U.S. patent number 3,859,164 [Application Number 05/142,708] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-07 for method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion by means of artificial plasma.
Invention is credited to Karl Nowak.
United States Patent |
3,859,164 |
Nowak |
January 7, 1975 |
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION BY MEANS
OF ARTIFICIAL PLASMA
Abstract
For obtaining controlled nuclear fusion, two plasma beams of
high density will be formed by blending of previously and
separately accelerated atomic ion beams and electrons via
deflection magnets, directed against each other with short impulses
and combined to a fusion plasma within a reaction space surrounded
by a contraction coil. With the axially aligned particle beams a
high plasma density of 1.sup.22 - 1.sup.24 ions/ccm can be obtained
and thus a good efficiency of fusion. In the drawing, 6, and 6a
presents the atomic ion sources and 7, and 7a the atomic
accelerators. The atomic ion beams are deflected through magnets 2,
2a and by means of the weaker deflection magnets 5, 5a the
electronic beams coming from the electronic accelerators 8, 8a are
admixed. The thus formed plasma beams are directed against each
other in short periods with limited quantities of particles. A
magnetic contraction coil 3 produce the desired high density of the
atomic ions. The suction lines 11, 11a maintain a high vacuum in
the reaction space.
Inventors: |
Nowak; Karl (A10 Vienna 6,
OE) |
Family
ID: |
3565266 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/142,708 |
Filed: |
May 20, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
May 21, 1970 [OE] |
|
|
4534/70 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
376/107; 376/121;
376/146; 376/147 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05H
1/22 (20130101); Y02E 30/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05H
1/22 (20060101); H05H 1/02 (20060101); G21b
001/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;176/1,2,9,5 |
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
993,174 |
|
May 1965 |
|
GB |
|
983,753 |
|
Feb 1965 |
|
GB |
|
1,012,751 |
|
Dec 1965 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Behrend; Harvey E.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion by means of
artifical plasma, formed by leading together atomic ions and
electrons, characterized by the fact that atomic ion beams (1, 1a)
after they have been previously accelerated via deflection magnets
(5, 5a) are admixed with previously and separately accelerated
electronic beams (4, 4a), and thus formed plasma beams of high
density are are directed against each other within a magnetic
contraction (3).
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the beams of atomic ions
(1, 1a) are deflected by a magnetic deflection field (2, 2a) and
are made to pass through another, weaker field (5, 5a) designed to
deflect and add the electron beam (4, 4a).
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein ion densities ranging
from 10.sup.22 to 10.sup.24 or more ions/ccm are applied by means
of magnetic contraction, space charge being compensated and radial
velocity components of the ion movement being avoided.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the axial velocity of the
plasma electrons is greater than the velocity of the atomic
ions.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the electron beams are
emitted earlier than the beams of atomic ions.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the electric current of
the electrons exceeds the current of the ions, which results in a
negative space charge.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the plasma beams produced
pass through a magnetic field with a field strength of increasing
contracting property until the zone of fusion is reached.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the beams of atomic ions,
which combined with electrons form plasmas, are directed against
each other in short current impulses.
9. A device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion, wherein the
sources of atomic ions (6, 6a) with accelerators (7, 7a) and
electron sources with accelerators (8, 8a) are symmetrically
arranged so as to form a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber
being enclosed by a magnetic coil (3) and mixing magnets (5, 5a)
for the purpose of mixing the beams of atomic ions and electrons
into plasma beams.
10. A device according to claim 9, wherein a layer (12) is attached
the vessel wall (9) for the purpose of obtaining energy which is
capable of absorbing both radiation energy and charges and which is
provided with a junction in order to conduct positive charges for
the supply of electric current (13).
11. A device according to claim 10, wherein grid-like electrode
arrangements in front of the layer (12) which possess a positive
potential for the absorption of scattered electrons.
12. A device according to claim 9, wherein additional electrodes
(17, 18) are provided for capturing charged particles that have
evaded collision, for the purpose of retrieving unused electric
energy of charged particles.
13. A device according to claim 9, wherein the reaction chamber
with the energy absorption arrangement (9, 12, 16) is enclosed by
two systems of vessels serving the purpose of letting off heat, the
inner system (19, 20) designed to take over thermal energy and the
outer one (21, 22) to protect the contraction coil (3).
Description
The present invention concerns a method for obtaining controlled
nuclear fusion by means of artificial plasma produced by the
combination of previously accelerated atomic ions and electrons,
applying beams of atomic ions travelling in opposite directions.
Furthermore the present invention provides for the device necessary
for the practical application of said method. According to the
invention beams of atomic ions and electrons are combined via
different deflection magnets, the beams of atomic ions passing
through both magnets, the electron beam, on the other hand, passing
only through one weaker magnetic field. Prior to the collision the
plasma beams thus produced are contracted to ion densities of the
orders 10.sup.22 to 10.sup.24 or more ions/ccm by means of magnetic
fields of increasing electric field strength due to the avoidance
of radial velocity components of the ion flux movement and are thus
led together in limited packets (i.e., short pulses of electric
current).
In order to obtain controlled nuclear fusion it is necessary to
provide the atomic ions with velocities sufficing for overcoming
the Coulomb barrier. As far as deuterium ions (deuterons) are
concerned this is the case in an ordinary plasma of 100 million
.degree. K. According to the equation e.sup.. V = K.sup.. T this
corresponds to ion velocities of 10 keV (1 eV corresponds to a
temperature velocity of about 7,730 .degree. K). So far fusion
temperature has been attempted to be reached mainly by means of
pulsating discharges of current, plasma shocks, etc. Considering
Maxwell's distribution of temperature velocity, however, the fusion
plasma also has to be kept in a stable position for a certain
period of time (cca 1 second), i.e., it has to be enclosed by an
arrangement, so that the fastest of the atomic ions of the
temperature movement on all sides may collide in accordance with
the mean value. However, considerable problems have to be faced in
achieving fusion temperature and in maintaining the fusion plasma
over a sufficient length of time with a sufficiently high plasma
density and yield.
Apparently two factors are chiefly responsible for the instability
of heavily contracted plasma columns, namely, side effects of the
hot plasma on the colder gaseous atmosphere surrounding it, and the
tendency of the plasma to reduce its density on account of the
movement of temperature on all sides, which is manifested in an
enormous expansion pressure.
The present invention avoids these difficulties. Artificial plasma
is produced in a vacuum, thus eliminating the side effects. By
avoiding a movement of temperature on all sides and applying an
exclusive axial ion velocity in two plasma beams travelling in
opposite directions, a primary radial velocity component being
avoided, high and highest plasma densities may be obtained by means
of relatively weak electromagnetic field strengths. Owing to the
fact that all atomic ions of the beams virtually possess the same
velocity, which is produced by one accelerator in each case, also
the reaction time necessary in the case of ordinary plasma with a
general temperature movement, i.e., Maxwell's distribution of
temperature velocity, is no longer required, that is to say, the
necessity of enclosing the plasma. Atomic ions and electrons are
accelerated separately to an appropriate extent each and form
plasmas each. Only the collision of these two contracted artificial
plasmas triggers of the fusions.
The accompanying drawings will provide a more detailled explanation
of the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates the principle of the method invented;
FIG. 2 schematically shows an example of the practical application
of the present invention;
FIG. 3 serves to explain the fusion process invented;
FIGS. 4 and 5 show details of an appropriate device for obtaining
the energy produced;
FIG. 6 offers a schematic explanation of another variety of the
device invented;
FIG. 7 schematically shows an example of the reaction chamber of
the device invented.
According to FIG. 1 the beams of atomic ions 1, 1a, stemming from
ion sources (canal ray tubes) and subsequent accelerators, which
are not shown here, are directed against each other after having
been deflected by magnetic fields from magnetic poles 2, 2a and
meet within the contraction field of a magnetic coil 3. Prior to
the combination of the ion beams the electron beams 4, 4a are
added, which also come from accelerators not shown here, via the
deflection magnets 5, 5a, which leads to the formation of
artificial plasma beams. The combined beams of atomic ions and
electrons are preferably of the same or of similar cross sections
and particle densities (electron energy might be somewhat higher)
so that in the nascent plasma the space charge is either
compensated (quasi neutrality) or negative and the mutual Coulomb
repulsion of atomic ions in the beams is offset. Thus the nascent
plasma contracts itself (self pinch) and is subsequently further
contracted by the fields of the magnetic coil 3 enclosing the area
of reaction. The deflection fields of magnetic poles 2, 4 (and 2a,
4a, respectively) for beams of atomic ions and electrons are of the
same direction each so that the antipole particles are added from
opposite sides in each case; in case of different directions they
might be added from the same side. Beams of atomic ions and
electrons possess approximately the same velocity, i.e., electronic
energy may be substantiall below the atomic energy. Electron
velocity may preferably also be somewhat greater than the ion
velocity. The beams of atomic ions 1 and 1a also pass through the
deflection fields for the electrons 4 and 4a respecively, a fact
which in calculating the paths of the ion beams 1 and 1a and the
field strenghts of the deflection magnets 2 and 2a should be taken
into consideration; the fields of the electron deflection magnets
(poles 5, 5a), however, which may be much weaker, do not have a
decisive effect upon the ion beams, which are deflected only to a
small extent since they possess a far greater amount of energy when
moving at the same speed. Within the area enclosed by coil 3 the
fusion reactions take place. For this purpose the beams of atomic
ions and plasma respectively have to penetrate each other to a
certain degree which depends on the ion density obtained through
contraction as well as on the degree of ion acceleration. It is to
be suggested to use atomic ion energies ranging from a few keV to a
maximum of about 100 keV, the field strength of the field of
contraction (coil 3) amounting to 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4 Gauss.
Considering an effective collision cross section of 0.03 barn
(i.e., 0.03. 10.sup.-.sup.24 cm.sup.2) at 100 keV and an ion
density ranging from 10.sup.22 to 10.sup.24 ions or more/ccm the
reaction path may be less than 1 m (e.g., .sup.- m in the case of
10.sup.24 ions/ccm if all energy is made use of).
The accelerated plasma beams are preferably directed against each
other by impulses, i.e., abruptly. The high vacuum vessel enclosing
the arrangement is not shown in FIG. 1 for reasons of
simplicity.
FIG. 2 offers a further explanation of the apparatus used. It shows
schematically the cases of the ion sources 6 and 6a with the
subsequent accelerators 7, 7a and the electron source and
accelerator units 8, 8a, which resemble Braun tubes. Here, the
contraction magnet 3 enclosing reaction tube 9 is made to supply
field strength through an increasing electromagnetic field strength
which at the outset slowly increases towards the field of reaction.
The connections 10, 10a located before or after the accelerators
may have a diameter of e.g., 10 to 20 cm or more, the same holds
true for part 9 in the reaction zone, however, it may also be a
little less there. Within the area of reaction the plasma contracts
itself to form a slim tube, i.e., it is of small cross cut with
high particle density. On the side of the area of reaction there is
a tube 11 and preferably also a symmetrical tube 11a in addition
for the evacuation of the system. Pumps for achieving a maximum
vacuum should be in constant operation, the bring about the
operating vacuum and remove remaining reaction products.
According to FIG. 3 two plasma columns D.sub.1, e.sub.1 and
D.sub.2, e.sub.2, which have been heavily contracted by magnetic
action and which have been produced according to the method
explained in FIG. 1 in an apparatus as is shown in FIG. 2, collide
frontally, so that the atomic ions, owing to the high plasma
density, may encounter fusion pulses after having travelled a short
distance and little scattering occurs. The electrons added to the
atomic ions are preferably a little faster or are put in a little
earlier, which leads to the formation of an electron cloud at the
point of collision of the ion packets emitted, which may further
support the fusion of atomic ions. Also additional electrons
enclosed at the side of the magnetic field of coil 3 and rotating
within the area of reaction may favor fusion, however, the
electrons present in the plasmas may suffice to support the fusion.
As long as atomic ions and electrons move at high speeds (which
either equal or exceed the thermic speeds at thermic dissociation)
they can hardly combine to form atoms, i.e., the cannot recombine;
this is possible only after slowing the down. Owing to the high
plasma density and the discontinuous emission little scattering of
atomic ions occurs, the high plasma density also favors a so-called
tunnel effect, i.e., the reduction of atomic energy necessary to
overcome the Coulomb barrier. According to theory particle energy
has to suffice to achieve an approach up to a distance of
10.sup.-.sup.13 cm, at which point the Coulomb repulsion ceases to
exist and the great nuclear force becomes effective, i.e.,
apparently a change in the structure of the atomic ions takes place
in the course of which a nucleus is formed out of the two
nuclei.
FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically show an appropriate arrangement for the
purpose of obtaining energy. A layer 12, e.g., a graphite layer
(graphite cylinder tube) is attached to the inner wall of the
reaction tube which absorbs radiation energies of all kinds and
which also becomes positively charged by protons if protons are
produced in the course of the reaction, thus supplying electric
current via a leakage 13. It may also become charged through
scattered atomic ions. In order to hold back scattered electrons a
grid-like electrode with a positive potential may be placed before
this wall electrode 12, which consists e.g., of cylindrically
arranged graphite rods 14 with a lead 15.
Protons result from the fusion of deuterium ions and tritium and an
energy release of 4.08 MeV. As known, protons and tritium trigger
off further reactions in the course of which also .sup.3 He and
.sup.4 He emerge as well as neutrons (P + D = .sup.3 He + 5.5 MeV,
T + D = .sup.4 He + N + 17.6 MeV, etc.). The deuterium fusion may
also directly supply .sup.3 He (D + D = .sup.3 He + N + 3.27 MeV).
Therefore a direct fusion of deuterium ions into stable helium
(.sup.4 He) should be sought to be achieved, with no production of
protons or neutrons and with an energy release of 23.8 MeV.
An expansion inducing a Maxwell temperature movement, which is due
to come about in the reaction chamber after the collision of the
plasma columns unless only short electric impulses (plasma packets)
are applied, is prevented by the discontinuous emittance. The
emittance of particle packets is known through modern impulse
method.
In FIGS. 4 and 5, reaction tube 9 is lined in addition by a layer
16 of a high density material, e.g., lead, platinum, tungsten, or
an appropriate alloy, designed to complete the radiation absorption
by graphite layer 12.
A further application of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6.
In order to prevent the loss of energy stemming from accelerated
particles which perhaps have escaped collision and are not
scattered, and to prevent these accelerated particles from
uncontrollably hitting the vessel wall in an undesired manner
special electrodes have been designed according to FIG. 6 to
capture these particles. The remaining primary electric energy may
be obtained from these electrodes by means of circuits, e.g.,
between these electrodes and the point of departure of the
particles. According to FIG. 6 the remaining fast atomic ions reach
the above-mentioned electrode 17 via polar field 2 and, together
with the ion source, can form a circuit (6a in FIG. 2), whereas
surplus fast electrons are lead to electrode 18 via polar field 5
and may form a circuit e.g., with the electron source (8a in FIG.
2). If necessary, it might also be possible to establish a circuit
between electrodes 17 and 18.
FIG. 7 schematically shows a detail of the device invented, namely
an example of the reaction chamber. In this case the reaction tube
9 with the inner layer 12 and the outer layer 16 has two cooling
jackets. The inner cooling jacket with feed pipe 19 and outlet 20
may be used to make use of the thermal reaction energy for the
purpose of power production, the outer jacket with feed pipe and
outlet 21, 22 is designed above all to cool the magnetic coil 3 and
to protect it against damage. Layer 12 preferably consists of
graphite, layer 16 of a high density and appropriately heat
resisting alloy.
In its practical application the present invention is not limited
to the examples shown here. Magnetic fields, e.g., may be replaced
by other devices capable of combining and concentrating atomic ions
and electrons into high density plasma beams.
* * * * *