing
with the donor in its inherently more resistive state without the
benefit of the corona bias applied thereto.
A number of transfer type development systems were advanced in
which background development was minimized. In U.S. Pat. No.
3,232,190 to Wilmott, a transfer type development system is
disclosed in which the charged toner particles are typically stored
on a donor member and development is accomplished by transferring
the toner from the donor to the image regions on the
photoconductive surface across a finite air gap caused by the
spacial disposition of said donor and image surface. Activation of
the toner particles, i.e., removal from the donor surface, and
attraction onto the image regions (development) was primarily due
to the influence of the electrostatic force field associated with
the charged photoconductive plate surface. For this reason, the
spacial positioning of the two coacting members (donors and
photoconducting surface) in relation to each other was critical.
Should the members be in too close proximity excessive background
development occurs, while too great a distance results in
inadequate development.
In the application of an electrical field to a transfer development
system, a problem of background development arose. This was due to
the fact that, while applying a bias across the development zone
enhanced the deposition of the electroscopic particles onto the
charge image pattern, the charged toner was also motivated onto the
uncharged or background areas of the pattern, thereby resulting in
a background development.
In U.S. Pat. No. 2,289,400 to Moncrieff-Yeates, there is disclosed
an out of contact transfer development system in which a continuous
and uniform force field is established within the transfer zone and
assists the electrostatic force field associated with the charged
imaging element during activation and development. The application
of this type of electrical force field cannot, however, simply
permit the toner particles to be transported over a wider gap.
Because the force field is continuous and uniform, no additional
control is afforded over the development process. Therefore, the
electrostatic force field associated with the latent image still
remains the predominant mechanism by which the toner particles are
both activated and attracted to the imaged area of the
photoconductive surface.
In copending application Ser. No. 332,851, (internally designated
as D/3234) filed on Feb. 15, 1973, now abandoned, there is
described a donor development system in which a high frequency bias
is applied between a spacially disposed image bearing surface and a
donor. The bias is created by applying the voltage from an
alternating current power supply between the plate and donor at
frequencies of from about 10 to 3,000 kilocycles/sec. while the gap
between the donor and image retaining member can be up to about 7
mils (1 mil equals 1/1000 of an inch). While such a system results
in good quality line copy images, it has been found that superior
quality in both line and continuous tone images can be attained
utilizing a square pulse signal having proper frequencies and duty
cycle voltage amplitudes in a transfer development system.
As can be ascertained from the above, the art of xerographic
development, and in particular transfer development, would be
significantly advanced if a pulsed bias could be used to improve
both line and continuous tone quality in transfer development.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of this invention to describe a novel development
system using a noncontacting donor.
A further object of this invention is to describe novel donor
developing apparatus which enables development between a space gap
formed between said donor element and image-bearing surface.
It is also an object of the present invention to describe a novel
donor developing method.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The above and other objects of the instant invention are attained
by providing a donor member that is adjacent and in spaced
relationship to a photosensitive plate and providing means for
applying a pulsed bias to the donor member. The applied pulse is a
combination of a short intense electrical pulse to release toner
from the donor and start it towards the photoreceptor and a nominal
bias to prevent background development. The instant pulsed bias
development system makes possible good images over larger gap
widths than those possible with application of a continuous bias.
The instant invention results in excellent continuous tone
development and line copy having little background development.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and still further features and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following
detailed disclosure, along with specific embodiments of the
invention, especially when taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings herein.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a continuous automatic
xerographic copying machine utilizing the developing technqiue of
this invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of the characteristics of the
controlled pulsation technqiue utilized in the instant
invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the development system of the
present invention illustrating the particular mechanism
thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now specifically to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a
continuous xerographic machine adapted to form an electrostatic
reproduction of a copy onto a paper sheet, web or the like. The
apparatus includes the xerographic plate 10 in the form of a
cylindrical drum which comprises the photoconductive insulating
peripheral surface on a conductive substratus above. The drum is
mounted on an axle 15 for rotation, and driven by a motor 16
through belt 17 connected to pulley 18 secured to the shaft or axle
15.
Positioned adjacent the path of motion of the surface of the drum
10 is a charging element 20 comprising, for example, a positive
polarity corona discharge electrode consisting of a fine wire
suitably connected to a high-voltage source 22 or potentially high
enough to cause a corona discharge from the electrode onto the
surface of the drum 10. Subsequent to the charging station 20 in
the direction of rotation of the drum, is an exposure station 23
generally comprising suitable means for imposing a radiation
pattern reflected or projected from an original copy 24 or to the
surface of the xerographic drum. To effect exposure, the exposure
station is shown to include a projection lens 25 or other exposure
mechanism as is conventional in the art, preferably operating with
slit projection methods to focus the moving image at the exposure
slit 26.
Subsequent to the exposure station is a developing station,
generally designated 30, as will be further described below for
rendering the latent image visible. Beyond the developing station
is a transfer station 31 adapted to transfer a developed image from
the surface of the drum to a transfer web 32 that is advanced from
supply roll 33 into contact with the surface of the xerographic
drum at a point beneath a transfer electrode 34. After transfer,
the web desirably continues through a fusing or fixing device 35
onto a take-up roll 36 being driven through a slip clutch
arrangement 37 from motor 16. Desirably, electrode 34 has a corona
discharge operably connected to a high-voltage source 40 whereby a
powder image developed on the surface of the drum is transferred to
the web surface. Fusing device 35 primarily fixes the transferred
powder image onto the web to yield a xerographic print. After
transfer, the xerographic drum 10 continues to rotate past a
cleaning station 41 in which residual powder on the drum's surface
is removed. This may include, for example, a rotating brush 42
driven by a motor 43 through a belt 44 whereby the brush bristles
bear against the surface of the drum to remove residual developer
therefrom. Optionally, further charging means, illumination means,
or the like, may effect electrical or controlled operations.
Operative at the developing station 30 is a donor member 50 in the
form of a cylindrical roll, as will be further described, which
revolves about a center axis 51. Rotation of the donor is effected
by means of an axle 51 being driven by a motor 55 operating through
a belt 56, preferably to drive the cylinder in the same direction
as the surface rotation of the drum. The speeds of the donor member
and drum may be substantially the same or the donor member can
travel at speeds as high as 5 to 10 times as fast as the peripheral
speed of the drum to effect a greater development in imaged areas.
Also affixed to donor member 50 is a pulse generator source 61 for
applying the pulsed bias potentials of the instant invention.
Between the donor member 50 and the drum 10, there is maintained a
spacial gap 70 of from about 2 to 20 mils (1 mil equals 1/1000 of
an inch). The actual development step within the purview of the
instant invention is achieved maintaining a gap of between 2 to 7
mils between the rotating donor and photoreceptor utilizing a
pulsed electrical field to establish the proper field relationships
whereby optimum line and solid development is effected with a
minimum of background deposition. Any type of pulse generating
source, including combinations of D.C. sources, which will effect
the requisite pulsing (to be discussed hereinafter) will be
suitable within the purview of the present invention.
Adjacent one portion of the path of motion of the developer donor
member 50 is a powder loading station which may, for example,
comprise a developer hopper 57 containing a quantity of developer
product 58 which may be a form of a toner or electroscopic powder.
The hopper opens against the donor member whereby the cylinder
passes in contact with the developer supply and is contacted
uniformly with the toner powder as the donor passes through the
developer. Other loading mechanisms may, of course, be employed
including a dusting brush or the like, as is known in the art.
While the donor member of FIG. 1 has been described in the terms of
a cylindrical element, it is to be understood that said donor may
be in the form of web, belt, or roll, or any other structure
capable of operating within the purview of the instant invention. A
preferred donor element of the present invention is a microfield
donor consisting of a milled aluminum cylinder over which a thin
layer of insulating enamel is placed, on which enamel layer there
is a thinner layer of copper etched in the form of a grid pattern.
The enamel layer would have a thickness of about 2 .times.
10.sup..sup.-3 inches, while the copper grid layer would be in the
order of 5 .times. 10.sup..sup.-4 inches in thickness. The typical
grid pattern on a donor member of this type generally has from
about 120 to 150 lines per inch with the ratio of insulator-to-grid
surface areas being about 1.25 to 1.0.
In order that a donor member function in accordance with the
instant invention, it must first be characterized by sufficient
strength and durability to be employed for continuous recycling,
and in addition should preferably comprise an electrical insulator
or at least possess sufficient high electrical resistance of
approximately 10.sup.12 ohm-cm or greater. This is not to be
considered an absolute limitation, since the resistivity
requirement will become less than about 10.sup.11 ohm-cm and below
with reduced time period of exposure between the particular
incremental area of the donor and the xerographic plate. Hence, the
use of donor material of too low a resistivity permits excessive
penetration of charge from the corona discharge source into the
donor within the time of contact. As a result, as the low
resistivity donor advances from charged to uncharged areas of the
electrostatic latent image, the charges induced into the bulk of
the donor causes excessive deposition of toner in these uncharged
or background areas. At the same time, however, for development
speeds giving shorter contact times, materials of lower resistivity
may be used. Materials found suitable for this purpose include
Teflon, polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar), and polyethylene.
In carrying out a preferred method of development within the
purview of the present invention, a microfield donor of the type
described above is used as member 50 of FIG. 1. Generally, the four
basic steps in carrying out a development process are loading the
donor with toner, corona charging the toner (see corona charging
element 71 of FIG. 1), passing the toner to the electrostatic
latent image on the photoconductive surface, and cleaning residual
toner from the donor member so as to allow repetition of the
process. In the actual practice of development of most machines,
there are additional steps such as agglomerate toner removal and
corona discharging of the donor member, which steps are auxiliary
to the development process.
In loading a microfield donor of the type described above, a bias
is applied to the grid which establishes strong electrical fringe
fields between the copper grid and the grounded aluminum substrate.
As the donor is rotated through a bed of vibrating toner, these
fields collect toner on the donor in both grid and the enamel
insulator areas. In the next process step this layer of toner is
then charged negatively using a negative corona (see 71 of FIG. 1).
As the toner passes peripherally adjacent the spacially disposed
photoconductive layer having the electrostatic image disposed
thereon, a square pulse of certain potentials (see 61 of FIG. 1) is
applied by the pulse generator at the donor to effect development.
The overall effect of the pulsed bias is an oscillating negative
and positive potential between the xerographic plate and the donor
and the xerographic plate and facilitates continuous tone
development.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the pulse cycle contemplated in the
instant invention is demonstrated. Basically, the single pulse
cycle is considered in two components, namely, a negative part
described as activation and defined by an activation potential
V.sub.a which operates for a time T.sub.a, and a positive part
described as development transfer, defined by a potential V.sub.d
which operated for a time T.sub.d. The number of times per second a
pulse cycle is repeated is defined as the repetition rate R,
where
R = K/T.sub.a + T.sub.d.
Where the activation and development times are given in
microseconds (1 sec. = 1,000,000 microseconds), and k is a
proportionality constant, 1,000, the repetition rate is given in
kilo-Hertz (KH.sub.z). A zero volt reference is used for all
voltage levels. In reality, the pulse is not perfect in shape;
however, rise times are small enough so that they can be neglected.
In utilizing the microfield donor elements described above, the
pulse is usually applied to both the grid and aluminum
substrate.
As can be seen in FIG. 2 any definition of parameters of a square
pulse have to account for an activation potential V.sub.a, an
activation time T.sub.a, a development potential V.sub.d, and a
repetition (or frequency) rate. These parameters may be varied to
accommodate donor-photoreceptor spacings of from 2 to 20 mils (1
mil = 1/1000 of an inch). Activation times T.sub.a between 10 and
200 microseconds and development times T.sub.d between 100 and 500
microseconds (repetition rates between about 1 1/2 and 10
kiloHertz) give improved results. Best results are obtained with
spacings between 2 and 7 mils, activation times between 30 and 70
microseconds, and development times between 100 and 180
microseconds (repetition rates between about 4and 8 kilo-Hertz).
Typical times are 50 microsecond activation time and 150
microsecond development time, resulting in a repetition rate of 5
kiloHertz.
The activation potential at spacings of from 2 to 7 mils is about
-150 volts or greater (i.e. -150 volts, -200 volts, etc.). The
development potential at these spaces is about +400 volts or
greater (+450 volts). Ranges of the activation potential (V.sub.a)
are from about -150 to -450 volts. The development potential varies
from about +400 to +800 volts. Any combination of V.sub.a and
V.sub.d can be used, the preference being that the peakj amplitude
of the pulses bias, i.e., the difference between V.sub.a and
V.sub.d, not exceed 800 volts.
While not to be construed as limiting, a general description of
possible mechanism occurring at the development interface, i.e.,
the space gap between the donor and photoconductive surface, is
shown in FIG. 3. As shown, the bias level during the activation
portion of the pulse is such that the negative toner particles
experience a field force in the direction of the photoreceptor 10
comprised of a substrate 11 and photoconductive layer 12. This
force is in addition to the force produced by the potential on the
photoreceptor and, for this reason, the image areas produce a
higher activation force than the non-image or backgkround areas.
The duration of the activating field is important in that a
fraction of this time is spent breaking the toner-donor bond, while
the remainder is used to drive the toner toward the imaged element.
Therefore, the actual position of the toner particle in the gap is
dependent upon the forces applied, as well as the time duration of
the activating force. A similar analysis can be applied to what
happens during the actual development part of the cycle. The bias
levels which are established during the development part of the
pulse are such that a negative toner particle in the gap
experiences a field force away from the photoreceptor. By means of
this mechanism toner not caught up in the field caused by the
imaged areas is drawn onto the donor away from the non-image or
background areas.
The experimental work carried out in developing the instant
invention utilized simple bench-type apparatus. A Xerox 813 size
cylindrical donor containing a grid of 120 lines per inch was
loaded by rotating through a vibrating tray of toner and then
charged negatively. The actual transfer development step was
completed by rolling the donor over a halogen doped selenium plate.
The donor-to-photoreceptive spacing was maintained by plastic shim
stock placed on the edges of the plate. Nominal spacings of from 2
to 7 mils were used on most tests. Since the primary objective of
the experimentation was to investigate development variables, the
charging and loading functions were kept reasonably constant.
Typical toner layers were 2 to 2 1/2 mils thick and were checked
optically. The charge on the toner layer was monitored by reading
the potential above the toner layer after charging. Then the image
quality measurements were made on semimicro densitometer systems
and pulse variables were set and monitored on an oscilloscope at
all phases of experimentation.
Since many changes could be made, the above invention and many
apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be
made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intent that
all matter contained in the drawings and specifications should be
interpreted as illustrative and not, in any sense, limiting
* * * * *