U.S. patent number 3,862,629 [Application Number 05/356,479] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-28 for fluid pressure controlled means for producing peristaltic operation of series-connected inflatable chambers in therapeutic devices, pumps and the like.
Invention is credited to Nicholas R. Rotta.
United States Patent |
3,862,629 |
Rotta |
January 28, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
FLUID PRESSURE CONTROLLED MEANS FOR PRODUCING PERISTALTIC OPERATION
OF SERIES-CONNECTED INFLATABLE CHAMBERS IN THERAPEUTIC DEVICES,
PUMPS AND THE LIKE
Abstract
A device comprising a series of inflatable chambers connected in
series by valve means operative to produce a continuous propagation
of pressure pulses sequentially along the series of chambers by
controlled inflation and deflation of the chambers. Embodiments are
shown in therapeutic devices for lowering the incidence of
thromboembolism and for generally improving veinous and secondary
blood flow. Another embodiment is shown as a peristaltic pump. No
distributor is required for the requisite timed inflation and
deflation of successive chambers, such timed operation being
achieved by a plurality of valve means which may be identical, one
such valve means connecting each successive pair of connecting
chambers to form a series. The supply of fluid pressure to and the
exhausting of fluid pressure from successive chambers in the series
is controlled by elements of each valve means which are responsive
to the differential in pressure between the pair of chambers
connected by that valve means. Due to employment of such valve
means the chambers may be modular units and the valve means may be
modular units whereby chambers and valve means may be plugged
together to make a series of any desired length. When embodied as a
therapeutic device it may be assembled by unskilled persons and
applied to patients in widely different age and body contour
groups. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention disclosed herein
is embodied in therapeutic devices and in a form of peristaltic
pump. Considered first from the standpoint of therapeutic devices
the following patents are illustrative of the prior art of which
applicant is aware. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,528,843 and 2,533,504 disclose
devices in which separate inflatable chambers are attached together
as a group and individually fitted to the contours of the limb of a
patient. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,608,239; 2,345,073 and 2,361,242 disclose
devices in which separate inflatable chambers are incorporated in
garment-like structures which adjustably encompass the limbs and
torso of a patient. British Pat. No. 483,111 and related British
Pat. No. 483,132 of Apr. 12, 1938 disclose a device in which
separate inflatable chambers are incorporated in a gaiter which
adjustably encompasses the limb of a patient. In all of the patents
listed above a fluid such as air, is pressurized and supplied to a
mechanically driven distributor valve arrangement from which the
pressurized air is individually conducted by separate tubes to the
inflatable chambers. In some cases the chambers are divided into
groups served by common ports in the distributor valve and by
branching tubes thus reducing the number of tubes which must run
all the way back to the distributor valve. In all cases, however, a
great number of tubes is required and the complete device is bulky,
complicated and likely to require close supervision in operation.
Considered, second, from the standpoint of peristaltic pumps, U.S.
Pat. No. 3,429,266 discloses an arrangement of inflatable chambers
through which a flexible tube extends exposed directly to the
pressurized fluid supplied to the chambers in an appropriate
sequence. The pressurized fluid tends to collapse the flexible tube
thus forcing a flowable material therein to progress along the
flexible tube in a manner typical of peristaltic pumps. In this
patent an air compressor and a mechanically driven distributor
valve is used to supply the chambers through individual tubes which
all extend from the distributor to the particular chamber which
each tube serves. French Patent No. 1,175,431 discloses several
modified forms of peristaltic pumps including several in which
common mechanically driven distributor valves are used and one in
which a fluid pressure operated supply and exhaust valve and a
fluid pressure operated pilot valve are used for each inflatable
chamber in the series. The pilot valve for each chamber senses the
pressure in the chamber against the pressure in the supply
manifold. When the pressure in that chamber rises substantially to
equal the supply pressure the pilot valve sends a fluid pressure
signal to the supply and exhaust valve of the immediately preceding
chamber to initiate exhaust of that chamber and simultaneously
sends a fluid pressure signal to the supply and exhaust valve of
the immediately following chamber to initiate inflation of that
chamber. When that following chamber is fully inflated, as measured
against supply pressure, the pilot valve thereof will send
appropriate signals to the supply and exhaust valves of the
chambers which now precede and follow it. For this device to
operate continuously, once it is started, the pilot valve and
supply and exhaust valve of the last chamber in the series must be
connected with the valves of the first chamber in the series. To
stop this device each supply and exhaust valve must be manually
pushed into the exhaust mode. To start this device all supply and
exhaust valves must be in the exhaust mode and a cock in a special
conduit must be manually opened so that the first chamber may be
pressurized. The starter cock must be closed as soon as the pump
starts in order to prevent the first chamber from remaining
inflated and permanently blocking the system. SUMMARY OF THE
INVENTION In contrast with the prior art of which applicant is
aware this invention provides in combinations, such as therapeutic
devices and peristaltic pumps, wherein a continuous propagation of
pressure pulses is produced sequentially along a series of chambers
by controlled inflation and deflation of such chambers, the control
of the required inflation and deflation by valve means which
operate automatically to open and close inlet and exhaust
passageways for each chamber in response to the differential in
fluid pressure between that chamber and the chambers in the series
which immediately precede and immediately follow that chamber. A
valve means of this type is disposed between each pair of
immediately adjacent chambers in the series. With this arrangement
the series of chambers may be made up of any required number of
chambers, the last chamber in any such series is not connected back
to the first in the series, the operation of the series is self
starting irrespective of the random modes in which the valve means
may be when start-up is required and no mechanically operated
distributor, timing device or equivalent thereof is utilized. The
frequency of the complete cycle of inflation and deflation of each
chamber and the rate of propagation of waves of pressure along the
series is predetermined by the characteristics of valve means as
related to the characteristics of the inflatable chambers.
Preferred, but exemplary, forms of valve means forming a part of
this invention comprise body parts which are movable relative to
one another by oscillation about an axis between two stable
positions in response to the differential in fluid pressure
existing in two adjacent chambers of the series. These, or
equivalent, valve means may be made in modular form for connecting
a series of modular inflatable chambers into a series of any
desired length or they may be used in non-modular embodiments
providing a selected number of permanently arranged chambers for
specific applications. When embodied in therapeutic devices the
present invention provides combinations that may be started or
stopped or monitored in operation by unskilled personnel and which
do not require, and thus preferably do not have, any adjustable
controls or other elements which, if provided or required, could be
improperly adjusted or tampered with by unskilled personnel. Such
therapeutic devices are for the purpose of preventing or reducing
the formation of thromboembolism and for generally improving
veinous blood flow. They serve to prevent stasis in the deep veins
of the limbs of persons who are hospitalized, operative,
non-ambulatory or otherwise recumbent or non-active and they also
provide peristaltic pumping action to assist normal veinous blood
from flow when such is required or desirable.
Inventors: |
Rotta; Nicholas R. (Bayside,
NY) |
Family
ID: |
27427927 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/356,479 |
Filed: |
May 2, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
601/150;
128/DIG.20; 128/DIG.10 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61H
31/006 (20130101); A61H 9/0078 (20130101); F04B
43/1133 (20130101); A61H 2201/165 (20130101); A61H
2201/0103 (20130101); Y10S 128/20 (20130101); Y10S
128/10 (20130101); A61H 2201/1238 (20130101); A61H
2201/5002 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61H
23/04 (20060101); A61H 31/00 (20060101); F04B
43/113 (20060101); F04B 43/00 (20060101); A61h
001/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/24R,60,64,DIG.10,DIG.20 ;417/475,474,394 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trapp; Lawrence W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Bock; James D.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In combination, supply means for supply fluid pressurized to a
predetermined pressure, supply manifold means connected with said
supply means, a plurality of inflatable chambers made of
elastomeric material expansible and contractable under changing
fluid pressure, said chambers being arranged in a series comprising
a first chamber, a plurality of intermediate chambers extending in
series downstream of said first chamber and a last chamber
downstream of said intermediate chambers, means for producing a
continuous series of pressure pulses sequentially along said series
of chambers comprising: means providing a supply passageway for
connecting each of said chambers individually with said supply
manifold means, bistable open and closed supply valve means
associated with each of said supply passageways except that for
said first chamber to afford flow at a predetermined rate or no
flow of said fluid from said manifold through said supply
passageway to the interior of the chamber with which said supply
passageway is connected, means providing an exhaust passageway
connecting the interior of each of said chambers with an exhaust
region at fluid pressure lower than said predetermined pressure,
bistable open and closed exhaust valve means associated with each
of said exhaust passageways except that for said last chamber to
afford flow at a predetermined rate or no flow of said fluid from
the chamber with which said exhaust passageway is connected to said
region, a plurality of fluid pressure responsive valve control
means each connected between each chamber and the chamber
immediately downstream thereof in said series by means of
passageways communicating respectively with the interior of the
upstream and downstream chambers thus connected, each of said valve
control means being movable in opposite directions into either of
two stable positions in response to the differential in fluid
pressure between the two chambers which each of said valve control
means connect, each of said valve control means being thus movable
in one direction to one stable position by movement initiated only
when the fluid pressure in the connected upstream chamber is
substantially equal to said predetermined pressure and the fluid
pressure in the connected downstream chamber is substantially equal
to that in said exhaust region, means responsive to the movement of
each of said valve control means in said one direction for opening
the exhaust valve means for the connected upstream chamber and for
opening the supply valve means for the connected downstream chamber
to progressively lower the pressure in the connected upstream
chamber and to progressively raise the fluid pressure in said
downstream chamber substantially to said predetermined pressure,
and each of said valve control means being thus movable in another
direction to another stable position by movement initiated only
when the progressively rising fluid pressure in said connected
downstream chamber rises to substantially equal the progressively
lowering fluid pressure in said connected upstream chamber, means
responsive to the movement of each of said valve control means in
said another direction for initiating the closing of the supply
valve means for said connected downstream chamber and for
initiating the closing of the exhaust valve means for said
connected upstream chamber, each of said valve control means
including means for delaying completion of the initiated closing of
said supply valve means for said connected downstream chamber and
of said exhaust valve means for said connected upstream chamber for
a predetermined period of time sufficient to insure that the
pressure in said connected downstream chamber rises substantially
to equal said predetermined supply pressure and to insure that the
pressure in said connected upstream chamber lowers substantially to
equal the pressure in said exhaust region, said valve control means
when in said another stable position holding closed the exhaust
valve means for said connected upstream chamber and also holding
closed the supply valve means for said connected downstream chamber
whereby to place the next cycle of inflation of said connected
upstream chamber under control of the chamber immediately upstream
thereof and to place the next cycle of exhaust of said connected
downstream chamber under control of the chamber immediately
downstream thereof.
2. A combination in accordance with claim 1 in which said means for
delaying the closing of said exhaust and supply valve means
comprises bleed passageways affording flow at a restricted
volumetric rate of pressurized fluid from said connected upstream
and said connected downstream chambers to move said valve control
means slowly towards said another position.
3. A combination in accordance with claim 2 in which each of said
valve control means also comprises a connecting passageway which
provides direct communication from said upstream connected chamber
to said downstream connected chamber when said valve control means
is in said one stable position and a check valve in said connecting
passageway to permit flow of pressurized fluid therethrough only in
a downstream direction.
4. A combination in accordance with claim 2 in which said valve
control means includes a port which is opened when said slowly
moving valve control means closely approaches said another position
for directing pressurized fluid under rising pressure from said
connected downstream chamber to a pressure responsive element in
said valve control means to rapidly complete movement of said valve
control means into said another stable position and to hold said
valve means in said stable position until movement of said valve
control means in said one direction is again initiated.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic perspective view of a therapeutic
device embodying the present invention and showing it applied to
the lower leg of a patient;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one of the inflatable toroidal
chambers shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a modular valve means for use in
assembling a device such as that illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a horizontal sectional view taken generally along the
line 4--4 in FIG. 3 and showing interior parts of the valve means
in one stable position;
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but showing the interior parts
of the valve means in a second stable position;
FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view taken along either of the lines
B--B in FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but showing a modified form of
valve means;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 5 but showing the modified form of
valve means illustrated in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view for use in explaining the operation
of the valve means shown in FIGS. 4 and 5;
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view similar to FIG. 9 but showing a
different operative relationship of certain elements of the valve
means;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a modified form of toroidal
chamber which may be used in the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a sectional view along the lines 12--12 in FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a modified form of therapeutic
device similar in some respects to that shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 14 is a sectional view taken along the lines 14--14 in FIG.
13; and
FIG. 15 is a somewhat diagrammatic view illustrating an embodiment
of the present invention in a peristaltic pump.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings in FIG. 1 a preferred embodiment of
the present invention is shown as a therapeutic device fitted to
the lower leg of a patient. The device comprises a series of
separate, modular hollow chambers of toroidal shape, made of an
elastomeric fluid-tight material each of which is capable of being
expanded and contracted in radial directions respectively in
response to the introduction of a pressurized fluid into the
interior thereof and the exhausting of such fluid from the interior
by opening the interior to a region of lower fluid pressure. Most
conveniently the fluid may be ambient air pressurized by a
compressor and the exhaust region may be the ambient atmosphere in
which the patient is located, although any suitable gaseous or
liquid fluid may be used if so desired. For therapeutic or
patient-comfort reasons the fluid may be warmed or cooled by
suitable devices, not shown, if the temperature of the compressed
or pressurized fluid is not otherwise suitable.
In FIG. 1 there is diagrammatically shown a pressurizing device 10,
illustratively an air compressor, connected with a supply manifold
12. The toroidal chambers are identified as a series starting with
n-2 near the ankle of the patient, and progressing through n-1, n,
n+1, n+2, et seq. to a position near the knee of the patient. The
internal and external diameters of the chambers n-2, et seq. may be
varied individually or in groups in accordance with the contours of
the portion of the human body to which they are to be fitted. In
the illustrative example the toroidal chambers near the ankle are
relatively small in such diameters and chambers having greater
diameters are progressively distributed over the calf and to the
region of the knee. The size and distribution of the modular
toroidal chambers should be such that when each is in the deflated
or contracted condition the inner diameter will surround the
patient's leg in a relatively loose condition, not exerting any
substantial radially inward pressure upon the surrounded tissue.
When each toroidal chamber is inflated or expanded the inner
diameter will be reduced and a yielding radially inward pressure
will be exerted upon the surrounded tissue.
It is intended that the user of this invention will have available
from inventory or from a medical supply house a rather widely
ranging selection of sizes of the modular toroidal chambers to make
possible the selection of properly fitting series for the upper and
lower portions of the arms and legs of persons of differing bodily
contours within all age groups.
As explained more fully in the above generalized description of the
present invention the pressurized fluid is directed to and
exhausted from the individual toroidal chambers n-2 et seq. in a
predetermined repetitive sequence such as to provide continuous
stressing and unstressing of the tissues in the regions surrounding
the blood vessels of a patient in a continuous pattern of pressure
pulses which are propagated wave-like along the series of toroidal
chambers. At any given moment several of the toroidal chambers will
be at or near maximum fluid pressure while others are at or near
minimum fluid pressure and the remaining toroidal chambers which
lie between those at high or low pressure will be under rapidly
increasing or decreasing pressure.
In this preferred form of the invention wherein the chambers n-2,
et seq. are modular there are provided modular valve means which
serve as physical connections between each chamber and the chamber
immediately downstream thereof, thus to establish the series. Each
of these valve means includes elements which are responsive to the
differential in fluid pressure between the two chambers which the
valve means physically connects to control the supplying and
exhausting of those chambers. As shown in FIG. 1 the valve means
just referred to are shown as relatively small boxes 14 which are
positioned in recesses 16 and 18 (FIG. 2) formed in each of the
modular chambers n-2, et seq. Preferably the recesses 16 and 18 are
offset radially of each chamber and open on opposite sides thereof
as shown in FIG. 2 in order that when a series of chambers is
connected as shown in FIG. 1 the valve means 14 will lie rather
widely spaced along two spaced parallel lines thus causing less
stiffening of the assembly of chambers than would be caused if all
of the valve means 14 were arranged along a single line.
Each valve means 14 is connected by a tube 20 to the supply
manifold 12 and is connected by a tube 22 to an exhaust manifold
24. Also each valve means 14 is connected, preferably by a suitable
simple plug-in device with each of the chambers between which it is
positioned. Illustratively, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, for example,
each valve means 14 may be provided with beaded nipples 26, 28, 30
and 32 protruding from the four sides thereof. The supply tubes 20
may be made of elastomeric material and secured upon the nipples 26
of the several valve means 14 and the exhaust tubes 22 may be
secured upon the nipples 28. The nipples 30 and 32 may be inserted
into suitable openings, such as the opening 34 shown in FIG. 2, in
the adjacent chambers in the series n-2 et seq.
Referring again to FIG. 1 the upstream end of the first toroidal
chamber n-2 is connected by a tube 36 inserted into an opening such
as 34 (FIG. 2) with a flow-restricting device 38 and and tube 40
with the supply manifold 12. Illustratively the flow-restricting
device 38 may take the form shown in FIG. 6 with inlet and outlet
nipples 42 and 44 separated by a disc 46 having an orifice 48 of
predetermined small area through which compressed air flows
constantly from manifold 12 to the interior of chamber n-2. As will
be explained below chamber n-2 is connected to a valve means 14 in
which an exhaust pathway is periodically opened and closed for
chamber n-2. The rate of flow of the compressed air from manifold
12 to chamber n-2 is so determined by the flow-restricting device
38 that a predetermined period of time is required for the pressure
in chamber n-2 to rise, when the exhaust is closed, substantially
to the supply pressure maintained in manifold 12. When such
pressure is reached it will hold at that level unless or until the
pressure in the chamber n-1 is at or reaches exhaust level at which
time the exhaust for chamber n-2 will open and pressure therein
will drop rapidly even though the restricted flow of supply air
continues through the device 38. The action just described is
related with the timed operation of the series of chambers as will
be more fully discussed below.
Similarly, in FIG. 1 there is shown a flow-restricting device 50
positioned in an exhaust tube 52 emerging from the last chamber n+6
and leading through a tube 54 to the exhaust manifold 24. The
exhaust flow-restricting device 50 may be similar to or identical
with the device 38 shown in FIG. 6 and the function thereof in
relation to the timing of the series of chambers n-2 et seq. will
be explained below. An adjustable throttle valve could be used
instead of the simple flow-restricting devices 38 and 50 but such
is not regarded as essential or advisable as will be made more
clear hereinbelow.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5 a typical valve means 14 is shown.
For illustrative purposes it will be assumed that this particular
valve means 14 is positioned between chambers n and n+1, the
chamber n being the upstream chamber and the chamber n+1 being the
downstream chamber with respect to this particular valve means 14.
The position of the parts shown in FIG. 4 is that assumed during
the time that pressurized fluid is flowing into upstream chamber n
to raise the fluid pressure therein. The position of the parts
shown in FIG. 5 is that assumed when the fluid pressure in chamber
n has been raised to substantially equal the supply pressure
maintained in manifold 12 and when the fluid pressure in downstream
chamber n+1 has fallen to substantially equal the exhaust region
pressure, in the present illustrative example the latter pressure
being substantially that of the ambient atmosphere.
The valve means 14 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 comprises a stationary
valve body 56 and a movable valve body 58 positioned in body 56 for
limited oscillatory movement about a central axis indicated at 60.
The bodies 56 and 58 may be made of metal or of an appropriate
molded plastic material. The bodies 56 and 58 each have a plurality
of mating surfaces which constitute portions of cylinders formed
about the axis 60 whereby the movable body 58 is freely movable
about axis 60, the mating surfaces being reasonably accurately
fitted and being sufficient in area to effectively isolate or seal
off the several recesses, passageways and parts now to be
described.
In FIG. 4 a supply tube 20 is fitted to nipple 26 opening into
supply passageways 62 and 64 formed in stationary body 56. The
passageway 64 is, in this position of parts, blocked off by the
cylindrical surface of a portion 66 of the movable body 58.
An exhaust tube 22 is fitted to nipple 28 opening into passageways
68 and 70 formed in stationary body 56. The passageway 70 opens
into an arcuate recess 72 defined by a radial wall 74 of stationary
body 56 and a radial wall 76 of movable body 58, the recess 72
being isolated from inlet passageway 82 in this position of the
parts.
The nipple 30 is inserted into an opening such as 34 (FIG. 2) in
chamber n and communicates with a passageway 78 having two
circumferentially spaced branch passageways 80 and 82 all formed in
the stationary body 56. The branch passageways 80 and 82 are, in
this position of the parts, blocked off respectively by the
cylindrical surfaces of portions 84 and 86 of the movable body 58.
A relatively small bleed passageway 88 opens off branch passageway
82 and communicates through passageways 90 and 92 with an arcuate
recess 94 defined by a radial wall 96 of stationary body 56 and a
radial wall 98 of movable body 58. The fluid pressure existing at
any moment in chamber n is thus exerted through the passageways 78,
82, 88, 90 and 92 upon the radial wall 98 of movable body 58 within
recess 94 and thus tends constantly to rotate movable body 58
counterclockwise with an effective force which varies with the
fluid pressure existing in chamber n.
The nipple 32, in FIG. 4 is inserted into an opening such as 34
(FIG. 2) in the downstream chamber n+1 and places that chamber in
communication with passageways 100, 102 and 104, all formed in the
stationary body 56. The passageway 104 in the position shown in
FIG. 4 is blocked off by the cylindrical surface of a portion 106
of movable body 58. A bleed passageway 108 opens off passageway 102
and communicates with an arcuate recess 110 defined by a radial
wall 112 of stationary body 56 and a radial wall 114 of movable
body 58. In the position of the parts shown in FIG. 4 the fluid
pressure existing in chamber n+1 will be exerted through
passageways 100 and 108 upon the wall 114 of movable body 58 and
will tend to hold the movable body 58 against counterclockwise
movement with an effective force which varies with the fluid
pressure in said chamber n+1.
With regard to FIG. 4 it will be noted that the fluid pressure in
chamber n is exerted on the wall 98 in recess 94 and that the area
of wall 98 is quite small and that the wall 98 is relatively close
to the central axis 60 of movable body 58. In contrast with this
the fluid pressure in chamber n+1 is exerted upon the relatively
large area of wall 114 in recess 110 and the wall 114 includes
portions which are substantially further away from axis 60 than is
the case with the wall 98. For both of these reasons a
substantially greater fluid pressure is required to produce a given
amount of torque by exertion upon wall 98 than is required to
produce the same amount of torque by exertion upon the wall 114. As
a practical example for use in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 the
compressor 10 may be designed to provide an adequate flow of air at
about 20 p.s.i. (gauge) in manifold 12. When air at this pressure
is supplied to chamber n it will inflate and the elastomeric
material of which the chamber is made will be stretched until the
fluid pressure in chamber n rises to substantially the supply
pressure of 20 p.s.i. It is only when the fluid pressure in chamber
n reaches substantially the supply pressure and when, also, the
fluid pressure in chamber n+1 is at or drops to substantially that
of the ambient atmosphere that the force exerted on wall 98 by
chamber n is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the force
exerted on wall 114 by the fluid pressure in chamber n+1. When this
occurs the movable body 58 will start to move counterclockwise
about axis 60 toward the position shown in FIG. 5.
As the movable valve body 58 moves from the FIG. 4 position to the
FIG. 5 position the cylindrical surface of portion 86 of the
movable body 58 will uncover the branch 82 of passageway 78
whereupon the pressurized fluid from chamber n will enter the now
expanding recess 72 exerting force on wall 76 to add torque urging
the movable body 58 counterclockwise and also flowing through the
exhaust passageways 70 and 68 to the exhaust tuve 22. Thus the
fluid pressure in chamber n will progressively reduce at a rate
determined by several factors during the period of time required to
move the body 58 from the FIG. 4 position to the FIG. 5 position.
At first, with the pressurized fluid flowing only into recess 94
through the bleed passageways 88, 90 and 92, the rate will be very
low but as the branch passageway 82 is progressively opened the
pressure will drop progressively more rapidly due to the onset of
flow to exhaust. An additional factor becomes involved in the form
of the valve shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 the movable valve body 58 has formed
therein a passageway comprising two aligned portions 116 and 118
connected by a ball check valve 120 affording free flow of
pressurized fluid from portion 116 to portion 118 but effective to
block passage of pressurized fluid from portion 118 to 116. As the
movable body 58 rocks counterclockwise towards the FIG. 5 position
the passageway portion 116 opens into branch 80 of the passageway
78 communicating with chamber n. When this occurs the pressurized
fluid from chamber n not only will flow to exhaust as described
above but also will flow through passageway portion 116, past check
valve 120, into passageway portion 118 and outwardly through
passageways 104, 102, 100 and nipple 32 to chamber n+1. It will be
understood for this to occur that the passageway portion 118 in
movable body 58 has been brought into register with the passageway
104 in stationary body 56 as a result of counterclockwise movement
of body 58 into the FIG. 5 position. Consequently so long as the
diminishing fluid pressure from chamber n remains above the fluid
pressure in passageway portion 118, pressurized fluid from chamber
n will flow through movable valve body 58 to chamber n'1 with the
parts in the FIG. 5 position.
In the FIG. 5 position a supply passageway 122, for chamber n+1,
which is formed in movable body 58 has been brought into register
with the supply passageways 64 and thus into communication with
supply passageway 62, nipple 26 and supply tube 20. Pressurized
fluid thus will flow through the passageway just mentioned into
portion 118 and on to the chamber n+1. As chamber n+1 begins to
inflate, against the resistance of the elastomeric material from
which it is made, the fluid pressure therein and in passageway
portion 118 will progressively rise and eventually will
substantially equal the diminishing fluid pressure of chamber n
whereupon the ball check valve 120 will close. At this juncture
chamber n+1 will be connected directly with the supply tube 20 and
will continue to inflate and chamber n will continue to exhaust
through the passageways described above.
The movable body is held in the FIG. 5 position by contact with a
stop 111 in recess 110. It will be noted that the recess 110 is
sufficiently large in unoccupied volume in this position that the
air trapped therein is not so compressed as to be effective to
return the body 58 towards the FIG. 4 position.
A relatively small bleed passageway 124, 126, 128 is formed in
movable body 58 and extends from passageway portion 118 to an
arcuate recess 130 defined by a radial wall 132 formed on
stationary valve body 56 and a radial wall 134 formed on the
movable body. A similar bleed passageway 136 extends from
passageway portion 116 and opens into an arcuate recess 138 defined
by a radial wall 140 formed on stationary body 56 and a radial wall
142 formed on movable body 58. So long as ball check valve 120
remains open the fluid pressures directed by the bleed passageways,
just described, to recesses 130 and 138 will be approximately
equal. However, when check valve 120 closes and the fluid pressure
in passageway portion 118, and thus in chamber n+1, rises relative
to that in portion 116 a gradually increasing force is exerted on
wall 134 of recess 130 whereby, after a delay deliberately designed
into the small dimensions of the bleed passageways the torque
developed in recess 130 will be sufficient to start movement of the
movable body 58 in a clockwise direction thus beginning a portion
of the cycle wherein the supply to chamber n+1 is to be cut off and
the exhaust of chamber n is to be closed.
In the FIG. 5 position the passageway 108 is blocked by the
cylindrical surface of the movable body 58. When clockwise movement
of the body 58 is initiated by the intersection of the bleed
passageways as just described the passageway 108 will remain
blocked for a predetermined period of time since the initial
clockwise movement of body 58 is relatively slow. As such movement
continues, however, the wall 114 of recess 110 will open passageway
108 whereupon the now relatively high fluid pressure existing in
chamber n+1 and the supply passageways leading to that chamber will
be directed into recess 110 and will be effective by exerting force
upon wall 114 to rapidly complete the return of movable body 58 to
the FIG. 4 position, in which it comes to rest against a stop 73 in
recess 72. The torque developed in recess 110 by the fluid pressure
of chamber n+1 will be substantially greater than any torque now
being developed in recesses 138, 94 and 72 by the fluid pressure
existing in exhausted chamber n and in the exhaust manifold 24.
Upon the return of movable valve body 58 to the FIG. 4 position as
just described chamber n is now ready to be inflated by the action
of the valve means 14 lying between chamber n and chamber n-1.
Also, since chamber n+1 is now fully inflated it will initiate
action of the valve means 14 lying between chambers n+1 and n+2 to
cause exhausting of chamber n+1 and inflation of chamber n+2.
In FIG. 1 the apparatus is shown with the first chamber n-2 of the
series positioned near the extremity of the patient's leg whereby
the pulsating wave-like action will be propagated upwardly of the
leg. such disposition may be preferred by the physician in charge
because of the peristaltic pumping action which is effective upon
the veins in the same return direction as natural veinous flow. The
apparatus of this embodiment is intended not only as a device for
producing alternating compression and expansion of tissues in which
secondary flow can be produced only by motion, muscular stressing
and the like but also as a peristaltic pump.
In FIG. 1 there is shown only nine chambers n-2 et seq.
encompassing the entire length of the lower leg. It will be
understood that a greater number of chambers may be used. Also the
chambers may be semi-circular in cross section instead of circular
or squarish as shown in FIG. 1. A modification illustrating such
semi-circular cross-sectional shape is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 and
will be described below.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 through 6 the valve means 14
each include the passageway 116, 118 and ball check valve 120 by
means of which some of the pressurized fluid from the upstream
chamber is directed into the downstream chamber. While this
provision may result in some small saving in quantity of compressed
air or other pressurized fluid a probably more significant
advantage lies in the fact that exhaust occurs at a lower average
pressure and volume.
In the modified form of valve means illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 no
passageway is provided for flow of pressurized fluid from the
upstream chamber through the valve means and into the downstream
chamber. However, the valve means is responsive to the differential
in fluid pressure between the upstream chamber and downstream
chamber to control the supplying and exhausting functions and to
produce the same timing results as achieved by the valve means 14
described above.
In FIGS. 7 and 8 a valve means 114 comprises a stationary valve
body 146 and a movable valve body 148. The stationary body 146 for
purposes of illustration may be identical in all respects with the
stationary body 56 in FIGS. 4 and 5. The movable body 148 in FIGS.
7 and 8 is provided with a bleed passageway 150 leading to an
arcuate recess 152 and a bleed passageway 154 leading to an arcuate
recess 156. The movable valve body 148 also has a supply passageway
158 which corresponds exactly with the passageway 122 in FIGS. 4
and 5. In the position shown in FIG. 7 the bleed passageways 150
and 154 as well as the supply passageway 158 are all cut off by
appropriate cylindrical surfaces of the stationary valve body as is
the case in FIG. 4, described above. In this FIG. 7 position the
fluid pressure from chamber n is exerted in recess 160 while the
fluid pressure from chamber n+1 is exerted in chamber 162, all as
in the case in the FIG. 4 illustration. When the fluid pressure in
chamber n reaches substantially the supply pressure and when the
pressure in chamber n+1 fails substantially to exhaust pressure the
superior force now exerted in recess 160 will cause the movable
body 148 to move counterclockwise toward and into the position
shown in FIG. 8 as described above in connection with FIGS. 4 and
5.
In the FIG. 8 position the bleed passageways 150 and 154 are in
communication respectively with chamber n and chamber n+1 whereby
the differential in fluid pressures in these two chambers is sensed
in the recesses 152 and 156. As is the case in FIGS. 4 and 5 when
the fluid pressure in chamber n+1, which is being inflated, rises
to approximately equal the pressure in chamber n, which is being
exhausted, clockwise movement of movable body 148 commences and
proceeds relatively gradually so that chamber n+1 may be fully
inflated and chamber n may be fully exhausted before the movable
body is rapidly moved to the FIG. 7 position by the fluid pressure
of chamber n+1 exerted through bleed passageway 164 in the recess
162.
As has been noted above the use of the modified valve means 148
shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 in apparatus such as shown in FIG. 1 may be
expected to require somewhat greater quantities of compressed air
than is the case when the valve means 14 of FIGS. 4 and 5 is
used.
There are specific aspects and advantages of the present invention
which may be better understood by reference to the diagrammatic
illustration in FIG. 9 in which the several valve elements and
pressure-differential valve control elements which are combined in
the valve means 14 of FIGS. 4 and 5 are illustrated in individual
fashion. In FIG. 9 it will be observed that the chamber n-2 is
supplied from manifold 12 through the flow-restricting means 38 at
a constant rate. Assuming that the exhaust valve V4 of chamber n-2
has just been closed the fluid pressure in that chamber will rise
at the rate predetermined by means 38 until it reaches
substantially the supply pressure in manifold 12. At this time the
pressure in chamber n-2 is exerted on the valve V1 which lies
between chamber n-2 and chamber n-1. Valve V1 is assumed for this
illustration to be a flap-type check valve biased into the closed
position, as shown, so as to open only when the pressure from
chamber n-2 is substantially at supply level and the pressure from
chamber n-1 is substantially at exhaust level. The valve V1 is
biased in the opposite direction to close only when the fluid
pressure in chamber n-1 has risen substantially to equal the fluid
pressure in chamber n-2. The flap of check valve V1 thus is the
diagrammatic equivalent of the pressure responsive elements in
valve means 14 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
As indicated by conventional broken lines in FIG. 9 the valve VI of
chamber n-2 is ganged with exhause valve V4 of chamber n-2 and with
the supply valve V2 of chamber n-1. Thus V1 is forced open when
chamber n-2 is ready to exhaust and chamber n-1 is ready for
inflation and the ganging may be such that the movement of V1 to
open position simultaneously causes opening of V4 in chamber n-2
and V2 in chamber n-1. From this point pressure falls in n-2 and
rises in n-1 and when the differential in those pressures reaches
approximately zero the valve V1 is forced back to closed condition.
The ganging of the valves V4, V1 and V2 must be such as to
introduce a delay in the closing of valves V4 and V2 in response to
the closing of valve V1 in order to permit continued exhausting of
chamber n-2 and continued inflation of chamber n-1 thus to afford a
diagrammatic equivalent of the action of valve 14 as described
above.
It will be recognized that the chamber n-2 represents a special
case inasmuch as there is no valve element for closing the supply
to this chamber. The continuous supply provided by the flow
restrictor device 38 is restricted so as to be well below the rate
at which the pressurized fluid will flow to exhaust when the
exhaust valve is open. The pressure in n-2 will drop sufficiently,
when the exhaust is open, for reversal of valve V1 at the proper
time. This simple arrangement permits the use of identical valve
means, such as the means 14 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, between all
chambers in any series. As will be apparent, a supply valve could
be provided for chamber n-2 which needs only to be ganged with the
exhaust valve V4 in this chamber to open when the exhaust closes
and vice versa, such provision, however, is regarded as pointless
in view of the advantages of the flow restrictor 38 as described
above.
The last chamber n+6 shown in FIG. 9 is another special case, being
a sort of mirror image of the chamber n-2. Thus, chamber n+6 does
not require an exhaust valve, although one could be ganged with the
supply valve V2 for that chamber. Preferably, to avoid the need for
a special valve, the flow restrictor device 50 is substituted for
the exhaust valve whereby the fluid pressure developed in chamber
n30 6 when supply valve V2 is opened may never reach full supply
pressure but nevertheless will drop when the supply valve is cut
off. The time delay induced by the restrictor 50 may be
approximated as to permit the pressure to fall to exhaust level at
about the time the pressure in the preceding chamber in the series
reaches supply level. All of the chambers lying between chamber n-2
and chamber n+6 will operate in the normal manner described above
in steady state operation.
The self-starting feature will now be described in connection with
FIG. 9. The flap-type valves V1 in FIG. 9 for illustrative reasons
have been assumed to be biased by springs or weights into the
closed positions shown in FIG. 9 and the ganging is such that all
of the supply valves V2 and all of the exhaust valves V4 would also
be biased toward closed position and they would automatically
assume such positions when no pressurized fluid is being supplied
through manifold 12. Self-starting of such an arrangement is
obvious since when the compressor 10 is started, air will flow only
into chamber n-2 through flow restrictor 38 and when the pressure
therein rises to substantially supply level, the valve V1 will open
into chamber n-1 since the latter, like all of the succeeding
chambers, is at atmospheric pressure. Opening of this valve V1 will
open supply valve V2 for chamber n-1 and will open exhaust valve V4
for chamber n-2. Chamber n-1 is now inflated while chamber n-2
exhausts and as a result of inflation of chamber n-1, the operation
of chamber n and all succeeding chambers will be progressively
initiated.
However, the preferred valve means of FIGS. 4 and 5 and FIGS. 7 and
8 preferably are not biased by weights or springs and when a device
is first assembled or after any period of non-use of an assembled
device, the movable interior bodies 58 or 148 thereof may be in
completely random positions. By pure chance they might all be in
the positions shown in FIG. 4 or FIG. 7 thus corresponding with the
all valves closed positions discussed in connection with FIG. 9 and
the device would start substantially as described above. Also, by
pure chance, they might all be in the position shown in FIG. 5 or
FIG. 8 where the valve elements corresponding with the valves V1,
V2 and V4 of FIG. 9 would all be open. In that event, air supplied
to manifold 12 would flow freely through and out the exhaust of all
chambers from n+2 up to but excluding chamber n+6. Because of the
restricted exhaust afforded by restrictor 50 in chamber n30 6, the
pressure therein will rise above that in the preceding chamber n+5
(not shown in FIG. 9) to close connecting valve V1 and supply valve
V2 for chamber n+6 as well as to close exhaust valve V4 of chamber
n+5. Pressure now will rise in chamber n+5 to close the exhaust of
n+4 and this will continue all the way back to chamber n+2 possibly
without any of the chambers having come up to full supply pressure.
However, chamber n+2 must now come up to supply pressure before it
will open the valve V1 leading to chamber n+1 and from there on all
succeeding chambers will go into normal steady state operation.
In any random arrangement of the valve means other than the two
extreme cases just assumed, there must be at least one valve means
in a position different from that of the valve means upstream or
downstream thereof and cyclical operation will start in the chamber
between these valve means and this cyclical behavior will
propagated throughout the series. After a few cycles of perhaps
erratic behavior all of the chambers will arranged themselves into
the design pattern of operation. In the preferred valve means 14 or
144, many or all of movable bodies 58 or 148 may be in a stable
position such as FIG. 4 or FIG. 5 but instead may be in some
intermediate position. However, when pressurized fluid is supplied
to the manifold 12, the movable bodies will be forced into one or
the other of the stable positions as soon as a substantial
differential in pressure is sensed between the connected chambers,
and this is almost inevitable inasmuch as, absent an almost
incredible coincidence, some of the chambers will be wholly or
partly in communication with supply pressure while others will not.
If the resultant movement of the various valve means into stable
positions does not initiate cyclic action between at least one pair
of chambers interior of the series, cyclic action nevertheless will
be initiated at one end or the other of the series because of the
constant restricted supply to chamber n-2 and the constant
restricted exhaust from chamber n+6 when the flow restrictors 38
and 50 are used as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 9. Alternatively, as
stated above, a special supply valve (not shown) may be provided
for chamber n-2, ganged to open when the exhaust valve V4 for
chamber n-2 is closed and a special exhaust valve (not shown) may
be provided for chamber n+6 ganged to close when supply valve V2
for that chamber is open. This alternative structure will operate
to assure self-starting at least from one end or the other of the
series just as does the structure wherein the flow restrictors 38
and 50 are used.
If, as a result of the almost incredible coincidence mentioned
above, all of the valve bodies 58 of FIGS. 4 and 5 or 148 of FIGS.
7 and 8 were in identical intermediate positions such that the rate
of supply and exhaust to all intermediate chambers happened to be
exactly equal, no differential in pressure would be established
between any of the interior chambers and all of the valve bodies
might remain in the original intermediate position. However, this
condition would be the same as if all exhausts were wide open and
the restricted exhaust of chamber n-2 would be effective to
starting cycling from the downstream end as explained above. Such
coincidence is made all the more incredible when it is recalled
that the preferred forms of valve means 14 or 144 and the chambers
themselves are to be mass produced and could not be expected to be
sufficiently identical for this coincidence to arise.
The feature of self-starting without any need for pre-arrangement
of the valve means, or any of them is a particularly important
advantage of the present invention. Among other things it makes
practical the modular system illustrated in FIG. 1.
In steady state operation the chamber n, of course, will start
inflating each time the two control factors are satisfied, that is
when chamber n reaches exhaust level at a time that chamber n-1 is
at supply level or when chamber n-1 reaches supply level at a time
that chamber n is at exhaust level. Obviously, also chamber n may
reach exhaust level at the same instant that chamber n-1 reaches
supply level and inflation of chamber n will start at that same
time. However, it is a specific feature of this invention that such
precision of timing is not required whereby the valve means
employed need not be clostly precision-matched devices. also, the
chambers need not all be of the same size or volume, as indeed they
are not in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. If a relatively small
chamber precedes a larger one in the series the smaller chamber
ordinarily will reach supply pressure before the larger downstream
chamber has exhausted to exhaust level. The valve VI between such
chambers will wait until the larger chamber has exhausted to proper
level. If a larger chamber precedes a smaller chamber in such a
series, the valve VI between these chambers will wait for the
larger chamber to reach supply level. It will be appreciated that
the differences in volume here contemplated must lie within a
reasonable range of variations such as is illustratively shown in
FIG. 1. Otherwise it may be preferable to provide valve means with
appropriately altered flow rates or time delays to couple chambers
of substantially different volume. Furthermore, the modular
chambers of FIG. 1 may be with smaller cross-sections for larger
diameters whereby to have volumes more nearly equal throughout the
series.
The frequency at which pressure waves are propagated lengthwise of
a series of chambers in accordance with the present invention is
determined by the rates at which the pressurized fluid flows into
and out of the chambers and upon the inflation characteristics of
the chambers themselves. The rates of flow, of course, are
established by the sizes of the tubes and valve passageways through
which the fluid at any given supply pressure will flow against any
given back pressure offered by the chambers. While the chambers
might be rigid in some presently unknown embodiment and the valve
means provided herein would operate perfectly with such chambers,
no presently discernable purpose would be served by such a
combination. The preferred chambers will expand and contract and
any such chambers will exhibit a yielding and extended resistance
to expansion and will contribute a yielding and extended force to
exhaustion. This is a major factor in design of the embodiment of
the invention shown in FIG. 1 as it is in the design of a
peristaltic pumping device such as will be described
hereinbelow.
The ganging pattern of FIG. 9 may be turned through 90.degree. thus
to gang each valve V1 with the supply valve V2 of the upstream
chamber and the exhaust valve V4 of the downstream chamber. While
this would no longer be a diagrammatic equivalent of the valve
means 14 the operation would be the full equivalent of that
achieved by the means 14 and the illustrated arrangement in FIG.
9.
In FIG. 10 there is shown a modification in the ganging of the
valve elements which also does not constitute a diagrammatic
equivalent of the valve means 14 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. In FIG. 10
the valve V1 leading into each of the downstream chambers is ganged
with the supply valve V2 and the exhaust valve 74 for that
particular chamber. Considering first chamber n, the valve V1
leading thereto from chamber n-1 will open only when the fluid
pressure in n-1 reaches substantially supply pressure and the fluid
pressure in chamber n reaches substantially exhaust level. When V1
opens it is ganged to close exhaust valve V4 of chamber n and to
open supply valve V2 of that chamber. As the fluid pressure rises
in chamber n to substantially equal the falling pressure in chamber
n-1 the valve V1 will be moved back to closed position. A time
delay device is built into the ganging arrangement whereby exhaust
valve V4 and supply valve V2 in chamber n remain closed and open
respectively for a period sufficient to permit fluid pressure in
chamber n to rise substantially to supply level. When this occurs
the valve V1 downstream of chamber n will open and the inflation of
chamber n+1 starts. It must be pointed out that the modification
shown in FIG. 10 will require valve elements quite closely matched
and of greater precision than is the case with the preceding
embodiments and that there is much less tolerance for variations in
volumes of the chambers in a series. This is because the exhaust
valve V4 of each chamber will open at a fixed time after the
upstream valve V1 opens and thus the chamber n, for example will
not wait at full pressure for the downstream chamber n+1 to
exhaust. The ganging in FIG. 10 may be altered to gang the
downstream valve V1 of each chamber with the inlet and exhaust
valves V2 and V4 of that same chamber with results much the same as
achieved by the illustrated ganging.
In the modification shown in FIG. 10 the first chamber n-2 has no
exhaust and it is supplied through a flow restricting device 38 as
is the case in the preceding forms of this invention. Thus, in
chamber n-2 the pressure may rise to supply level in a
predetermined period of time roughly or substantially matched with
the inflation time for the succeeding chambers. However, the
pressure in chamber n-2 will not drop to exhaust level but rather
will drop only as a result of flow of pressurized fluid from
chamber n-2 into chamber n-1 during the period that the valve V1
between these chambers remains open.
The last chamber n+6 in FIG. 10 may be provided with the same
exhaust valve element V4 as is provided in those preceding chambers
interior of the series and chamber n+6 will operate in the same
manner as those preceding chambers.
The valve means provided in FIG. 10 may be constructed in any
suitable fashion and, if so desired, may be made into modular units
insertable between chambers in series of any desired length in a
manner similar to that disclosed in FIGS. 4 and 5. No modular
counterpart of FIG. 10 is shown herein since it does not appear
that such showing need be made for a complete understanding of the
present invention.
The embodiments shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, 7 and 8 and described in
connection with FIG. 9 are definitely preferable to those described
in FIG. 10 because the valve means of the earlier embodiments are
completely controlled by the differential in pressure between
adjacent chambers. In FIG. 10 the inflation of a chamber is
initiated in response to such differential but the initiation of
exhaust is a function of time rather than of the differential.
The modular therapeutic apparatus shown in FIG. 1 may be modified
in many ways by those skilled in the art. For example instead of
the complete toroidal chambers n-2 et seq. shown in FIG. 1 the
chambers may be made adjustable in effective diameter as shown in
FIG. 11. In that Figure a single chamber 170 is shown comprising a
tube of semi-circular form having closed ends 172. Adjustable
fastening elements 174, 176, such as a flexible hook and loop
fastener sold under the registered trademark "Velcro" may be
secured to the closed-end regions of the tube so that it may be
secured upon human body portions of varying sizes. Such chambers
170 may have inlet and outlet openings 178, 180 in any convenient
location for cooperation with modular valve means such as the means
14 or 144 shown in FIGS. 1 through 8.
FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of a preferred construction for
the chamber 170 of FIG. 11. The semi-circular portion 182 thereof
may be made of a relatively non-stretchable material such as a
woven fabric impregnated or coated with a fluid tight elastomeric
material such as rubber or synthetic rubber-like material. The wall
184 which defines the inner diameter of the chamber 170 may be made
of a stretchable flexible elastomeric material such as sheet rubber
or synthetic rubber-like material. When the chamber 170 is
inflated, as by compressed air, the wall 184 will stretch and exert
radially inward pressure upon the tissues of the patient on which
it is being used. Obviously, this same semi-circular cross section
may be adapted to the nonadjustable form of chambers shown in FIG.
1.
The present invention also may be embodied in non-modular form for
example a form such as that shown in FIG. 13. In this figure the
series of chambers is built into a legging-like structure which may
be sized to fit the upper or lower arms a or legs or persons
requiring therapy of the type afforded by the present invention. In
FIG. 13 outer legging 186 may be made of relatively non-stretchable
fabric, plastic sheet or the like provided with a conventional
slide fastener comprising two toothed parts 188, 190 and a slide
192. The interior wall of legging 186 is made up of a series of
chambers comprising closed end tubes 194 of stretchable material
such as rubber or rubber-like plastic material each secured to the
legging, for example as shown in the sectional view in FIG. 14. The
chambers 194 thus may be made from a single sheet of stretchable
material, heat-sealed or otherwise adhesively secured along line
196 to provide the separate chambers 195. valve means 198 may be
fixed to the exterior of the legging 186, communicating through
legging 186 with each chamber 194 and the valve means each may be
connected with a supply manifold 200 and exhaust manifold 202, all
as shown in FIG. 13. As will be apparent the valve means 198 may be
similar to or identical with the valve means 14 or 144 shown in
FIGS. 1 through 8.
The present invention may be readily adapted to use as a
peristaltic pump of substantially any of the well known
configurations of such devices. A single adaptation is shown
diagrammatically in FIG. 15. In this figure an outer rigid tube or
conduit 210 has positioned therein a series of inflatable toroidal
chambers 212 which surround a flexible tube 214 in which the
material to be pumped is confined. Outside the rigid tube there is
provided a series of valve means 216 of any of the types
hereinabove described, one valve means 216 being connected between
adjacent toroidal chambers 212 within the series. Each of the
several valve means 216 is connected with a supply manifold 218 and
an exhaust manifold 220. The operation of the toroidal chambers in
expanding and contracting in a plurality of successively propagated
waves is the same here as has been described above and the
peristaltic squeezing action upon the flexible tube 214 will be
effective to advance material along the tube as is well known. The
materials thus advanced usually are of pasty, semi liquid form,
such as concrete, or flowable dry materials such as small spheres
of plastic material being advanced to an extruder or molding device
or the like. Also, such devices are frequently used for pumping
highly corrosive or abrasive liquids or suspensions or slurries or
the like which present problems in pumping by more conventional
apparatus.
In FIG. 15, the valve means 216 and manifolds 218, 220 are shown
outside the rigid tube 210 merely for illustrative purposes. It
will be apparent that these elements may be arranged within the
rigid tube 210 by notching the toroidal chambers 212 as suggested
above in FIGS. 1 and 2 or by providing a separate rigid conduit
within the portions of the tube 210 which are occupied by the
chambers 212.
The adaptibility of the present invention to other forms of
peristaltic pump arrangements will be apparent. Thus the chambers
each may comprise a spherical body adapted to expand to close the
pipe or conduit within which the pumpable material is flowing and
to contract to open the same upon inflation and deflation,
respectively. The self starting and self regulating action provided
by the present invention may be relied upon in such adaptations to
reliably produce the pulsating and wave propagating action required
for such pumping.
Mention has been made above to the fact that adjustable throttle
valves could be used instead of the flow restrictors 38 and 50 in
FIGS. 1, 9 and 10. Flow restrictors of fixed characteristics are
preferred because except for an initial adjustment to approximately
match the operational characteristics of the chambers n-2 et seq.
there would be no further need for adjustment if adjustable
throttle valves were to be provided. Indeed, unskilled or
unauthorized persons could cause some difficulty in operation of
the first and last chambers, at least by tampering with the
adjustable valves. Accordingly the fixed flow rates of the flow
restrictors 38 and 50 preferably are established by original design
so as to operate as described above.
It should be noted that the valve means 14 are self starting
irrespective of random modes in which they may fall when the
devices such as that shown in FIG. 1 is first assembled or even
when the device is restarted after a period of rest. The manner in
which this is accomplished has been described in connection with
the diagrammatic showing in FIG. 9 and it is referred to at this
point only to emphasize that the valve means 14 operate in the
manner thus described. This feature as well as the use of flow
restrictors 38 and 50 instead of special or adjustable valves for
the first and last chambers contribute substantially to the
practicality of the preferred modular construction. When a device
is to be assembled for a particular patient a selection of modular
chambers n-2 et seq. is made and the assembly operation thereafter
may be made by unskilled persons since there is nothing to adjust
and the chambers are plugged together by identical valve means
which do not require setting into any specific mode. These features
are of almost equal value in connection with a non-modular
embodiment such as shown in FIG. 13 and in a peristaltic pumping
device of any type inasmuch as the initial assembly is simplified
and no resetting is required after packing and shipping or after
intermittent periods of use and non-use.
In those embodiments of this invention which are intended for
therapeutic use the fact that a mechanically driven distributor is
not required is of substantial importance. the total bulk of the
device is reduced because it is not necessary to have an individual
conduit or tube running from the distributor to each of the
inflatable chambers. Since only a single supply line is required
from the compressor to the device applied to a patient the
compressor may be located outside the patient's room or the
pressurized air or other fluid may be drawn from a central plant.
In either event no electrical equipment need be near the patient.
Therefore, the present device may be used in operating rooms to
prevent stasis in the deep veins of the limbs of patients on which
operation is being performed. In contrast, the electric motors used
in the mechanically driven distributors of the prior art would be
dangerous and probably not acceptable in an operating room and the
multitudinous tubes required would make impractical the locating of
the distributor outside the operating room.
In those embodiments of this invention intended for therapeutic use
it is suggested, without limiting such use to that suggestion, that
the apparatus be so designed as to provide a complete cycle of
inflation and deflation of each of the chambers, such as n-2 et
seq. as shown in FIG. 1, every two seconds. The frequency or rate
of propagation of waves of pressure along the series will thus be
about one-half chamber per second, a frequency which will result in
a pleasant stroking sensation insofar as the patient is concerned.
As noted above, the time required for inflation and deflation of
any chamber of the series is a function of many variables including
supply pressure, size of manifolds and tabing, size of passageways
within and into and out of the valve means and chambers, the
relative areas and spacing radially, from the axis of a valve such
as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7 and 8, of the valve control surfaces
against which fluid pressures are exerted, as well as the volume
and stretch characteristics of the chambers and the materials from
which the chambers are made. Any desired combination of these and
other variables may be established by those skilled in the art.
* * * * *