U.S. patent number 3,862,775 [Application Number 05/415,951] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-28 for non-reusable locking device and method of use.
This patent grant is currently assigned to William A. Braddock. Invention is credited to Richard L. Gudmundsen.
United States Patent |
3,862,775 |
Gudmundsen |
January 28, 1975 |
NON-REUSABLE LOCKING DEVICE AND METHOD OF USE
Abstract
A case hardened bolt is provided with a case hardened nut which
can easily be hand threaded onto it. The shank of the bolt above a
threaded portion of approximately the width of the bolt is of a
reduced diameter such that the nut can turn freely with respect to
the bolt. This portion of reduced diameter is at least as long as
the width of the nut. In use, the bolt is passed through at least
two hasps which are to be locked in position with respect to each
other; the nut is threaded onto the bolt to have position in
alignment with the portion of reduced diameter; and the threads on
the bolt immediately adjacent the nut are deformed using a hammer
and blunt chisel or the like, thus making it impossible for the nut
to be removed from the bolt. When it is desired that the hasps be
unlocked with respect to each other, the bolt is destroyed by using
a bolt cutter on the shank, and the shank portions are removed from
the hasps.
Inventors: |
Gudmundsen; Richard L.
(St.Louis Park, MN) |
Assignee: |
Braddock; William A.
(Minneapolis, MN)
|
Family
ID: |
23647902 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/415,951 |
Filed: |
November 15, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
292/327; 411/276;
411/938 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E05B
39/02 (20130101); Y10T 292/51 (20150401); Y10S
411/938 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E05B
39/00 (20060101); E05B 39/02 (20060101); E05c
019/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;85/1K ;151/22,37,69
;292/282,327 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Moore; Richard E.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A method of using a non-reusable locking device including a bolt
having a head, a threaded outer shank of maximum diameter and an
intermediate shank section of lesser diameter and including a nut
internally threaded of size and configuration to threadably receive
said outer shank section and to turn freely on said intermediate
shank section, said method including the steps of:
A. installing the shank of the bolt of the device in a position to
serve as a locking bolt;
B. threading the nut over the outer shank section and onto the
intermediate section;
C. deforming the threads of at least one of said nut and said outer
shank section so that the nut cannot possibly be rethreaded on the
outer shank section, thus to constitute the device as a permanent
lock; and
D. destroying the device to release the lock by cutting through the
bolt shank.
2. In combination with a hasp provided with a lock receiving
opening therethrough, a non-reusable device for use as a lock to
pass through said provided opening in said hasp, said device
including:
a. a bolt having a shank of diameter to fit through a lock
receiving opening in a hasp, a head at one end of said shank of
dimension too large to fit through said opening, an end portion of
said bolt shank opposite said head being externally threaded;
b. an internally threaded nut having an internal shape and size to
threadably receive said threaded portion of said bolt shank and
having an external size and shape too large to fit through said
lock receiving opening in said hasp;
c. said bolt shank also including:
1. an inner shank section adjacent the bolt head, said inner
section having a diameter greater than that of the internal
diameter of the threaded nut, and
2. an intermediate shank section between the inner shank section
and the threaded portion of said shank, said intermediate section
having a diameter less than that of the innermost diameter of the
internally threaded portion of the nut, said intermediate shank
section extending between said inner shank section and said
threaded portion for a longitudinal distance no less than the
similarly measured longitudinal dimension of the internally
threaded portion of the nut.
3. The non-reusable device of claim 2 wherein the threads of at
least one of said externally threaded shank portion of said bolt
and said internally threaded portion of said nut is made of
deformable material.
4. The non-reusable device of claim 3 where said nut and said bolt
head are round in outer peripheral form.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to locking devices which must be destroyed
to release them. Specifically, it relates to a locking device and a
method for using the locking device particularly applicable for
sealing railroad cars from the time they are loaded with cargo
until that cargo reaches its predetermined destination for
unloading.
Loss of goods being transported in supposedly sealed box cars from
one part of the country to another is an exceedingly great problem
with rail shipments today. The present substantially universal
system of applying frangible seals to box car doors at the time
they are initially loaded serves only to prove or at least indicate
that a box car door has not been opened between the time the seal
is set and the time the seal is broken. This system does not serve
as a physical deterrent to entry into the box car by opening the
door, inasmuch as the seals are almost necessarily easily
destructible.
Any system which envisions the use of the standard padlock on the
hasps of a freight car door suffers from the severe disadvantage or
absolute impossibility of safely and efficiently transporting the
padlock key so that it arrives at the unloading point at the same
time as the freight car. Obviously the use of one key to open many
padlocks is completely unsatisfactory since the loss or duplication
of this master key at any point within the system would result in
the loss of integrity of the entire system.
Any system of using combination locks would be subject to
substantially the same kind of disability. For example, any code to
determine the lock combination from the lock or box car serial
number would be of value only for as long as it took a potential
thief to break the code, or to obtain it from anyone in America who
would have to be authorized to use it in order to open box cars
whenever and wherever necessary.
The sophistication of externally applied padlocks is completely
neutralized by the use of bolt cutters on the locking bars of the
padlocks.
Equipping each box car with its own built-in locking device,
whether having key operation or combination operation, is subject
to the same difficulties and impossibilities; and additionally
would require an expenditure of anywhere from $50 to $300 per box
car to install.
Customarily, railroad cars are shunted around in railroad
marshalling yards which extend over wide areas forming transfer
points where trains coming from a variety of destinations are
broken down into individual cars or strings of cars and made up
agin into trains going to other destinations. It is in such
marshalling yards and often in the dead of night when the great
majority of the losses of goods from railroad cars takes place.
Watchmen patrol these yards, and a certain amount of lights are
used to make it possible to observe unauthorized persons in such
yards; but often it is difficult or impossible to distinguish
between persons moving along a widewalk or a roadway cutting across
such a marshalling yard and persons intent on opening cars and
stealing the contents, for example. If cars protected only by the
frangible seal and a wedge shape locking bar are involved, the
"casual passer-by" cannot be distinguished from the potential
thief, inasmuch as the thief has to carry no special equipment, or,
at the most, something which easily fits into his pocket to use as
a hammer, a screwdriver of a pair of pliers or light wire cutters.
To overcome the difficulties in adequately protecting railroad box
cars, the method and device of the present invention were
developed.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Because the most sophisticated padlock extended through hasps on
railroad cars and on railroad car doors is no more protection
against destruction with a bolt cutter, than is a bolt immovably
mounted through the same hasps; the present invention utilizes such
a bolt. It is installed at the location where the railroad car is
loaded and sealed, and is destroyed using a four foot long bolt
cutter at the location where the railroad car is unloaded.
The locking bolt and a mating locking nut of the present invention
are each case hardened to make them as impervious as is practical.
A Rockwell hardness reading of 32 to 38 C has been found to be
effective. The head of the bolt and the nut are rounded to make it
as difficult as possible to prevent rotation of either after the
bolt and the nut have been put together to form the locking device
of the invention.
The shank of a bolt of the present invention is externally threaded
at an outer end thereof opposite the bolt head. The nut is
internally threaded to be easily screwed onto the bolt. The bolt
threads terminate at an intermediate shank section of reduced
diameter which extends for a distance at least as long as the
threaded portion of the nut. The remainder of the bolt shank
between the intermediate section and the head is of a diameter too
large to receive any portion of the threaded nut.
In use, at least two hasps which are to be locked into position
with respect to each other are aligned in the locked position, and
the bolt of the invention is passed therethrough. The nut is
threaded onto the bolt to position where it surrounds the
intermediate shank section of reduced diameter and freely turns
with respect thereto. At least a portion of the threads are then
deformed so that the nut cannot be threaded back onto the threaded
portion of the shank, and, consequently, cannot be removed from the
shank.
The lock is now a permanent one, and cannot be removed without
destroying the shank of the bolt at some point.
When it is desired that the lock be removed, an effective means of
destroying the shank of the bolt is to employ a bolt cutter. Using
a No. 8 bolt of the hardness suggested above, an effective bolt
cutter will have arms of about 4 ft. in length. The minimum arm
length of a bolt cutter to be heavy enough to do this job will be 3
ft.
By preventing access to the vicinity of such a lock by unauthorized
persons carrying bolt cutters or other cumbersome equipment which
cannot be easily concealed on the person, unauthorized destruction
of the locks of the invention is effectively prevented.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary elevational view of the side of a railroad
box car showing the car door slidably mounted thereon, and showing
the locking device of the invention in place in hasps permanently
mounted with respect to the car and the door;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the box car and door and
disclosing the hasps and the device of the invention as seen in
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a further enlarge fragmentary perspective view of the
structure of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken on the line
4--4 in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view and a bottom end view of the locking
device of the invention after the nut has been installed on the
bolt thereof; and
FIG. 6 is an elevational view and a bottom end view of the device
of the invention after the threads and outer shank section have
been deformed to prevent the nut from being removed from the
bolt.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A railroad box car 10 includes a side wall 12 on which a sliding
door 14 is mounted.
There are many forms of door fastening arrangements to prevent
opening of the railroad car doors with respect to railroad car
openings in the walls of box cars, but one such structure to show
the relationship of at least one hasp on a sliding door with
respect to at least one hasp-like fastening fixed to the box car
side wall will suffice to illustrate the use of the device and
method of the invention.
In the structure as shown, an upper door hasp 16 is permanently
fixedly mounted with respect to the door 14 and is provided with a
lock or bolt opening 18 therethrough. A door frame hasp link 20 is
provided with a loop 22 which is permanently secured on a side wall
fastener hook 24 which is permanently mounted on the side wall 12
of the box car 10. Hasp link 20 is provided with a lock or bolt
opening 26 therethrough, the hasp link 20 being movable to position
to bring the opening 26 in vertical alignment with the opening 18
in upper door hasp 16, as perhaps best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4.
In this particular form of door fastening, which, in and of itself
forms no part of the invention, a door wedge 28 is provided to fit
through additional openings in upper hasp 16, in hasp link 20, and
in a lower door hasp 30. Openings are provided at lower portions of
the wedge 28 and the lower hasp 30 through which an elongated
frangible seal 32 can be inserted in accordance with the present
practice. To aid in the removal of the wedge, a wedge release arm
34 is pivotally mounted with respect to the lower door hasp 30 on
the sliding door 12. This arm aids in releasing the wedge when it
is to be removed, but forms no part of the present invention. It is
sufficient to note that as long as the door wedge 28 is in place,
the seal 32 will remain unbroken, and as long as the wedge is in
place, hasp link 20 is maintained in fixed relationship to upper
door hasp 16, and the door cannot be opened.
In this regard, it is to be observed that a locking device of the
present invention could be utilized by passing a bolt of such
locking device through the openings provided in the lower end of
lower door hasp 30 and door wedge 28.
In the example of the invention as shown, however, the locking
device of the invention, indicated generally at 36, includes a bolt
38 having a shank and a round head 40, and a threaded nut 42 also
being substantially cylindrical around the outside thereof.
As shown, bolt 38 includes an outer, externally threaded, shank
section 44, an intermediate shank section of reduced diameter 46,
and an inner shank section 48 of normal nominal diameter such that
no part of nut 42 can fit on it.
Nut 42 is internally threaded to receive the threads of the outer
shank section 44 of the bolt 38. These external and internal
threads can be of any usual, standard, or coarse configuration, but
use of "non-standard" finer threads will make the deformation of
threads easier, and will make it more difficult for destruction and
replacement of one of the locks of the invention to go undetected,
since bolts and nuts having such "non-standard" threads would not
be as readily available and appearance of bolts and nuts with
different threads would indicate that the original lock had been
replaced. In fact, each shipper and each railroad can use a
different design and size of thread, thus making it evident to
persons at the point of the unloading of the box cars as to whether
the locking device originally placed has been destroyed and
replaced.
As shown, the longitudinal length of the outer threaded shank
section 44 is shown to be somewhat longer than the longitudinal
internal threaded dimension of the nut, but it is to be understood
that normally a section of thread of approximately the length of
the nut will suffice to give all of the strength needed. In fact,
even a lesser length to the lower threaded shank section 44 will
prove effective.
The intermediate shank section is shown to have a length slightly
longer than the width of the threaded part of the nut. It is
essential that this intermediate section provide clearance so that
the nut can turn freely with respect to the bolt after it has
passed off of the extrenal threads. In the usual case, it is not
advisable to extend the length of this intermediate section to the
point where it can be reached by a bolt cutter; but in some
instances the shank length may be extended for just that purpose.
In other cases, the intermediate section can extend clear to the
bolt head and the inner shank section omitted.
In use, bolt 38 will be inserted through bolt opening 18 in upper
door hasp 16 and through bolt opening 26 in door frame hasp link
20, and nut 42 will be threaded over outer externally threaded
shank section 44 of the bolt to have position in alignment with
intermediate shank section of reduced diameter 46. When the parts
are in this position, they appear as seen in FIG. 5 and are
positioned as seen in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Next, the threads will be deformed or destroyed so that the nut
cannot be removed from the bolt. This deformation of the threads
can be accomplished in several ways. As seen in FIG. 6, a large
instrument, for example a bolt cutter with a flat jaw attachment,
can be used to deform the lower shank section 44 by flattening
opposite sides and pushing out opposite ends thereof.
Other means of deforming the threads include inserting a blunt
instrument inside of the nut and between the threads of the nut and
the intermediate shank section 46, and striking this instrument
with a hammer. This sufficiently deforms the interior threads on
the nut 42 to prevent it from ever being threaded back onto the
lower threaded shank section 44.
When the box car has reached its destination and is to be unloaded,
the lock is removed by positioning a bolt cutter 50 as indicated in
dotted lines on FIG. 4. The arms of the bolt cutter are moved
toward each other to cause the destruction of the bolt 38 of the
locking device by cutting through upper shank section 48. The
severed lower part of the bolt, together with the nut, will fall
away, and the upper part remaining will be lifted out of the hasp
16. In the form of the invention as shown, door wedge 28 can then
be removed in the usual fashion, and door 14 opened.
Other means of gaining authorized or unauthorized access to the
contents of railroad box car 10 include use of a powered grinder on
the bolt or on the nut; use of an acetylene cutting torch on the
bolt, on the nut, on the bolt head, and/or on the hasps themselves;
use of an explosive charge on the hasps, lock and/or door; and use
of a steel cable or chain or the like around some portion of the
hasps or bolt, with the application of gross force to the chain or
cable to physically destroy the lock or hasps or door. Other means
of gaining unauthorized access may suggest themselves; but all of
the means as set out above, including the authorized means of the
use of the bolt cutters, require equipment which is too bulky for a
potential thief to carry on or about his person. Most of these
methods of gaining unauthorized access also suffer from the very
great disadvantage (from the view point of the thief) that they
instantly reveal upon inspection that the security of the box car
door has been violated, thus putting the law enforcement
authorities on notice as to specifically where and when a break-in
has occured. This will in many cases be a sufficient deterrent to
the opportunist thief to prevent his attempt to open box car
doors.
At the time and place where authorized destruction of the locking
device is to occur, the use of a bolt cutter of sufficient size to
easily destroy the bolt of the locking device is no more
troublesome and is certainly less time consuming than the process
of obtaining, from whatever source, a key keyed to the padlock
installed at the point of departure, inserting that key into the
lock and unlocking and removing the lock. This is also much cheaper
than buying a lock for, or installing a permanent locking device
on, every freight car in America; and is much more usable than a
system involving the exchange of keys back and forth. Once every
freight originating point is equipped with a hammer and a blunt
chisel or the like to deform threads at the point of loading and
every point of unloading is equipped with bolt cutters, the cost
per transaction will be the cost of a bolt, or somewhere between
$0.15 and $0.30 in all probability. If the threads which are
destroyed are not the internal threads of the nut, the nut can be
reused.
* * * * *