U.S. patent number 3,864,666 [Application Number 05/369,329] was granted by the patent office on 1975-02-04 for directional sonar apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to George R. Douglas.
United States Patent |
3,864,666 |
Douglas |
February 4, 1975 |
DIRECTIONAL SONAR APPARATUS
Abstract
The apparatus, typically a homing torpedo, includes an array of
main directional sonar electroacoustic transducers, typically
Tonpiltz oscillators, so distributed as to have directional
response to signals and connected to generate commands to control
the apparatus. The response pattern of this array alone has a main
lobe and side lobes, the response to signals along the direction of
the main lobe being substantially higher than to signals along the
direction of the side lobe. An auxiliary predominately
omnidirectional electroacoustic transducer (a hydrophone) is spaced
of the order of one wavelength of the signal outwardly from a
central main transducer and the combined response of this auxiliary
transducer and central main transducer is compared to the total
response from the array. If the combined response exceeds the total
response, the control commands for the signals are suppressed and
if the total response exceeds the combined response the control
commands for the signals are enabled to control the apparatus.
There is also apparatus including an array of main electroacoustic
transducers and an auxiliary predominately omnidirectional
electroacoustic transducer associated with, and spaced outwardly
from, each main transducer. Each pair of main transducers and
auxiliary transducers are so spaced and their response so combined
as to suppress side lobes in the reception pattern of the
apparatus.
Inventors: |
Douglas; George R. (Pittsburgh,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23455013 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/369,329 |
Filed: |
June 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
367/126; 342/381;
367/901; 367/96; 367/905 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B06B
1/0618 (20130101); G01S 3/8038 (20130101); F41G
7/228 (20130101); Y10S 367/905 (20130101); Y10S
367/901 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F41G
7/22 (20060101); B06B 1/06 (20060101); G01S
3/00 (20060101); F41G 7/20 (20060101); G01S
3/803 (20060101); G01s 003/80 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/6R,6S,16R,9
;343/1LE |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Farley; Richard A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schron; D.
Claims
I claim:
1. Directional sonar apparatus for receiving signals from sources
in predetermined directions with respect to said apparatus, said
apparatus including an array of main electroacoustic transducers,
said electroacoustic transducers being spacially distributed with
respect to each other so that the response of said array to said
signals is directional, the directional pattern of said response
having a main lobe and at least one side lobe, the response to said
signals along the direction of said main lobe being substantially
greater than the response to said signals along the direction of
said side lobe, at least one predominately omnidirectional
auxiliary electroacoustic transducer in receiving relationship with
said signals, said auxiliary transducer being connected to at least
one of said main electroacoustic transducers to produce a combined
response with said one transducer, actuable means connected to said
array and said auxiliary transducer to be actuated thereby, and
means connecting said auxiliary electroacoustic transducer and said
one main electroacoustic transducer in comparison relationship with
said array of main transducers so that said combined response of
said auxiliary transducer and said one main transducer modifies the
response of said array so as to suppress the actuation of said
actuable means responsive to signals along the direction of said
side lobes but to permit actuation of said actuable means along the
direction of said main lobe.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the each main electroacoustic
transducer is broad-beamed but generally directional.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one electroacoustic
transducer is substantially centrally located in said array.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the auxiliary transducer is
spaced of the order of one wavelength of the signal from the one
main transducer.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 including an enclosure for the array,
the enclosure including a window transparent to the signals, said
window being disposed over the array so that the signals are
received by the array through the window, the auxiliary
electroacoustic transducer being embedded in the window.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spacing of the auxiliary
transducer from the one main transducer is such as to maximize the
combined response of the auxiliary transducer and of the one main
transducer in the direction of the side lobe.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the actuable means
includes:
a. summing means for summing the response to signals of
substantially all main electroacoustic transducers of the
array;
b. subtracting means for subtracting the response to said signals
received by the predominant number of said transducers of a part of
said transducers of a part of said array from the response to said
signals of the predominant number of the remainder of said
transducers of said array;
c. means for deriving a measure of the relationship between the
total response of said summing means and the net response of said
subtracting means;
d. means, connected to said deriving means, when enabled, for
actuating said actuable means in dependence upon said measure;
the comparing means comparing the combined response of the
auxiliary transducer and the one main transducer with the sum
produced by the summing means, and the said actuable means also
including means, responsive to the comparing means, for enabling
said actuable means only when the sum produced by the summing means
exceeds the combined response.
8. Directional sonar apparatus for receiving signals from sources
in predetermined directions from said apparatus, the said apparatus
including an array of main electroacoustic transducers, an
auxiliary predominately omnidirectional transducer associated with
each main transducer, means interconnecting each main transducer
and its associated omindirectional transducer so that a combined
response to said signals is derived from each pair of main and
auxiliary transducers, the transducers of said array and their
respective associated auxiliary transducers being spatially
distributed with respect to each other so that the response to said
signals is directional, the spacing and interconnection between
each auxiliary transducer and its associated main transducer being
such as to suppress response to said signals laterally of said
array.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 including an enclosure for said array,
the enclosure including a window to the signals, said window being
disposed over said array so that said signals are received by the
array through the window, the auxiliary electroacoustic transducers
being embedded in said window.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein each auxiliary transducer is
spaced from its associated main transducer about one wavelength of
the signals.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein each main electroacoustic
transducer has a longitudinal axis and each auxiliary transducer is
of generally spherical form, the center of the auxiliary transducer
being along the axis of the main transducer.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein each main electroacoustic
transducer is directional.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the sonar art and has particular
relationship to directionally-responsive sonar apparatus.
Specifically this invention concerns itself with directionally
responsive sonar apparatus which is typically located in the nose
of a homing torpedo, and serves for detection of a target and for
guiding the torpedo so that it homes on the target. In the interest
of facilitating the understanding of this invention, this
application, where it deals with specifics, will confine itself
concretely to the homing torpedo with the understanding that sonar
control of other apparatus is well within the scope of this
invention.
In accordance with the teachings of typical prior art, the torpedo
has a flat nose in which an array of electroacoustic transducers,
typically Tonpiltz piston oscillators, are disposed under a thick
elastomeric window, typically of polyurethane or neoprene,
transparent to the sonar signals used for the homing. The
electroacoustic transducers are driven from a transmitter to
transmit the homing signals to the targets; the resulting signals
reflected by the targets are picked up by the array and actuate a
homing control for the torpedo.
The electroacoustic transducers are so distributed in the array and
so controlled that the response pattern of the array has a narrow
main lobe but also has undesirable side lobes. Any signal received
along the direction of the main lobe produces a substantially
higher response than a signal of the same magnitude (voltage or
energy) received along the direction of any of the side lobes.
However, reflection from a phantom target or decoy near the torpedo
along the direction of a side lobe could produce a response which
would cause the torpedo to home towards the phantom or decoy. To
suppress this effect of the side lobes the response level of a
broad-beamed or predominately omnidirectional reference transducer
of the array is compared to the overall response of the array. In
accordance with the teachings of the prior art this reference
transducer is one of the transducers, usually a central transducer,
of the array. Ideally, this reference transducer should have a
response level higher than that corresponding to the side lobes
throughout the whole solid angle of response of the array but
substantially lower than that corresponding to the main lobe. This
would demand a truly omnidirectional reference transducer. Actually
the reference transducer, while broad-beamed, is not truly
omnidirectional, its pattern having nulls in the side and back
directions and falling off substantially between the front
direction and these nulls. The expression "predominately
omnidirectional" as used in this application means broad-beamed but
with decreasing responses over certain angles and not truly
omnidirectional. The prior art array in conjunction with the
reference transducer does not then have a response which prevents
the confusing of the homing operation by phantoms or decoys at
certain angles.
It is an object of this invention to overcome the above-described
disadvantages of the prior art and to provide directional sonar
apparatus in which side lobe effects shall be effectively
suppressed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with an aspect of this invention a hydrophone or
predominately omnidirectional auxiliary electroacoustic transducer
is associated with the central transducer of the array of main
electroacoustic transducers and this pair of transducers are
interconnected so that their combined response, typically the sum
of their responses, serves as reference for the overall response of
the array. The auxiliary transducer is embedded in the elastomeric
window forward of the main transducer. The individual magnitudes
and phases of the responses of the auxiliary and main transducers
are set so that their combined response has a pattern without nulls
between 90.degree. and 180.degree. about the dead-ahead axis and
effectively suppress false side-lobe pickup from phantoms or
decoys.
The auxiliary transducer is of generally spherical form and the
main transducer has a longitudinal axis, and, if it is a Tonpiltz
oscillator, has the form of a cylinder with a square or rectangular
piston at its end adjacent the window. The center of the auxiliary
transducer is centered on the axis of the associated main
transducer. The spacing between the center of the auxiliary
transducer and the vibrating surface of the associated main
transducer is of the order of one wavelength and typically may be
about one-quarter or one-half wavelength; the diameter of the
auxiliary transducer is small compared to this spacing between the
center of the auxiliary transducer and the main transducer. The
reference pattern may also be produced by a plurality of generally
central main electroacoustic transducers of the array with an
auxiliary transducer embedded in the window outwardly from, and
along the axis of, each of the plurality of main transducers.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention, a
predominately omnidirectional auxiliary transducer is associated
with each or most of the main transducers of an array. In this case
again each auxiliary transducer is embedded in the window centered
along the axis of the main transducer. The spacing between each
auxiliary and main transducer and the individual magnitudes and
phases of the responses of the transducers of each pair are set so
as to suppress side lobes in the overall response.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
For a better understanding of this invention, both as to its
organization and as to its method of operation, together with
additional objects and advantages thereof, reference is made to the
following description, taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a view in longitudinal section of the flat nose of a
homing torpedo embodying an aspect of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic plan view showing the array of main
electroacoustic transducers and the auxiliary electroacoustic
transducer of the apparatus shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 3 is a view in section enlarged showing a main electroacoustic
transducer typically used in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 4 is a view in section enlarged showing an auxiliary acoustic
transducer used in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 5 is a fragmental view in side elevation with the supports in
section showing a pair of electroacoustic transducers consisting of
a main transducer and its associated auxiliary transducer as used
in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a generally diagrammatic view showing the manner in which
the main transducers are interconnected in the practice of this
invention to control a homing torpedo;
FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the manner in which the main and
auxiliary electroacoustic transducers are interconnected in the
practice of the aspect of this invention shown in FIGS. 1 and
2;
FIG. 8 is a three-dimensional graph showing the manner in which the
plane of the polar graphs presented in this application may be
visualized;
FIG. 9 is a polar graph of a typical directional response in one
plane of an array of main transducers included in apparatus such as
is shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 is a polar graph of a typical directional response produced
by subtracting the reponse of the transducers of one part of an
array from the transducers of the remainder of the array;
FIG. 11 is a polar graph illustrating the manner in which the
practice of this invention suppresses false response which would
manifest itself in the practice of the prior art;
FIG. 12 is a graph in Cartesian coordinates of the response pattern
of the central reference main electroacoustic transducer of an
array as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 13 is a graph in Cartesian coordinates of the response pattern
of a spherical auxiliary electroacoustic transducer of the
apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 14 is a graph in Cartesian coordinates of the reference
pattern formed of the combined response of a central main
electroacoustic transducer and a spherical auxiliary
electroacoustic transducer of half the sensitivity of the main
transducer and whose center is spaced one-half wavelength of the
signal from the main transducer;
FIG. 15 is a similar graph where the auxiliary transducer has twice
the sensitivity of the main transducer and its center is spaced
one-half wavelength from the main transducer;
FIG. 16 is a view in longitudinal section showing a modification of
this invention;
FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic plan view showing the array of main and
auxiliary electroacoustic transducers of the apparatus shown in
FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a schematic showing the manner in which the
electroacoustic transducers of FIGS. 16 and 17 are connected;
FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic view of a further modification of this
invention;
FIG.. 20 is a Cartesian graph for a pair of main and auxiliary
electroacoustic transducers of FIG. 19, the transducers being
spaced one-half wavelength of the received signal and produce
opposite phase responses; and
FIG. 21 is a Cartesian graph for the array of FIG. 19 presenting
the difference of the responses for the main and auxiliary
transducers on opposite sides of the vertical center of the
array.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
The apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes the forward portion
of a homing torpedo 31. The torpedo 31 includes a cylindrical shell
33 typically of titanium or aluminum to which a flat nose 35 is
vulcanized or molded. The nose is composed of a material, typically
neoprene or polyurethane, transparent to the sonar signal, and
viewed from the aft end of the torpedo, is cup shaped with a thick
circular base, typically about 1 to 3 inches in thickness. A
spherical hydrophone 37, which serves as the auxiliary
electroacoustic transducer, is molded centrally in the nose with
its conductors 39 and 40 extending out of the nose into the control
41 within the torpedo aft of the nose. The flat surface of the nose
35 of the torpedo 31 has a diameter typically of 12 inches and the
torpedo is flared aft to a diameter typically of 21 inches.
A circular plate 43 of titanium or stainless steel is bolted to an
overhanging lip of the shell 33. The plate 43 has holes through
which main electroacoustic transducers 45 extend. Typically the
transducers 45 are arrayed in a square of 7 units by 7 units with
the corner units removed so that the array fits into the nose
35.
Each main electroacoustic transducer 45 includes piezo-ceramic
rings 47 and 49 (FIG. 5) typically composed of lead zirconate
titanate (pb Zr O.sub.3 .sup.. Pb Ti O.sub.Pb ) or of barium
titanate (Ba Ti O.sub.3), electrically poled axially. The
piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49 form an electroacoustic converter
which, when energized by electrical oscillations, vibrates a head
51 or, when the head 51 is vibrated, convert the vibrations into
electrical oscillations. The head or piston 51, typically of
aluminum, is in the form of a rectangular parallelpiped with square
surfaces fore and aft and with the corners of the aft portion 53
turned to form a truncated cone. The transducer 45 also includes a
reaction mass 59 typically of stainless steel. A rod 61 is secured
or cemented centrally to the head 51 by epoxy resin or the like.
The rod 61 is threaded at the end remote from the head 51. The
electroacoustic converter 47-49 includes ring electrodes 63, 65,
67, of open work or screen conductive material. The electrode 63 is
interposed between a ceramic, electrically insulating ring 69 and
the piezo-ceramic ring 47; the ring 65 between ceramic electrically
insulating ring 71 and piezo-ceramic ring 49; and ring 67 between
piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49. The piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49,
the electrodes 63, 65 and 67 and the ceramic rings 69 and 71 are
cemented or bonded together between the mass 59 and the head 51 and
secured by a nut 73 screwed into the end of rod 61 acting through a
Bellville spring washer 75. The nut 73 is screwed in so that the
piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49 are subjected to precompression
stress between the head 51 and mass 59. The compression is
sufficient to preclude the rings 47 and 49 from going into tension
while vibrating. Electrodes 63 and 65 are connected together to a
common conductor 79 and electrode 67 to another conductor 77.
Conductor 79 is grounded (FIG. 57) and conductor 77 of all units
45, except the central unit 45c, is selectively connected through
switch 80 (a T-R switch) to the primary 81 of a transformer 83
(FIG. 7) in the control 41 during reception and to a transmitting
86 during transmission. The conductor 77 of central unit 45c is
also connected to one primary 87 of a summing transformer 89 (FIG.
7). The piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49 of each transducer are so
controlled during transmission and reception that they operate
cumulatively and not adversely.
Between the head 51 and the plate 43 a hydrostatic pressure-release
hollow cylinder 85 (FIG. 5) is interposed. This cylinder typically
is composed of paper or of synctatic foam formed of spheres of
glass or ceramic embedded in epoxy resin. The cylinder 85 prevents
the piezo-ceramic rings 47 and 49 and their cooperative parts from
being subjected to the hydrostatic pressure impressed through the
window 35 and is sufficiently compliant not to restrain the dynamic
vibration of the head. Typically the head 51 is about 1 to 2 inches
square and the transducer 45 has a length of about 4 inches.
The auxiliary electroacoustic transducer (FIG. 4) includes a hollow
sphere 91 of piezo-ceramic material electrically poled radially
whose inner and outer surfaces have coatings 93 and 95 of silver.
The coatings are connected to the conductors 39 and 40 which are in
turn connected to another primary 97 (FIG. 7) of transformer 89.
The conductor 40 is grounded. The sphere is filled with a material
99 such as polyurethane. The sphere operates as a predominately
omnidirectional electroacoustic transducer or converter converting
sonar waves into electrical oscillations. Typically the sphere 91
has a diameter of about 1/4 to 1/2 inches. The center of the sphere
is on the longitudinal axis of the central main transducer 45c and
is spaced about 1 to 4 inches from the fore surface of this
transducer.
FIG. 6 shows diagrammatically how the computations for the control
of the torpedo 31 are carried out in the practice of this
invention. Structurally the computations may be carried out as
shown in FIG. 7. With reference to FIG. 6 the array 101 of main
electroacoustic transducers 45 and 45c may be regarded as divided
into four quadrants labeled I, II, III, IV. The dividing plane 103
between quadrants I and III and II and IV is vertical and the
dividing plane 105 between I and II and III and IV is horizontal.
The respective transducers of quadrants I and II, II and IV, IV and
III, and III and I are each regarded as connected to a summer 107,
109, 111, 113. All summers 107 through 113 impress their sums on a
total summer 115. Summers 113 and 109 impress their sums on
horizontal subtractor 117 which computes the difference between the
latter sums; likewise summers 107 and 111 impress their sums on
vertical subtractor 119 which computes the difference between these
latter sums. Horizontal subtractor 117 and total summer 115 impress
their output computations on divider 121 which computes the
quotient of the difference from horizontal subtractor 117 divided
by the total sum. Vertical subtractor 119 and total summer 115
impress their outputs on divider 123 which computes the quotient of
the difference from subtractor 119 divided by the total sum. The
quotient from the divider 121 is supplied to a computer to compute
the azimuth target angle through a switch 125 and the quotient of
divider 123 to a computer for computing elevation target angle
through a switch 127. Switches 125 and 127 are typically solid
state components. Switches 125 and 127 are supplied from a
comparator 129. This comparator compares the sum of the outputs
from auxiliary transducer 37 and central main transducer 45c with
the total sum. If the total sum exceeds the sum of the outputs, the
switches 125 and 127 are closed and the command control for homing
the torpedo 31 on the target is enabled and if the sum of the
outputs is greater than the total sum, the command control remains
disabled.
FIG. 7 is a schematic showing as typical of like positioned units,
the transducers 45h along the horizontal center line of the array
101 and the transducers 45v along the vertical center line of the
array and including the central electroacoustic transducer 45c. The
transformer into which each transducer 45 supplies its output has a
plurality of secondaries 131s, 131h, 131v. From secondaries 131s
the total sum for all units 45 is derived; from secondaries 131h
the difference for the transducers to port and starboard of the
vertical center plane 103 are derived and from the secondaries 131v
the difference for the transducers 45 above and below the
horizontal plane 105 are derived. Because of the availability of
the secondaries for the separate computations the summers 107, 109,
111, 113 of FIG. 6, which symbolize like computations and are used
to clarify the the invention, are not shown. The turns ratios of
the transformer 83 are predetermined to set the relative amplitudes
of the potentials supplied by these transformers. The amplitude and
angles at which the side lobes occur can be to an extent determined
by these relative shading factors.
The outputs of all secondaries 131s are impressed on, and added by,
the total summer 133. The secondaries 131h of the transducers 45h
on opposite sides of the plane 103 are impressed on the horizontal
subtractor 135. In the horizontal subtractor 135 the difference is
computed between the sum of the outputs of transducers on the port
side of plane 103 and the transducers on the starboard side of
plane 103. Likewise the secondaries 131v of all transducers
symbolized by 45v are impressed on the vertical subtractor 137
which computes the difference between the outputs of all
transducers above the plane 105 and all transducers below the plane
105. The secondaries 131v for the transducers along the plane 105
are open as are the secondaries 131h for the units along plane
103.
The secondary 141 of transformer 89 supplies a reference generator
143 with the sum of the outputs of auxiliary transducer 37 and
central transducer 45c. The output of the reference generator 143
is impressed on the comparator 129 where this output is compared
with the total sum from summer 133.
The outputs of total summer 133 and of horizontal subtractor 135
are supplied to divider 121 and the outputs of the total summer 133
and vertical subtractor 137 to divider 123. The output of divider
121 is supplied to the azimuth control 151 through switch 125 and
the output of divider 123 to elevation control 153 through switch
127. The switches 125 and 127 are set closed or open by the
comparator 129 depending on whether the total sum from summer 133
exceeds the reference signal from generator 143 or is exceeded by
the latter. The azimuth control 151 and the elevation control 153
also receive stabilizing signals from the stabilizing control 155
of the torpedo 31.
The functioning of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 through 7 will be
described with reference to the graphs shown in FIGS. 8 through 15.
FIG. 8 is a three dimensional presentation of the response of array
101. It is assumed that the array 101 is positioned parallel to the
YZ plane and that the dead-ahead direction is the positive X
direction. The lobe 161 which presents the response for any
signalling source (for example a target sending back reflected
pulses) as a function of the angle of reception has its maximum
along the X axis. As a rule the polar graphs present the
intersections of the lobe 161 with the XZ or XY planes.
FIG. 9 presents the response as a function of angular displacement
from the dead-ahead direction on the XZ plane for an array 101 of
electroacoustic transducers 45. Response in decibels (db) below the
maximum is plotted radially as a function of angle of reception
.theta.. The graph of FIG. 9 presents the response as derived from
the total summer 133 (FIG. 7). Typically at angle .phi..sub.1 the
response is 6 db below maximum on the main lobe 162 and at angle
.phi..sub.2, 20 db below maximum. The response has side lobes 163,
164, 170, 172 which, for a decoy target T, would produce false
received signals of substantial magnitude and deflect the torpedo
31 in an improper direction. In FIG. 10 the response for an array
101 of units 45 of the horizontal subtractor 135 (XY plane), in db
below maximum at dead-ahead, is plotted as a function of angle of
reception. At angles .theta..sub.1 and .theta..sub.2 the reception
is along the right-hand lobe 167. The azimuthal direction of the
target is thus established with relative precision and unless
confused by decoys the torpedo 31 would home on the target.
FIG. 11 shows the same response from the array 101 as FIG. 9 but in
addition shows in broken lines exaggerated the reference lobe 171
produced in the practice of the prior art and the reference lobe
173 resulting from the combined response of the auxiliary
transducer 37 and central main transducer 45c in the practice of
this invention. Because the reference lobe 171 falls off sharply to
port and starboard, the response for this lobe is less than for
side lobes 166 and 168 at certain angles and for decoys at these
angles the comparator 129 (FIG. 7) would close switches 125 and 127
and misdirect the torpedo 31. The response for lobe 173 is at all
angles greater than the response for the side lobes 166 and 168 and
the effects of side-lobe response would be suppressed. On the other
hand, over the useful angle of reception, the response of the main
lobe 162 exceeds the response of the lobe 173 and at these angles
the comparator 129 (FIG. 7) would close the switches 125 and
127.
In FIGS. 12 through 15 angular departure from dead-ahead is plotted
horizontally and drop in response from maximum in db is plotted
vertically. In FIG. 12 is a graph of the response for a typical
central main electroacoustic transducer 45c. This response drops
off by 30 db at 90.degree.. The response for a typical auxiliary
transducer 37 is shown in FIG. 13. This response drops off by 20 db
at 90.degree.. FIG. 14 shows the combined response for a central
main transducer 45c and an auxiliary transducer 37, having one-half
the sensitivity of the main transducer spaced one-half wavelength
from the main transducer. This response drops off only about 14 db
at 90.degree. and is, over an angle of about 70.degree.,
substantially flat. FIG. 15 is similar to FIG. 14 except that the
auxiliary transducer 37 has twice the sensitivity of the main
transducer 45c. This response drops off only 12 db at 90.degree.
and is, over an angle of 60.degree., substantially flat.
The apparatus shown in FIG. 16 is a torpedo 181 having a flat nose
183 of material transparent to the sonar signals. An array 101 of
main electroacoustic transducers 45 similar to the array 101 of
FIGS. 1 and 2 are secured to the flat aft surface of the nose 183.
An auxiliary electroacoustic transducer 185 is associated with each
main transducer 45. Each transducer 185 is embedded in the window
of the torpedo 181 with its center along the axis of the associated
transducer 45 spaced of the order of 1 wavelength of the sonar
signal from the transducer 45.
FIG. 18 is a schematic showing, as typical, the circuit connections
for the central pairs of main transducers 45h and auxiliary
transducers 185h for producing the horizontal difference in
response and the central pairs of main transducers 45v and
auxiliary transducers 185v for producing the vertical difference in
response. With each pair of transducers 45 and 185 throughout the
array a transformer 191 is associated. The transformer 191 has
primaries 193 and 195 and secondaries 197s, 197h, and 197v.
Transducer 45 may be selectively connected, by operation of a T-R
switch 201, to energize primary 193 by the signal received or to be
energized by transmitter 203. Primary 195 is connected to be
energized by the signal received by the associated auxiliary
transducer 185. Each secondary 197s supplies the total summer 205;
each secondary 197h the horizontal subtractor 207; and 197v the
vertical subtractor 209. The total summer 205 sums the total
response of all pairs of transducers 45 and 185, the horizontal
subtractor 207 derives the difference between the responses of the
pairs on the port side and starboard side of the vertical center
plane 221 and the subtractor 209 the difference between the
responses for the pairs 45-185 above and below the horizontal
center plane 223. The total summer 205 and the horizontal and
vertical subtractors 207 and 209 are respectively connected to
dividers 211 and 213 from which the aximuth target angle and
elevation target angle are derived. By choosing the turns ratio of
coils 193, 195, 197s, 197h, 197v of the transformers 191 and
properly setting the spacing between the main and auxiliary
electroacoustic transducers, side lobes of the overall response of
the array of pairs 45-185 at selected angles, for example,
90.degree., may be suppressed and a desired response pattern
achieved.
FIG. 19 shows a torpedo 231 having a generally spherical nose 233.
The nose 233 is a thick elastomeric window aft of which, on its
flat inner face, an array of seven, or any other number of, main
electroacoustic transducers 235 having hexagonal heads are secured.
The transducers 235 are nested as shown. Within the window forward
of each transducer 235 an auxiliary predominately omnidirectional
electroacoustic transducer 237 is embedded. The centers of the
transducers 237 are on the axes of the main transducers 235. The
control transducer for the torpedo 231 carrying this array of pairs
of main transducers 235 and auxiliary transducers 237 is similar to
that shown in FIG. 18. The side lobes of the response pattern at
predetermined angles may be suppressed by appropriate setting of
the spacing between the auxiliary and main transducers and by
proper phasing of their received signals, in addition to setting
their relative amplitudes.
The response pattern of a pair consisting of a main transducer 235
and auxiliary transducer 237 is shown in FIG. 20. Angular
displacement from dead-ahead is plotted horizontally and decrease
from maximum in db vertically. The response is down about 60 db at
90.degree.. The low response in the side directions results from
the cancellation of the two response laterally. The pairs of
transducers have a highly directional main beam with the same low
level in the side directions. The usefulness of this cancellation
can be understood from FIG. 21 in which a horizontal-difference
response is plotted as a function of angular displacement from
dead-ahead. The peak responses occur at about .+-.22.degree. from
dead-ahead. The difference response has side lobes at about
.+-.65.degree. and is 60 db down at about .+-.90.degree..
While preferred embodiments of this invention have been disclosed
herein, many modifications thereof are feasible. This invention is
not to be restricted except insofar as is necessitated by the
spirit of the prior art.
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