U.S. patent number 3,862,420 [Application Number 05/411,987] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-21 for system to prevent the formation of particulate material in corona units.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Willard K. Banks, Robert J. Cappell.
United States Patent |
3,862,420 |
Banks , et al. |
January 21, 1975 |
SYSTEM TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL IN CORONA
UNITS
Abstract
Apparatus is disclosed for supplying air to a corona discharge
device to eliminate contamination within the corona unit and
associated apparatus. Before introduction of the air into the
corona device, the air is first passed through a particle filter to
eliminate dust particles and then through an ammonia filter to
prevent the formation of particulate material within the corona
device. The ammonia filter contains a chemically active material to
react with the ammonia in the air and apparatus is provided to
sense end-of-life of the ammonia filter.
Inventors: |
Banks; Willard K. (Santa Clara,
CA), Cappell; Robert J. (Mountain View, CA) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23631093 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/411,987 |
Filed: |
November 1, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/324; 55/485;
361/230; 423/210; 423/237; 96/117.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0258 (20130101); G03G 15/0291 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/02 (20060101); G03g 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/324,325,326
;317/262A ;55/274,275 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lawrence; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Church; C. E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schmid, Jr.; Otto
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for producing charge on a surface comprising;
comprising:
corona means for producing a charge on a surface;
means for producing a flow of air having undesired gaseous
components therein to and through said corona means over a
predetermined path;
filtering means positioned in said predetetermined path between
said means for producing a flow of air and said corona means so
that said air flows through said filtering means, said filtering
means comprising a carrier material treated with an acid to form a
chemically active material to produce a chemical reaction with
certain of said undesired gaseous components in said flow of air to
prevent the formation of particulate material in said corona means
over an extended period of operation.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein one of said undesired
gaseous components in said flow of air is ammonia and wherein said
chemically active material produces a chemical reaction with the
ammonia in said flow of air.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said chemically
active material comprises activated charcoal which is treated with
sulfuric acid.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said chemically
active material comprises silica gel which is treated with
phosphoric acid.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said chemically
active material comprises silica gel which is treated with
phosphoric acid.
6. An electrophotographic apparatus for producing an image on a
recording surface comprising:
corona means for producing a charge on a recording surface;
means for producing a flow of air having undesired gaseous
components therein to and through said corona means over a
predetermined path;
filtering means positioned in said predetermined path between said
means for producing a flow of air and said corona means so that
said air flows through said filtering means, said filtering means
comprising a carrier material treated with an acid to form a
chemically active material to produce a chemical reaction with
certain of said undesired gaseous components in said flow of air to
prevent the formation of particulate material in said
electrophotographic apparatus over an extended period of
operation.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said chemically
active material comprises activated charcoal which is treated with
sulfuric acid.
8. The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein one of said undesired
gaseous components in said flow of air is ammonia and wherein said
chemically active material produces a chemical reaction with the
ammonia in said flow of air.
9. The apparatus according to claim 6 additionally comprising means
to sense when said filtering means reaches end-of-life.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said sensing means
comprises means for sensing a color change when said filtering
means reaches end-of-life.
11. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said sensing means
comprises means to sense when said chemically active material
reaches a predetermined concentration.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said means to sense
when said chemically active material reaches a predetermined
concentration comprises an indicator material within said filtering
means which changes color at said predetermined concentration and
means to sense the color change.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said indicator
material comprises crystal violet.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said chemically
active material comprises silica gel which is treated with
phosphoric acid and wherein said indicator material comprises
crystal violet.
15. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said chemically
active material comprises silica gel which is soaked in phosphoric
acid and then vacuum dried and wherein said indicator material
comprises crystal violet.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to corona discharge devices and more
particularly to a method and apparatus for eliminating certain
particulate deposition within corona discharge devices.
Corona discharge devices have been widely used in prior art systems
as ion generators for electrostatic charging. These prior art
corona discharge devices have had, after a period of usage, a
particulate material collect on the insulating surfaces of the
corona unit as well as the non-corona electrodes such as screens or
a conductive backing electrode. The growth of the particulate
material on the screens or backing electrodes increases the arc
probability and also changes the charge efficiency of the corona
device. At high humidities the wet particulate material further
increases the chance of electrical shorts and corrosion of corona
components. The particulate material may also contaminate nearby
components such as the photoconductor in an electrophotographic
imaging system for example. The problem of particulate material
deposition within corona discharge devices has been solved in prior
art systems by periodic cleaning of the corona devices which may be
accompanied by periodic restringing of the corona wires. The
mechanism which causes particulate deposition within the corona
discharge device is not completely understood, and the deposition
varies depending upon whether a positive or negative corona
discharge is produced. However, one reason for the prior art
practice was because of the belief that all components of the
particulate material are totally generated in the normal operation
of the corona devices, since it was believed that the corona units
generate from the normal gases in air, ozone, oxides of nitrogen,
and ammonia which combine to produce the particulate material. In
systems utilizing corona devices in which the components of the
system are required to have maintenance free operation for a long
period of time, the prior art solution is no longer suitable. In
investigating alternatives to the prior art practices, it was
discovered that the internally generated particulate material
comprises but a small percentage of the total particulate material.
It was discovered that oxides of nitrogen were generated in
relatively large amounts by both positive and negative corona
discharges and that these oxides react readily with ammonia to form
ammonium nitrate particulate which appears to be the particulate
formed with the greatest concentration. However, the quantity of
the ammonium nitrate particulate formed could not be attributed to
the internal generation of ammonia within the corona since the
concentration was much too low for the ammonium nitrate
particulates. It was discovered that the formation of particulate
materials is greatly affected by the level of ammonia in the
ambient air which may be introduced to the corona discharge
device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore the principle object of this invention to produce a
corona discharge device which is free of the deposition of
particulate material and thus capable of producing maintenance free
operation for a long period of time.
Briefly, according to the invention, apparatus is provided for
supplying a flow of air to a corona discharge device over a path
which includes filtering means comprising a chemically active
material to react with certain components in the flow of air to
prevent the formation of particulate material in the corona device
and associated apparatus.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electrophotographic apparatus
embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the air filtering system embodying the
present invention;
FIG. 3 is a view partially in section of the ammonia filter;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the charge corona showing the
air path through the corona unit;
FIG. 5 is a partial cross-section view of the ammonia filter
showing the addition of a use level sensing device.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This invention is applicable in general to corona discharge devices
utilized as ion generators for electrostatic charging. However, the
embodiment of the invention described relates to an
electrophotographic apparatus since the particulate material
deposition problem may be particularly severe in this environment.
In this electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 1, a rotatable
drum 1 carries around its periphery of an electrophotographic
photoconductive member upon which is directed an image which it is
desired to be produced on continuous form web 6. The surface of the
photoconductor is uniformly charged to a predetermined polarity by
corona discharge device 2. The charged surface is exposed to a
light image at the forms flash station 3 and/or exposure station 4
to produce a latent electrostatic image. The latent electrostatic
image is developed by a suitable development unit 5 at which a
toner carrier mixture is cascaded across the electrostatic image on
the surface of the photoconductor as is known in the art. The toner
has a charge such that it is attracted to the drum surface to
render the image visible. The toned image is transferred to
continuous form sheet 6 with the aid of transfer corona unit 7. The
transfer corona unit sprays ions on the backside of sheet 6 of a
polarity opposite that of the toner, thereby attracting the toner
image from drum 1 to sheet 6. After the corona transfer the paper 6
is separated from the drum and fed past a fusing station 8 which
serves to fuse and permanently fix the toner to the paper. Since
transfer of all the image toner is not usually accomplished,
residual toner usually remains on the drum surface after a transfer
operation. At the cleaning station the photoconductor is exposed
successively to an erase lamp 9, a pre-clean corona 10 and a
rotating cleaning brush 11. The erase lamp discharges the
photoconductor and the pre-clean corona produces a charge so that
the residual image toner is attracted electrostatically to the
cleaning brush which sweeps the toner from the photoconductor
surface. This operation completes the cycling of the drum for
producing the desired image.
Control means 14 is provided to supply electrical control signals
to coordinate the operation of all components of the system. In
this manner the position of the image on the drum can be
coordinated so that the proper action takes place at the stations
around the drum at the proper time. In addition, control means 14
may also provide temporary storage for image data supplied to
exposure station 4 if desired.
According to the present invention, the charge corona 2 has
associated therewith a filtering means 15 and an air flow means 16
which produces a flow of air through the charge corona unit to
reduce or eliminate three types of contamination within the corona
unit, namely, corrosion, deposition of particulate materials and
dust. In the embodiment shown, filtering means 15 comprises a
particle filter which receives the air from air flow means 16. In
the embodiment shown, air flow means 16 comprises a suitable
blower. Particle filter 20 is a device suitable for removing
particles above about 1 micron in size from the flow of air and
this filter is operable to greatly reduce the dust contamination in
the charge corona. Air from particle filter 20 is passed to ammonia
filter means 22 where any ammonia present in the air reacts
chemically to produce virtually ammonia-free and dust-free air for
introduction into the charge corona. The air is channeled through
the charge corona so that the air flow tends to keep the corona
wires clean. In addition, the flow path within the charge corona is
set up so that any remaining toner particles near the
photoconductor surface are kept away from the wires by the air flow
and swept out of the corona unit along with the ozone that is
normally generated within the corona unit. This air is directed
through a suitable ozone filter 24 to remove the ozone generated
within the charge corona unit and the air from the ozone filter can
either be exhausted from the system or returned to the system for
recycling.
A specific embodiment for ammonia filter 22 is shown in FIG. 3. The
air from particle filter 20 enters through port 26, goes through a
quantity of chemically active material 32 which is provided in
housing 34 and continues to exit port 36. Housing 34 is made from
or coated with a material that is chemically inert relative to the
chemically active material, and is designed to facilitate the flow
of air through the filter. The chemically active material is held
in position by a retaining member 28 and a spacer member 30 on
either side of the chemically active material. Retaining member 28
comprises any suitable member which will physically constrain the
chemically active material and permit the free flow of air through
the member. A screen member with greater than 50 percent open area
is suitable for the retainer member. Spacer member 30 comprises any
suitable chemically inert material such as an open cell foam for
example. In a particular embodiment a polyurethane foam having 40
to 80 pores per inch was found to be suitable. The retaininng
member 28 and spacer member 30 perform the dual functions of
holding the chemically active material in place and uniformly
distributing the air flow across the filter.
The chemically active material comprises a suitable carrier
material and an active ingredient such as an acid which reacts with
certain components in the air. The carrier material should either
be porous or have a high surface area and be compatible with an
indicator if used. The active ingredient should react readily with
the components to be removed from the air, have a low vapor
pressure, and be chemically inert relative to the carrier
material.
One suitable chemically active material is a carrier material
comprising activated charcoal treated with a solution of sulfuric
acid. The activated charcoal is soaked in sulfuric acid. The
resultant material is then vacuum dried and, since sulfuric acid
has a very low vapor pressure, a substantial amount of the sulfuric
acid is adsorbed in the pores of filter material. A typical filter
treated in this manner contains about 5 percent of sulfuric acid by
weight. An alternate chemically active material is a carrier
material comprising silica gel treated with a solution of
phosphoric acid. The silica gel is soaked in phosphoric acid. The
resultant material is vacuum dried and a substantial amount of
phosphoric acid is adsorbed in the pores of the carrier material. A
typical filter treated in this manner may contain about 15 percent
of phosphoric acid by weight. This construction of the ammonia
filter provides a large surface area for reacting with the ammonia
present in the air to be supplied to the charge corona.
A specific embodiment of the charge corona is shown in FIG. 4. The
charge corona comprises a plurality of corona wires 40 spaced apart
a predetermined distance and a plurality of screen wires 42 that
are spaced apart a considerably shorter distance than the spacing
between corona wires. A suitable power source 44 is provided to
supply a corona generating potential such as several kilovolts for
example to corona wires 40 and a lower potential to screen wires
42. The voltages are referenced to the photoconductor backing
electrode which is normally at ground potential. An inner housing
48 is provided which has end members extending close to the surface
of the photoconductor to produce a controlled flow of air through
the corona device. The portion of housing 48 which extends away
from the photoconductor is divided by a perforated plate member 50
so that the part of the housing behind the plate member provides a
manifold for the air directed to the charge corona. The air is
directed from outlet port 36 to inlet 52 by suitable ducts and is
forced through the holes in plate member 50 across the corona wires
and screen wires toward the photoconductor surface. An outer
housing 56 is provided on the charge corona and an air outlet 54 is
provided so that a pressure differential can be established between
the input air and the output air to cause a controlled flow of air
substantially according to the arrows shown in the drawing. The
result of the illustrated air flow is that all contaminating dust
is carried away from the corona and screen wires and out through
outlet 54. In addition, the ozone that is generated within the
charge corona is also carried away through this outlet.
Some additional air is pulled into the charge corona around the gap
between outer housing 56 and the photoconductor surface to insure
that the flow of air along with the dust and ozone contaminants are
removed from the charge corona rather than being distributed to
other parts of the machine due to escape from housing 56.
With the above described apparatus the ammonia level in the air
introduced to the charge corona is less than one part per billion
and this is effective in eliminating the particulate deposition
problem so that the charge corona can be operated for long periods
of maintenance free operation.
The ammonia level in air varies considerably. In unpolluted air the
average is about 6 parts per billion; however, the air near
chemical processes which produce or use ammonia have much higher
ammonia levels, perhaps as high as 5000 parts per billion. The
amount of the chemically active material in the filter determines
the ammonia capacity of the filter. Since the ammonia level in air
is variable, the life of the filter is also variable. In a system
in which long intervals of maintenance-free operation are desired,
a filter end-of-life indicator is desirable. An end-of-life
indicator is provided in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5. The
indicator operates on the basis of the change in the pH of the
system as the chemically active material goes, for example, from
phosphoric acid to ammonium phosphate. The chemically active
material is made from a suitable carrier material to which a
suitable color indicator can be added to show when the pH of the
system gets to the critical value. In the embodiment shown, a
window 58 is provided in a recess within housing 34' which is
transparent to the spectrum of the light from light source 60.
Light source 60 is imaged on the window 58 by a suitable lens 62
and the light transmitted back through window 58 is collected by
lens 64 and passed through a suitable color filter 66 to a
photocell 68. As a specific example, the carrier material is silica
gel which has been treated as described above with phosphoric acid.
A suitable color indicator material such as crystal violet is also
introduced into the chemically active material 32'. The material is
normally light yellow; however, at the critical pH designated to
indicate end-of-life of the filter, the color indicator material
changes to dark violet so that the amount of light reaching
photocell 68 changes and a suitable electrical signal can be
generated by monitoring the photocell output signal. The signal
generated from the photocell is used as a signal to the machine
operator that the filter has reached the end of life. Since the
filter is normally used up rather slowly, the indication could be
set at some value less than 100 percent usage of the chemically
active material so that some amount of operating time would be left
after the signal is generated so that the filter could be changed
at a convenient time in the operation of the machine.
The color change starts at the input side of the filter and
progresses toward the output side. The vertical position of window
58 along the filter can be chosen at any particular position so
that the indication corresponds to the desired usage level. An
elongated transparent window may be mounted vertically in housing
34' to provide a visual indication of the usage level of the
filter. It is obvious that a light transmission system can be
utilized for the filter end-of-life indicator wherein a color
change or a density change can be sensed.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that various changes in the form and
details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention.
* * * * *