U.S. patent number 3,864,922 [Application Number 05/453,980] was granted by the patent office on 1975-02-11 for sealed cushioning unit.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Halliburton Company. Invention is credited to Darrell D. Dial, Robert J. VON Bose.
United States Patent |
3,864,922 |
Dial , et al. |
February 11, 1975 |
SEALED CUSHIONING UNIT
Abstract
A method and apparatus for cushioning motion and dissipating
impact energy, preferably in a marine environment, including a
piston and cylinder assembly, impedance means associated with the
piston and cylinder for impeding translation of the piston within
the cylinder assembly and an isolation and restoring assembly
protectively surrounding the piston and cylinder assembly and
continuously biasing the piston and cylinder assembly in a normally
extended position operable to dissipate impact energy. The method
includes the steps of isolating the piston and cylinder assembly
from an ambient environment, cushioning impact forces imparted to
the piston and cylinder assembly and restoring the assembly in an
extended posture operable to dissipate subsequent impact energy
imparted thereto.
Inventors: |
Dial; Darrell D. (Fort Worth,
TX), VON Bose; Robert J. (Arlington, TX) |
Assignee: |
Halliburton Company (Duncan,
OK)
|
Family
ID: |
23802816 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/453,980 |
Filed: |
March 22, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/215; 114/219;
213/7; 213/8; 213/43; 267/64.27 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E02B
3/26 (20130101); Y02A 30/30 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02B
3/26 (20060101); E02B 3/20 (20060101); E02b
003/22 (); B61g 009/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/48,46 ;114/219,220
;213/43,7,8 ;267/65 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Shapiro; Jacob
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Burns, Doane, Swecker &
Mathis
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus operable to be positioned between a marine means and a
protective bumper means for dissipating energy imparted to the
protective bumper means by permitting cushioned relative movement
of the protective bumper means relative to the marine means, said
apparatus comprising:
cylinder means having wall means including,
side wall means,
first end wall means, and
second end wall means;
piston means slidably disposed within said cylinder means and
including,
piston body means translatably mounted within said side wall means
of said cylinder means, and
piston rod means translatably projecting through said first end
wall means of said cylinder means and having a first end thereof
connected to said piston body means;
means for operably connecting said second end wall means of said
cylinder means to one of the marine means and the protective bumper
means;
means for operably connecting said second, distal, end of said
piston rod means to the other one of the marine means and the
protective bumper means;
impedance means associated with said cylinder means and said piston
means for cushioning translation of said piston body means from a
normal position of adjacency to said first end wall wherein said
apparatus is in an extended posture operably ready to dissipate
energy imparted to the protective bumper means to a position of
adjacency to said second end wall wherein said apparatus is in a
closed posture operably following dissipation of energy imparted to
the protective bumper means; and
means surrounding said cylinder means and said piston means, and
generally extending between said means for operably connecting said
second end wall to one of the marine means and the protective
bumper means and said means for operably connecting a second,
distal, end of said piston rod means to the other one of the marine
means and the protective bumper means, for isolating said cylinder
means and said piston means from a surrounding marine environment
and for continuously biasing said piston body means to a normal
position of adjacency to said first end wall wherein said apparatus
is in an extended posture operably ready to dissipate energy
imparted to the protective bumper means.
2. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 1
wherein said means surrounding said cylinder means for isolating
and for biasing comprises:
a longitudinally extending housing means coaxially positioned about
said cylinder means;
an elastomeric annulus connected to and extending between one end
of said housing means and one of said means for operably connecting
said second end wall means of said cylinder means and said means
for operably connecting said second, distal, end of said piston rod
means;
annular means connected to and extending between the other end of
said housing and the other of said means for operably connecting
said second end wall means of said cylinder means and said means
for operably connecting said second, distal, end of said piston rod
means;
said housing means, elastomeric annulus, and said annular means
being operably to enhouse said hydraulic cylinder means and said
piston means for isolating said hydraulic cylinder means and said
piston means from a surrounding marine environment; and
said housing means, elastomeric annulus and said annular means
being longitudinally dimensioned such that said elastomeric means
exhibits a positive outward bias of said second, distal, end of
said piston rod means away from said cylinder means for maintaining
said piston body means in a normal position of adjacency to said
first end wall of said cylinder means.
3. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 2
wherein said annular means comprises:
a second elastomeric annulus; and
said housing means, said elastomeric annulus and said second
elastomeric annulus being longitudinally dimensioned such that said
elastomeric annulus and said second elastomeric annulus both are
prestressed to exhibit a positive outward bias of said second,
distal, end of said piston rod means away from said cylinder means
even though said piston body means is in a normal position of
adjacency to aid first end wall of said hydraulic cylinder
means.
4. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 3
wherein:
said elastomeric annulus and said second elastomeric annulus being
each generally frustoconically configured wherein translation of
said second, distal, end of said piston rod means is biased away
from said cylinder means by annular flexure and shear forces in
both said elastomeric annulus and said second elastomeric
annulus.
5. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 1
wherein said means for operably connecting said second, distal, end
of said piston rod means to the other of the marine means and the
protective bumper means includes:
universal mounting means for minimizing transmission of bending
force moments into said second, distal, end of said piston rod
means from the other of the marine means and the protective bumper
means.
6. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 1
wherein said means for operably connected said second end wall
means of said cylinder means to one of the marine means and the
protective bumper means includes:
universal mounting means or minimizing transmission of bending
force moments into said second end wall means of said cylinder
means from one of the marine means and the protective bumper
means.
7. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 1
wherein said impedance means comprises:
interior impedance zone means located within said cylinder means,
said impedance zone means containing a fluid, and being operable to
impede translation of said piston body means within said cylinder
means, with said piston body means in combination with said
cylinder side wall means defining buff and restored ends of said
impedance zone means located on longitudinally opposite sides of
said translatably mounted piston body means;
generally fluid light housing means comprising generally mutually
sealed side and end wall portions operable to surround and enhouse
said hydraulic cylinder means and defining, generally annular
return flow passage means surrounding said side wall means of said
cylinder means and being operable to receive fluid expelled from
said impedance zone means in response to movement of said piston
body means relative to said cylinder side wall means;
at least one port means extending through said cylinder means for
providing fluid communication between said buff end of said
impedance zone means and said generally annular return flow passage
means and being operable to impede the flow of fluid out of said
buff end impedance zone means in response to buff force induced
movement of said piston body means relative to said cylinder side
wall means; and
at least another port means extending through said cylinder means
for providing fluid communication between said restored end of said
impedance zone means and said generally annular return flow passage
means and being operable to impede the flow of fluid out of said
restored end impedance zone means in response to restoring force
induced movement of said piston body means relative to said
cylinder side wall means.
8. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 7
wherein said at least one port means comprises:
a plurality of ports radially extending through said cylinder side
wall means and being longitudinally spaced from the buff end in an
exponential pattern toward the restored end of said cylinder
means.
9. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 8 and
further comprising:
a plurality of normally closed preset check valve means, one being
positioned in each of an initial plurality of said plurality of
radially extending exponentially spaced ports with the remainder of
the radial ports positioned nearest to the restored end of said
cylinder means remaining unvalved wherein first low level buff
forces tending to translate said piston body means toward the bluff
end of said cylinder means will be dissipated by displacing fluid
from said buff end impedance zone into said annular return flow
passage through said radial ports positioned nearest to the
restored end of said cylinder means without overcoming the preset
condition of said plurality of check valve means while second high
level buff forces tending to translate said piston body means
toward the buff end of said cylinder means will be dissipated by
overcoming the preset condition of said normally closed check valve
means and displacing fluid through each of said plurality of
exponentially spaced radially extending ports into said annular
chamber.
10. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 9
wherein:
each of said plurality of radially extending exponentially spaced
ports through said cylinder side wall means are fitted with one of
said plurality of normally closed check valve means with the lone
exception of the radially extending portion nearest the restored
end of said cylinder means.
11. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 9
wherein said plurality of check valves include:
means for maintaining a second, higher level preset condition and
greater flow capacity wherein third very high level impact forces
tending to translate said piston body means toward the buff end of
said cylinder means will be dissipated by displacing fluid from
said buff end impedance zone into said annular return flow passage
through said plurality of check valve means in said second greater
flow capacity condition.
12. An apparatus for dissipating energy as defined in claim 9
wherein:
said at least another port means comprises a relatively high
capacity unitary port radially extending through said cylinder wall
means at said restored end thereof and being further operable to
provide a return flow path for fluid from said generally annular
return passage means into said restored impedance zone during buff
movement of said piston body means; and
relatively high capacity check valve means carried by said cylinder
means at the buffer end thereof and being operable to provide a
return flow path for fluid from said generally annular return
passage means into said buff impedance zone during restoring
movement of said piston body means.
13. A method for dissipating energy imparted to a marine protective
bumper means with apparatus mounted between the marine bumper means
and a marine means including:
cylinder means having wall means including,
side wall means,
first end wall means, and
second end wall means;
piston means slidably disposed within said cylinder means and
including,
piston body means translatably mounted within said side wall means
of said cylinder means, and
piston rod means translatably projecting through said first end
wall means of said cylinder means and having a first end thereof
connected to said piston body means;
the steps of said method comprising:
isolating said piston and cylinder means from an ambient marine
environment by surrounding said cylinder means with a
longitudinally extending housing connected to said cylinder means
at one end thereof and to a distal end of the piston rod means at
the other end thereof with elastomeric annulus members;
cushioning low level impact forces imparted against the marine
protective bumper means by
flexing and shearing said elastomeric annulus members, and
translating said piston body means within said cylinder means from
a position generally adjacent said first end wall toward said
second end wall and metering fluid within said cylinder means
through at least one open port means fashioned through said
cylinder wall means and into an annular chamber surrounding said
cylinder means and returning the fluid back to the interior of said
cylinder means through at least a second open aperture fashioned
through said cylinder wall means between a second opposite face of
said piston body means and said first end wall means; and
restoring said piston body means to a position generally adjacent
said first end wall means by generally axial forces imparted to the
distal end of the piston rod means from the developed flexing and
shearing of said elastomeric annulus members while metering fluid
from within said cylinder means through said at least a second open
aperture into said annular chamber surrounding said cylinder means
and back to the interior of said cylinder means at least in part
through said at least one open aperture.
14. A method for dissipating energy imparted to a marine protective
bumper means as defined in claim 13 and further comprising the
steps of:
cushioning relatively higher level impact forces imparted against
the marine protective bumper means by,
unseating a plurality of normally closed preset valve means
covering at least some of a plurality of radially directed port
means fashioned through said cylinder wall means between the first
face of said piston body means and said second end wall means, said
plurality of ports being exponentially spaced from said second end
wall toward first face of said piston body, and
metering fluid through said plurality of unseated preset valve
means from within said cylinder means into the annular chamber
surrounding said cylinder means and returning the fluid back to the
interior of said cylinder means through said at least a second open
aperture fashioned through said cylinder wall means between the
second opposite face of said piston body means and said first end
wall means.
15. A method for dissipating energy imparted to a marine protective
bumper means as defined in claim 14 and further comprising the
steps of:
cushioning relatively very high level impact forces imparted
against the marine protective bumper means by,
unseating the plurality of normally closed preset valve means to a
second higher level pressure condition and high volume flow rate
for metering fluid through said plurality of unseated preset valve
means from within said cylinder means into the annular chamber
surrounding said cylinder means and returning the fluid back to the
interior of said cylinder means through said at least a second open
aperture fashioned through said cylinder wall means between the
second opposite face of said piston body means and said first end
wall means.
16. A method for dissipating energy imparted to a marine protective
bumper means with apparatus mounted between the marine bumper means
and a marine means including:
cylinder means having wall means including,
side wall means,
first end wall means, and
second end wall means;
piston means slidably disposed within said cylinder means and
including,
a piston body means translatably mounted within said side wall
means within said cylinder means, and
piston rod means translatably projecting through said first end
wall means of said cylinder means and having a first end thereof
connected to said piston body means;
the steps of said method comprising:
isolating said piston and cylinder means from an ambient marine
environment by surrounding said cylinder means with a
longitudinally extending housing connected to said cylinder means
at one end thereof and to a distal end of the piston rod means at
the other end thereof with elastomeric annulus members;
cushioning impact forces imparted against the marine protective
bumper means, by
flexing and shearing said elastomeric annulus members, and
translating said piston body means within said cylinder means from
a position generally adjacent said first end wall toward said
second end wall,
unseating a plurality of normally closed preset valve means
covering at least some of a plurality of radially directed port
means fashioned through said cylinder wall means between the first
face of said piston body means and said second end wall means, said
plurality of port means being exponentially spaced from said second
end wall means toward the first face of said piston body, and
metering fluid through said plurality of unseated preset valve
means from within said cylinder means into the annular chamber
surrounding said cylinder means and returning the fluid back to the
interior of said cylinder means through at least a second open
aperture fashioned through said cylinder wall means between the
second opposite face of said piston body means and said first end
wall means.
Description
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for dissipating
impact energy between relative converging members. More
particularly the invention relates to a method and apparatus for
dissipating energy imparted to a protective marine bumper from
impact forces imparted thereto by a floating vessel or the
like.
In the past in both onshore and offshore locations some form of
fendering or protective bumper system has been utilized to
dissipate kinetic energies imparted from a floating vessel into a
relatively stationary mooring or berthing facility. Such devices
may range from the expedient utilization of a worn out tire casing
to elaborate elastomeric cellular fendering units of a variant and
often intricate configuration.
While such systems have exhibited at least a degree of utility in
protecting moored vessels from damage, room for significant
improvement remains. In this connection elastomeric units typically
exhibit a somewhat linear sloping stroke/force relationship at
least during initial impact loading. Therefore it is necessary to
design for large deflections in order to dissipate high energy
impact loads. Further upon full compression elastomeric units
typically exhibit a recoil or rebound force which is transmitted
back into the floating vessel. Still further elastomeric designs
which are operable to efficiently accommodate cyclic low load
levels such as wave action induced forces are often unsuited to
dissipate high level impact energies occasioned during a berthing
maneuver.
The problems enumerated in the foregoing are not intended to be
exhaustive but rather are among many which tend to impair the
effectiveness of the previously known energy dissipation systems.
Other noteworthy problems may also exist, however, those presented
in the discussion above should be sufficient to demonstrate that
marine cushioning systems appearing in the art have not been
altogether satisfactory. An energy dissipation assembly according
to the present invention is intended to at least obviate or
minimize problems of the type previously noted.
More specifically the subject invention is directed to an improved
method and apparatus for dissipating energy, preferably in a marine
bumper system, wherein a piston and a cylinder assembly is
connected at the ends thereof between a protective bumper and a
marine installation such as an onshore pier, an offshore berthing
dolphin, an offshore tower leg, etc.
The hydraulic cylinder is comprised of an inner generally circular
high pressure cylinder which is operable to receive in intimate
translation a piston body. The high pressure cylinder is provided
with a plurality of radially extending exponentially spaced
metering ports whereby fluid from within the interior of the
cylinder may be metered into a surrounding low pressure return
chamber formed by a relatively thin cylindrical wall coaxially
mounted about the high pressure cylinder.
Approximately a first 20 percent of the stroke of the piston body
is merely impeded by metering fluid within the high pressure
cylinder through unvalved ports and back into the high pressure
cylinder upon the opposite side of the piston body assembly through
a return port. Such low level impedance is highly effective to
dissipate cyclic wave action induced forces.
The remaining 80 percent of the exponentially spaced ports are
preferably fitted with normally closed preset pressure relief or
check valve assemblies which are actuated to an open posture only
upon achieving a predetermined quantum of imput energy. Further,
each of the present check valve units has maximum capacity limits
and is operable to accommodate extremely high level impact forces
which may be occasioned during an accidental high velocity berthing
operation.
The hydraulic cushioning assembly is isolated from a hostile
ambient marine environment by the provision of an encapsulating
cylindrical housing connected at the ends thereof to the hydraulic
unit through annular generally frustoconically shaped elastomeric
members.
The isolation housing is axially dimensioned so as to place the
elastomeric units under bending and shear loading even during full
extension of the hydraulic cushioning unit. Accordingly once impact
energy forces have been dissipated by metering of fluid through the
hydraulic cylinder wall, restoring forces provided by the flex and
shear of the elastomeric units rapidly restore the cushioning unit
to an extended posture ready to receive and dissipate further
impact energies. A further metering port, however, is positioned
adjacent the restoring end of the cylinder to eliminate any rapid
rebound energy from the elastomeric members.
The method entails the steps of isolating the piston and cylinder
assembly from a hostile corrosive marine environment while
cushioning low level impact forces against the marine protective
bumper by flexing and shearing the elastomeric annulus members and
translating the piston body within the high pressure cylinder. The
method further includes the steps of restoring the piston body to a
position of axial extension by application of the developed flex
and shear of the elastomeric annulus members while metering fluid
from behind the piston body through the wall of the high pressure
fluid cylinder. Such metering of fluid during the restoration step
effectively minimizes or eliminates the possibility of rebound
energy being input to the floating vessel.
Through the provision of the instant hydraulic cushioning assembly
it has been found that cushioning of kinetic energies in a marine
environment including low level cyclic wave action forces, normal
impact berthing energy and excessive impact energy is effected by a
force/travel diagram of near optimum performance and
efficiency.
Further, the exterior housing effectively isolates the hydraulic
cushioning unit from a hostile and corrosive marine environment
while synergistically providing a highly efficient restoring
mechanism for maintaining the cushioning unit in an extended
posture operable to receive and dissipate impact energy.
In presenting the invention, reference will now be made to a
preferred embodiment. This preferred embodiment is by way of
illustration and not restriction or limitation with respect to the
present invention and the manner in which it may be practiced.
THE DRAWINGS
A presently preferred embodiment of the invention is set forth in
the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a berthing dolphin and moored
vessel positioned adjacent the dolphin and being spaced therefrom
by a protective bumper system including a plurality of energy
dissipating devices according to a preferred embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 2 note sheet 2, is a side elevational detailed view, partially
broken away, disclosing an energy dissipating and cushioning unit
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in a fully
extended posture operable to receive and dissipate impact
energy;
FIG. 3 is a side elevational detailed view, partially broken away,
disclosing the energy dissipating and cushioning unit, disclosed in
FIG. 2, in a fully compressed or buff posture as might exist
immediately following dissipation of kinetic energy and prior to
automatic restoration of the unit to an extended or restored
posture, as depicted in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4, note sheet 1, is a cross-sectional view taken along section
line 4--4 in FIG. 2 and discloses structural details of a high
pressure circular cylindrical side wall and a generally square
fluid-tight surrounding housing comprising a portion of the
hydraulic cushioning unit;
FIG. 5, note sheet 3, is a top view of a preset check valve
positioned within a plurality of ports extending through the high
pressure cylinder wall;
FIG. 6 is a sectional detailed view taken along section line 6--6
of FIG. 5 and discloses the relationship of components within the
interior of the preset check valve assembly;
FIG. 7 discloses a cross-sectional detailed view of a normally
closed check valve assembly operable to provide a high volume
return flow of fluid into the high pressure cylinder during
restoration of the energy dissipation and cushioning unit;
FIG. 8 discloses a force/stroke or energy dissipation diagram
illustrating optimum energy dissipation performance of a cushioning
unit;
FIG. 9 discloses a typical force/stroke energy dissipation diagram
of the type which may be exhibited by the subject invention in
response to low level wave action forces imparted to a protective
dock bumper;
FIG. 10 discloses a typical force/stroke energy dissipation diagram
for normal berthing impact energies which might be occasioned under
normal service conditions;
FIG. 11 discloses a force/stroke energy dissipation diagram
indicating an overload capacity capability of the subject invention
which is automatically available in instances of accidental
excessive velocity impact loading during a berthing operation;
FIG. 12 discloses a comparative force/stroke or kinetic energy
dissipation diagram for the subject invention with respect to
conventional bumper cushioning devices; and
FIGS. 12A-D disclose schematic pictorial views of dock bumper units
which are depicted on the kinetic energy dissipation diagram of
FIG. 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Context of the Invention
With reference now to the drawings, aand particularly to FIG. 1
thereof, there will be seen a typical operational environment for
the subject method and apparatus for cushioning and dissipating
impact forces according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
More particularly a pier 20 is disclosed of the type which projects
outwardly into a body of water 22. The seaward face of the pier
carries a docking or mooring bumper 24 to protect the pier from
direct mechanical impact loading from a moored vessel 26.
The pier 20 may be of a variety of designs, including a shore
mounted installation or an offshore berthing dolphin or the like.
Still further, the pier 20 may be representative of any offshore
structure which requires the protection of a docking bumper 24.
In this connection a floating vessel 26 such as a material tanker,
barge or the like, is highly likely to damage a fixed structure
during a normal berthing operation unless some form of cushioning
or energy dissipation is provided. Moreover, since the vessel 26 is
moored against the pier 20, wave action tends to cyclically mudge
the vessel against the relatively fixed and immobile pier.
Accordingly, here again, some form of energy dissipation is
required in order to minimize the possibility of damage to the pier
or the hull of the contiguous vessel.
The docking bumper 24 is connected to the pier 20 through the
provision of a system 28 of countering linkages 30. Impact energy
imparted to the bumper 24 is dissipated by a plurality of generally
orthogonally mounted hydraulic cushioning units 32. The hydraulic
cushioning units 32 comprise the subject matter of the instant
invention and, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter, are
operable to cushion impact loads and dissipate kinetic energy in a
highly efficient manner over a wide range of impact loading
conditions.
While the hydraulic cushioning units 32 have been depicted in FIG.
1 and discussed above in connection with a preferred marine
protective bumper system it will be appreciated that the subject
hydraulic cushioning units are not limited to a marine bumper
environment and may find advantageous utilization in a plurality of
diverse aplications.
Cushioning Aseembly
Referring now particularly to FIGS. 2-4, there will be seen
detailed structural views of a hydraulic cushioning unit 32
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The hydraulic cushioning unit includes a high pressure cylinder 34
which is comprised of a relatively thick circular side wall 36,
note FIG. 4, a first end wall 38 at a restoring end of the cylinder
and a second end wall 40 at a buff end of the cylinder. The first
and second cylinder ends are functionally designated as the
restoring and buff ends in accordance with the direction of motion
of a piston assembly 42, at least partially within the
cylinder.
More particularly, a piston rod 44 coaxially extends through the
first end wall 38 and connects with a piston body member 46 mounted
for translation and intimate wiping action along the cylindrical
side walls 36 of the high pressure cylinder 34. A second or distal
end 48 of the piston rod 44 projects outwardly of the high pressure
cylinder 34 and is preferably connected to a dock bumper member 24
in a manner to be discussed more fully hereinafter. In order to
minimize the tendency of foreign matter to collect upon and abraid
the piston rod 44, an accordian sleeve 50 is mounted between an
extension collar 52 projecting outwardly of the first end wall 38
and a retaining collar 54 operably connected adjacent the bumper
member 24.
Assembly hydraulic cylinder 34 is provided with a fluid impedance
system 56 including a generally thin shell fluid-tight, low
pressure, housing 58 having first and second end walls 60 and 62,
respectively, for surrounding said high pressure cylinder 34 and
providing a fluid chamber 64 extending about the high pressure
cylinder side wall 36.
The piston body means 46 divides the interior of the hydraulic
cylinder 34 into a first interior, buff, impedance zone 66 between
a first face 68 of the piston body 46 and the second end wall 40 of
the cylinder 34. A second interior, restoration, impedance zone 70
is defined by a second face 72 of the piston body 46 and the first
or restoring end wall 38 of the cylinder 34.
The cylinder 34 as well as the surrounding chamber 64 is
substantially filled with a fluid such that translatory motion of
the piston body member 46 due to impact loading upon the distal end
48 of the piston rod assembly 42 is impeded or cushioned in order
to advantageously dissipate impact energy.
This cushioning is facilitated by the provision of a plurality of
generally radially extending and longitudinally, and energy
dissipation, exponentially spaced ports 74 fashioned through the
high pressure cylinder wall 36. The exponential spacing of the port
extends from the buff end 40 of the high pressure cylindrical wall
36 and progresses toward the restoring end 38 thereof.
The exponential spacing herein referred to corresponds generally to
that described, for example, in Seay U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,410,
patented Jan. 31, 1967 and assigned to the assignee of the subject
application. The disclosure of this Seay patent is hereby
incorporated by reference as though set forth at length. Briefly,
however, with the metering orifices spaced exponentially, kinetic
energy is absorbed uniformly throughout the stroke of the unit,
thus, pressure within the high pressure cylinder 36 and the force
applied to the unit approach uniform and minimum values throughout
the stroke.
While the ports 74 are shown in longitudinal alignment in FIGS. 2
and 3, such illustration is for convenience only and in actuality
the ports may be circumferentially spaced, note FIG. 4, about the
high pressure cylinder 36 as desired.
Referring now particularly to FIGS. 4 and 5 there will be seen
detailed views of a preset check valve 80 of a type operable to be
positioned within a plurality of the ports 74, note FIG. 4. The
first 20 percent of the ports of the high pressure cylinder 36 are
preferably unvalved to accommodate low level cyclic wave action
forces. The remaining 80 percent of the ports however are optimumly
fitted with preset check valves 80. In terms of numerical values
this would dictate that a first port 82 and possibly (depending
upon the control design spacing) a second port 84 or more may be
unvalved while the remainder of the ports 74 will be fitted with
preset check valves 80 to accommodate high level full stroke impact
energy dissipation.
With specific reference now to FIGS. 5 and 6 it will be seen that
the check valves 80 include a valve body 86 which is threaded on a
lower end 88 thereof to be readily mounted upon the high pressure
cylinder wall 36 (note FIG. 4). A central port 90 extends through
the base of the valve and projects upwardly to a termination point
at a raised annular valve seat 92. A generally inverted T-shaped
valve plunger 94 is positioned within an internal cavity 96 of the
valve body 86 and is biased downwardly against the valve seat 92 by
the provision of a coil compression spring 98. A plurality of
relatively high flow passages 100 are radially fashioned through
the valve body 86 and provide fluid communication between the
chamber 96 and the return flow passage 64.
Tension on the compression spring 98 is preset by an inwardly
projecting cap 102 which is threadedly received within an upper
portion 104 of the valve body 86. Appropriate selection of an axial
dimension for the valve cap 102 serves to establish a previously
determined preset condition of the valve plunger 94 against the
valve seat 92.
More particularly the valve plunger 94 is normally biased into a
closed posture against the valve seat 92 thus preventing flow of
fluid through the valve ports 74 within the high pressure cylinder
wall 36. In the event however sufficient fluid pressure is
generated within the buff impedance zone 66 to lift the valve
plunger 94, fluid will flow through the passage 90 to be metered
between the valve body 94 and the annular seat 92. The capacity of
radially extending ports 100 is much greater then the annular
orifice provided by the valve seat 92 and valve plunger 94
combination, thus regulation of flow is provided by the extent to
which the valve plunger 94 is lifted by fluid pressure within the
buff end of the high pressure cylinder.
Continuing in this vein, a certain preset pressure within the high
pressure cylinder 36 is necessary in order to provide an initial
flow through the valve 80. This pressure is typically selected as
100 percent of the design capacity of the hydraulic unit.
In some instances, such as during berthing with excessive velocity,
very high pressures are generated within the buff impedance zone
66. In such instances the valves 80 will fully open until an upper
planar surface 106 of the valve body abuts against planar surface
108 of the valve cap.
The dual character of the valve 80 serves to provide normal valved
cushioning to accommodate normal impact load occasioned against a
dock bumper and also high level valved cushioning to accommodate
emergency or overload capacity due to excessive berthing velocities
of a floating vessel against a dock bumper.
While the foregoing discussion has determined a specific embodiment
of a preset check valve those skilled in the art will appreciate
that other specific valve designs may be utilized as desired.
In brief summary, buff motion of the piston body 46 is impeded by
fluid being metered initially through an open orifice 82, and in
some instances a second open orifice 84 or more and then at higher
predetermined pressures through the remainder of the exponentially
spaced ports 74.
Isolation and Restoring System
Referring particularly to FIGS. 2 and 3 there will be seen an
isolation and restoring system 110 including an outer generally
cylindrical wall structure 112 having a first end 114 extending
toward the distal end 48 of the piston rod 42 and a second end 116
extending toward the second end of the hydraulic cylinder 34.
A generally cylindrical mounting assembly 118 is operably connected
to the distal end 48 of the piston rod 42 and a similar generally
cylindrical mounting assembly 120 is operably connected to the
second end 40 of the hydraulic cylinder 34.
Generally frustroconically configured elastomeric members 122 and
124 are mounted between the ends 114 and 116 of the cylinder 112
and the mounting assemblies 118 and 120 respectively. The mounting
assemblies 118, frustroconical member 122, cylindrical member 112,
frustroconical member 124 and mounting assembly 120 serve in
combination to enhouse and encapsule in sealed isolation the
interiorly positioned hydraulic cylinder assembly. Such isolation
is preferably established at an assembly plant and is particularly
significant when the hydraulic cushioning unit is being utilized in
a generally corrosive marine environment.
As discussed in the foregoing the piston body 46 operably
translates in response to impact loads through the high pressure
cylinder 36 to a buff end 40 thereof. Once the unit is compressed
however, note specifically FIG. 3, it is highly desirable to
quickly restore the cylinder without producing an undesirable
rebound force.
Restoration force for the subject hydraulic cushioning assembly is
achieved through the flexure and shear action of the elastomeric
member 122 and 124. More particularly, once impact energy is
dissipated the frustroconical elastomeric members will flex to
quickly restore the unit to a nominal extended posture. Rebound
energy however, is not imparted to the dock bumper 24 and into a
contiguously moored juxtaposed vessel. In this connection the high
pressure cylinder wall 36 is fitted with a unitary relatively high
capacity restoring port 126 which extends through the cylinder wall
36 generally at the first or restored end of the cushioning unit.
Accordingly, as the piston body 46 translates through the hydraulic
cylinder toward the first or restored end, fluid will be metered
through the port 126 and into the surrounding annular fluid passage
64.
In order to pressure balance the system fluid within passage 64
must flow into the buff end of the cylinder. Such flow is
accommodated by the provision of a high capacity return check valve
128 positioned at the buff end 40 of the hydraulic cylinder, note
FIG. 3.
Structural details of the high capacity check valve mechanism 128
are shown in FIG. 7. As they are shown valve 128 comprises a body
130 connected by threaded coupling means 132 to the exterior of
high pressure cylinder wall 36 (note FIG. 4). A valve member 134 is
telescopingly mounted within valve body 130.
Valve member 134 is generally cylindrical in character and
comprises a cylindrical side wall 136 provided with a plurality of
radial ports 138. An imperforate head wall 140, connected with side
wall 136 provides a sealing surface 142 to sealing engage a valve
seat 144 formed on valve body 130. A coil spring 146 interposed
between valve member carried abutment 148 and a valve body carried
abuttment 150 serves to yieldably bias the valve member 134 in a
closed position.
In response to a relatively low pressure in annular chamber 64,
subsequent to a prior buff movement, the valve 134 will
automatically open so as to allow the return flow of fluid from the
cavity 64 into the buff zone 66.
Universal Mounting Assemblies
In order to minimize the transfer of lateral forces into the
generally axially acting hydraulic cushioning unit one end of the
assembly is universally connected to a marine means 150 such as a
dock, pier, offshore tower, or in some instances even a vessel.
A universal mounting assembly 152 includes a spherical ball 154
operably encapsuled within a generally spherical cavity 156
fashioned within a mounting block 158. The mounting block 158 in
turn is fixedly connected to a plate 160 which may be connected to
the pier 150 by conventional threaded fasteners 162 or the
like.
The other end of the mounting block 158 is fitted with a
cylindrical shell 164 which in turn is weldingly connected to the
mounting unit 100 of the isolation and restoring system.
In a similar vein the other end of the hydraulic cushioning
assembly is provided with a universal mounting assembly 170
including a spherical connecting member 172 mounted at the distal
end 48 of the piston rod 42 and being received within a compatibly
dimensioned spherical cavity 174 fashioned within a mounting block
176. The mounting block at one end is weldingly connected to a
mounting plate 178 which in turn is connected to a bumper 24
through the provision of conventional threaded fasteners 180. The
other end of the mounting block 176 is connected to the mounting
cylinder 118 of the restoring and isolation system adjacent the
distal end of the piston rod.
Through the provision of the universal mounting assemblies at
either end of the hydraulic cushioning unit lateral forces will be
passed through the mounting assemblies, only axially directed
components thereof will be imparted to the hydraulic cushioning
unit.
Energy Dissipation Performance Diagrams.
Turning now to FIGS. 8 through 11, there will be seen force
displacements or energy performance diagrams depicting an optimum
standard and various modes of actual energy dissipation operation
of the subject hydraulic cushioning invention.
More particularly and with reference to FIG. 8, there is disclosed
an optimal design curve wherein the abscissa 200 comprises percent
stroke capacity of a unit and the ordinate 202 represents percent
of designed force levels.
A perfect energy diagram would comprise a rectangular trace wherein
100 percent of design force levels are immediately realized with
minimal stroke and such force levels are maintained in a horizontal
continuous condition throughout 100 percent of the stroke whereby
the input energy will have been dissipated. Once the input energy
is dissipated, the force level would fall vertically to zero and
the unit would be restored with zero force utilization. The area
disclosed in cross-hatching within rectangle 204 represents the
amount of kinetic energy absorbed by a perfect energy dissipation
device.
Turning now to FIG. 9, there will be seen a performance diagram
traced in accordance with one operative mode of the subject
invention wherein cyclic wave action impulses are absorbed and
dissipated by the subject invention. More particularly, for very
low level wave action forces, the piston body 46 will traverse a
short sroke distance, possibly 20 percent or less of its designed
capacity. During this first 20 percent stroke the unvalved port 82
and possibly port 84 will be utilized with the valves 80 maintained
in a preset closed posture.
The energy dissipation trace 206 is a generally square response
diagram wherein the energy is absorbed at approximately 50 percent
of the design force level over 20 percent of the design stroke. The
restoring mechanism is operable to quickly restore the unit to a
fully extended operative posture. It will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art that the low level energy dissipation provided
by the subject system approaches a perfect energy diagram.
Referring now to FIG. 10, there will be seen a nominal energy
performance diagram 208 for a hydraulic unit according to the
subject invention wherein sufficient impact energy is occasioned so
as to open the preset valves and thus dissipate energy in
accordance with utilization of 100 percent of the nominal designed
force level for the hydraulic cushioning unit. Because of a
relatively low impact energy level the stroke is only 50 to 60
percent of nominal design capacity, and thus the unit will quickly
restore itself to accommodate subsequent impact loads. Here again
those skilled in the art will recognize that diagram 208 is
substantially rectangular and thus represents a near perfect energy
dissipation performance response.
With reference now to FIG. 11, there is disclosed an overload
energy diagram 210 wherein overload capacity is accommodated by the
subject cushioning unit to accommodate excessive berthing
velocities. The fluid pressure in the buff impedance zone 66
reaches a magnitude to completely open the valve 94 and thus planar
surface 106 will abut against the cap 108. This maximum opening is
designed to cushion approximately 200 percent the nominal designed
capacity of the unit and all of the stroke is utilized to dissipate
the kinetic energy imparted to the hydraulic cushioning unit. Here
again a near perfect energy dissipation performance diagram is
exhibited.
Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 12A-D, there will be seen comparative
force-deflection or energy dissipation diagrams for various
commercially available shock absorber assemblies for a dock bumper
system as compared with an energy dissipation diagram for the
subject hydraulic shock absorbing system. More particularly FIG. 12
discloses a grid with deflection in inches along the abscissa and
force levels in thousands of pounds or KIPS along the ordinate.
A first diagram A represents the force/deflection or energy
dissipation for the unit pictorially disclosed in FIG. 12A. This
unit comprises a generally solid elastomeric block of rubber 212
with mounting plates 214 and 216 affixed to the ends thereof. Trace
A is typical of the previously known elastomeric units and may be
characterized as comprising a linearly sloping first segment 218
wherein the elastomeric unit 212 is deflecting and the energy
absorption is gradually increasing. At the end of the stroke when
the energy has been dissipated as at 220 and undesirable rebound
force 222 is imparted by the compressed elastomeric unit back to
the marine vessel or the like.
A second diagram B represents the force/deflection or energy
dissipation performance for a cushioning unit such as depicted in
FIG. 12B. More particularly, this unit is comprised of a cell-type
cylinderical elastomeric body 224 which is fitted at either end
with mounting plates 226 and 228. Trace B is similar to trace A and
may generally be characterized as being comprised of a sloping
initial segment 230 and a rebound force 232.
A third diagram C represents energy dissipation capability for a
cushioning unit such as depicted in FIG. 12C. This unit includes a
pair 234 and 236 of mounting assemblies and an intermediate
oppositely directed assembly 238. Elastomeric arms 240 and 242
connect the units 234 and 236 respectively to the intermediate
member 238. The performance diagram for this assembly again
includes an initial sloping segment 244 coupled with a rebound
force 246.
In contradistinction to the previously known bumper systems
depicted in FIGS. A, B, or C, the subject hydraulic cushioning unit
of the subject invention 248, note FIG. 12D, displays a generally
rectangular energy dissipation curve wherein maximum forces are
realized in a very short stroke and are maintained in a generally
constant level throughout the stroke until the input energy is
dissipated. Once the energy is dissipated, the deflection or stroke
travel terminates and the force level falls to essentially zero.
The unit is then restored in a controlled yet rapid manner with
negligible rebound energy.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
In describing in detail a preferred embodiment of the invention,
several distinct advantages of the subject cushioning unit have
been specifically and inherently delineated.
In brief summary, it will be appreciated that the subject marine
bumper hydraulic cushioning unit comprises a significant advance in
marine bumper design and exhibits to a nearly perfect kinetic
energy dissipation diagram, wherein a significant amount of energy
is dissipated for an initial small deflection which is maintained
substantially constant until the input energy is dissipated
whereupon the unit substantially ceases to travel and rapidly
restores itself to a fully extended posture.
Further, the subject isolation and restoring assembly of the
subject invention isolates the hydraulic cushioning unit from a
generally hostile marine environment while providing rapid and
effective restoring capacity for the hydraulic unit.
Universal mounting assemblies at the ends of the hydraulic
cushioning unit minimizes the transmission of lateral forces into
the unit and thus prolongs the life of the hydraulic cushioning
assembly.
Yet a further significant advantage of the invention entails the
specific hydraulic cushioning unit as applied in a marine
environment wherein exponential porting provides constant energy
dissipation and normally preset check valve assemblies provide an
inexpensive yet highly reliable performance pattern for dissipating
impact energies occasioned in a marine environment.
Still further a significant advantage resides in the provision of
flexure and shear forces within the frustoconical elastomeric
members of the restoring assembly which combine to rapidly restore
the cushioning unit to an extended position ready to accommodate
future impact loads.
While the invention has been described with reference to a
preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated by those skilled in
the art that additions, deletions, modifications and substitutions
or other changes not specifically described may be made which will
fall within the purview of the appended claims.
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