U.S. patent number 3,858,521 [Application Number 05/344,933] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-07 for magnetic levitation guidance system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Canadian Patents and Development Limited. Invention is credited to David L. Atherton.
United States Patent |
3,858,521 |
Atherton |
January 7, 1975 |
MAGNETIC LEVITATION GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Abstract
A magnetic levitation guidance system having a predetermined
arrangement and positioning of the magnets or current carrying
conductors in the levitated vehicle in relation to the fixed
guideway conductors. In one version of the invention the parallel,
longitudinal vehicle magnets or current carrying conductors are
positioned such that when the vehicle is positioned above a
continuous conducting strip guideway positioned on the trackbed,
these magnet edges or current carrying conductors are positioned
outward in the horizontal sense of the edges of the conducting
strip. In another version where the guideway is the form of loops
or ladder shaped arrangements, the parallel, longitudal portions of
the magnet edges or current loops on the vehicle are positioned
when the vehicle is centered over the guideways such that these
magnet edges or current carrying conductors are placed outwardly or
inwardly of the co-acting conductors in the guideway. It has been
found that if the magnet edges or current carrying conductors are
positioned in this manner, there will be an inherent lateral
restoring force that will tend to center the vehicle in relation to
the guideway.
Inventors: |
Atherton; David L. (Kingston,
Ontario, CA) |
Assignee: |
Canadian Patents and Development
Limited (Ottawa, Ontario, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
23352733 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/344,933 |
Filed: |
March 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
104/285; 505/904;
104/286 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B61B
13/08 (20130101); B60L 13/04 (20130101); B60L
2200/26 (20130101); Y10S 505/904 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B60L
13/04 (20060101); B61B 13/08 (20060101); B61b
013/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;104/148MS,148SS,148LM |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Eisenzopf; Reinhard J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hughes; J. R.
Claims
I claim:
1. A magnetic levitation guidance system for levitated vehicles
comprising:
a. first and second fixed parallel continuous metal strip
conductors mounted in parallel relation on a continuous guideway,
each of said strip conductors having generally straight
longitudinal edges and having a lateral cross-section providing
increased current carrying area at the edges relative to the
central portions of the strips,
b. first and second sets of cryogenic current carrying coils or
magnets on the vehicle positioned in relation to the fixed
conductors such than on relative motion of the magnets in relation
to the fixed conductors eddy currents are induced in the fixed
conductors resulting in magnetic fields providing levitation forces
on the vehicle.
c. the two longitudinal portions of the conductors or edges of the
first set of magnets on the vehicle being positioned when the
vehicle is over the guideway such that they lie outwardly in the
lateral sense of the two edges of the first metal strip, such as to
provide lateral restoring forces to the vehicle tending to return
the vehicle to a central position, and
d. the two longitudinal portions or edges of the second set of
magnets on the vehicle being positioned when the vehicle is over
the guideway such that they lie outwardly in the lateral sense of
the two edges of the second metal strips such as to provide lateral
restoring forces to the vehicle tending to return the vehicle to a
central position.
2. A magnetic levitation guidance system for levitated vehicles
comprising:
a. first and second sets of continuous series of closed conducting
loops or ladderway structures with each loop or ladderway having
two longitudinal spaced portions mounted in parallel relation on a
continuous guideway,
b. first and second sets of cryogenic current carrying coils or
magnets on the vehicle positioned in relation to the fixed
conducting loops or ladderways such than on relative motion of the
magnets in relation to the fixed conductors eddy currents are
induced in the fixed conductors resulting in magnetic fields
providing levitation forces on the vehicle,
c. the two longitudinal portions of the conductors or edges of the
first set of magnets on the vehicle being positioned when the
vehicle is over the guideway such that they lie inwardly in the
lateral sense of the longitudinal spaced portions of the first set
of closed loops or ladderways such as to provide lateral restoring
forces to the vehicle tending to return the vehicle to a central
position, and
d. the two longitudinal portions or edges of the second set of
magnets on the vehicle being positioned when the vehicle is over
the guideway such that they lie inwardly in the lateral sense of
the longitudinal spaced portions of the second set of closed loops
or ladderways, such as to provide lateral restoring forces to the
vehicle tending to return the vehicle to a central position.
Description
This invention relates to a magnetic levitation guidance system and
more particularly to an arrangement and positioning of the high
strength magnets or the high current carrying conductors in the
levitated vehicle in relation to the fixed track or guideway such
that inherent lateral guidance forces are obtained.
Magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems are based on the phenomenon
known as induction. Basically, eddy currents are induced in an
electrically conducting material (on the guideway) when subjected
to a time varying magnetic field (set up by a D.C. source carried
by the vehicle). These induced currents set up fields that oppose
the moving magnetic fields thus generating a lift force on the
vehicle. The dissipation in the guideway appears as a magnetic drag
force which fortunately peaks at low speed and then decreases as
the vehicle speed increases. The principle of this mode of
suspension is well known and was demonstrated quite early however
only with the recent development of high current density
superconducting magnets has the suspension system become
economically viable. Superconducting magnets provide a light weight
source of high magnetic field with nearly zero power consumption
(apart from that required to maintain the magnet at liquid helium
temperatures) and those required for magnetic levitation are now
well within the current state of technology. The vehicle, which
would require wheels for low speeds, may be propelled by any
suitable driving system preferably a non contact system such as a
propeller, jet engine, or a linear induction motor or ideally a
linear synchronous motor.
Two distinct electrodynamic suspension loop and conducting sheet
systems. These differ primarily in the configuration of guideway
conductor required for levitation. The guideway conductor for the
former consists of an arrangement of closed circuit conducting
(aluminum for example) rear loops which the vehicle-borne
superconducting magnets move. The induced currents are generated by
mutual induction between the train magnets and the guideway loops.
The guideway conductor for the conducting sheet suspension consists
of continuous sheets of aluminum along the track. U.S. Pat. No.
3,470,828 issued to J. R. Powell and G. T. Darby on Oct. 7, 1969
describes the use of levitation loops in the guideway. Others have
modified this to a ladder type of guideway. In both systems the
vehicle magnets and guideway loops have the same width.
Although the levitation systems described above appear to provide
good solutions to the vehicle levitation problems, they give no
answer to the problem of lateral stability, that is accomodation
for lateral forces represented chiefly by centrifugal and wind
forces. It is realized that these latter will be appreciable and
therefore definite provision for them must be made. In the Powell
et al. patent mentioned above, it is proposed that horizontal,
lateral stability of the vehicle be obtained by provision of
additional loop arrays for this purpose. This of course adds cost
and complexity to the system but also results in a guideway
structure that would be hard to maintain and keep clear of snow and
dirt that would hinder operation. Another arrangement for providing
lateral stability is to arrange the magnet and guideway systems on
each side of the vehicle at an angle to the horizontal such that
not only vertical levitation forces are obtained but also lateral
force vectors. This works in principle but can result in an
unstabilised rolling and lateral notion that is difficult to take
care of.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a lateral
guidance system for magnetic levitation vehicles that is relatively
inexpensive and simple to build and maintain.
It is another object of the invention to provide a lateral guidance
system that gives inherent lateral restoring forces that does not
need orthogonal (magnetic flange) or non-horizontal (vector)
arrangements of magnets and guideway.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a
predetermined arrangement and positioning of the magnets or current
carrying conductors in the levitated vehicle in relation to the
fixed guideway conductors. In one version of the invention the
parallel, longitudinal vehicle magnets or current conductors are
positioned such that when the vehicle is positioned above a
continuous conducting strip guideway positioned on the trackbed,
these magnet edges or current carrying conductors are positioned
outward in the horizontal sense of the edges of the conducting
strip. In another version where the guideway is the form of loops
or ladder shaped arrangements, the parallel, longitudal portions of
the magnet edges or current loops on the vehicle are positioned
when the vehicle is centered over the guideways such that these
magnet edges or current carrying conductors are placed outwardly or
inwardly of the co-acting conductors in the guideway. It has been
found that if the magnet edges or current carrying conductors are
positioned in this manner, there will be an inherent lateral
restoring force that will tend to center the vehicle in relation to
the guideway.
In drawings which illustrate embodiments of the invention,
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a magnetically levitated
vehicle in relation to a guideway and propulsion structure,
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of magnet and continuous trip conductor
guideway where the current carrying conductors are positioned
outwardly of the guideway strips,
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of magnet and loop or ladder guideway
conductors where the cryogenic conductors are positioned outwardly
of the longitudinal conductors of the guideway,
FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 but shows an arrangement where the
cryogenic conductors are positioned inwardly of the longitudinal
conductors of the guideway, and
FIG. 5 is an arrangement similar to that of FIG. 2 but where the
guideway stips are specially shaped.
Referring to FIG. 1, a prior art magnetic levitation system is
shown made up of a vehicle 10 and a guideway structure 11. The
vehicle incorporates standard wheels 12 required for start up and
low speed running until sufficient speeds providing levitation
forces are reached. Superconducting levitation magnets 13 are
mounted on suitable suspension structures 14 with the magnets being
formed of coils or closed loops of electrical conductors held at
cryogenic temperatures by liquid helium supplied from tanks 15 or
any other suitable high strength magnets. The magnets 13 interact
with guideway structures 16 positioned in supporting structure
(concrete) 11 and as shown here are continuous strips of conducting
metal preferably aluminum. A propulsion system for example a linear
synchronous motor represented by synchronous motor coils 18 provide
the necessary driving forces. Enclosure 19 represents facility for
providing climate control and services to the passenger portion of
the vehicle.
The principle of levitation is well known and is not described here
but it is seen that the opposed magnets and guideway strip are
placed at an angle to the horizontal to provide lateral restoring
forces. It will be seen that this could result in rolling
instabilities that would be most undesirable.
FIG. 2 illustrates an arrangement according to the invention whose
lateral stability (i.e., inherent restoring forces) can be obtained
from a simple horizontal arrangement. This system would be much
less expensive and easier to maintain and keep clear of dirt, snow,
etc. The longitudinal portion of the real or equivalent magnetic
currents 21 in magnets 13 are positioned such that when the vehicle
is centered these lie outwardly in the horizontal sense of the
edges of the continuous strip 16 fixed in guideway 11. It is known
that if a magnet travelling over the surface of a semi infinite
horizontal conducting sheet approaches the edge, there are produced
forces on the magnet tending to propel it over the edge of the
sheet. In the present case the reverse of this phenomenon is
applied and if the magnets are forced horizontally off-center there
is a restoring force tending to keep the magnets centered over the
strip.
FIG. 3 shows an arrangement where the longitudinal portion of the
real or equivalent magnetic currents in magnets 13 are arranged to
extend outwardly of the horizontal portions 22 of conducting loops
(or ladder arrangements) fixed in or on the upper surface of
guideway structure 11. An examination of the force vectors involved
will show that if the vehicle becomes off-centered for example if
magnets 13 are moved laterally in relation to conductors 22 the
forces or the magnets change such that there is a net restoring
force tending to recenter the magnets and thus the vehicle.
FIG. 4 shows the reverse arrangement with real or equivalent magnet
currents 22 outwardly of conductors 21 but still providing an
inherent restoring force.
FIG. 5 is an arrangement similar to that of FIG. 2 with the
conducting strips 16 shaped so that high currents can be
accommodated in the outer portions. It has been realized that the
eddy currents enclosed in the strip tend to concentrate at the
outer edges. To achieve a less expensive continuous strip in
conducting material it has been found that a shape with greater
area cross-section at the outer edges with only a thin web in the
central portions is to be preferred.
In the above description it has been assumed that the levitation
and propulsion system are separate but systems that use same
conductors for combinations levitation, guidance and propulsion can
be envisaged and the present invention can be readily applied to
such a composite arrangement.
* * * * *