U.S. patent number 3,858,220 [Application Number 05/414,892] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-31 for tunable spiral dipole antenna.
Invention is credited to Sidney Arnow.
United States Patent |
3,858,220 |
Arnow |
December 31, 1974 |
TUNABLE SPIRAL DIPOLE ANTENNA
Abstract
A tunable dipole antenna including dipole arms formed of a pair
of helical coils whose diameter is small compared to the wave
length of the frequency to which the dipole antenna is tuned and
whose length can be adjustably extended. The coil includes a
plurality of turns of flat spring wire. When the coils are extended
to a desired length, the turns of flat spring wire can be adjusted
such that a number of the turns are expanded while the rest of the
turns are contracted near the outer edge. The number of expanded
turns can be varied at the given length of the coil to obtain
tuning to the desired frequency.
Inventors: |
Arnow; Sidney (Kings Park,
NY) |
Family
ID: |
23643440 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/414,892 |
Filed: |
November 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/802; 343/823;
343/895 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
1/362 (20130101); H01Q 9/28 (20130101); H01Q
3/01 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
1/36 (20060101); H01Q 3/01 (20060101); H01Q
9/04 (20060101); H01Q 3/00 (20060101); H01Q
9/28 (20060101); H01q 001/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/794,802,803,895,823 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
284,963 |
|
Feb 1928 |
|
GB |
|
810,325 |
|
Dec 1936 |
|
FR |
|
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Claims
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A dipole antenna capable of being adjustably tuned for a given
frequency comprising, dipole arms formed of a pair of helical coils
whose diameter is small compared to the wave length of the
frequency being tuned and whose length can be adjustably expanded,
common feed point means electrically connected to said coils for
supplying current to the dipole arms, and supporting means for
supporting the antenna such that said coils extend outwardly from
said common feed point means, said coils being composed of flat
spring wire formed into helical turns, each coil being adjustable
to expand the pitch between the turns of one section of the coil to
form a section of expanded turns and to contract the pitch between
the turns of another section of the coil to form a section of
contracted turns the number of turns in the expanded sections
providing proper tuning of the antenna at the given frequency for
the adjusted length of the coils.
2. A dipole antenna as in claim 1 and wherein the helical turns in
the expanded section are self-adjusting such that they have
substantially equal pitch within the expanded section.
3. A dipole antenna as in claim 2 and wherein the flat spring wire
has the flat surface in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis
of the helical coil.
4. A dipole antenna as in claim 2 and wherein said common feed
point means includes balun means providing a balanced feeding
current to the dipole arms.
5. A dipole antenna as in claim 4 and wherein said balun means
includes a coil of several turns of coaxial feed line.
6. A dipole antenna as in claim 2 and wherein said supporting means
comprises insulating card means having openings through which at
least one turn of each of said coils can be wound, said supporting
means also supporting said common feed point means.
7. A dipole antenna as in claim 2 and wherein said supporting means
includes non-conductive wire means extending through said coils and
adapted to be attached to a supporting member.
8. A dipole antenna as in claim 2 and wherein the center of the
antenna is in a higher plane than the outer ends thereof such that
said coils extend both outwardly and downwardly.
9. A tunable dipole as in claim 1 and wherein said coils have a
diameter of 4 inches.
10. A method for adjustably tuning a dipole antenna having a pair
of helical coils as the dipole arms whose diameter is small
compared to the wavelength and being composed of flat spring wire
formed into helical turns, each coil being adjustable to expand the
pitch between the turns of one section of the coil to form a
section of expanded turns and to contract the pitch between the
turns of another section of the coil to form a section of
contracted turns, comprising the steps of:
a. extending the overall length of the coils to a desired
amount;
b. measuring the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) at the
feedpoint of the dipole arms, and
c. varying the number of turns in the expanded section of each coil
such that the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is minimized
across the desired frequency band.
11. A method as in claim 10 and wherein said step of extending the
overall length extends the length of the coils to a maximum amount
available at a given location but not permanently deforming the
coil.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to dipole antennas and more particularly to
a tunable dipole antenna which can easily be assembled and
disassembled.
In the transmission and reception of radio waves, an antenna is
utilized whose electrical length is usually a multiple of the half
wave length of the frequency. For frequencies in the low megacycle
range, the wave lengths are of the order of 20 to 80 meters and
accordingly an excessively long antenna would be needed. Usually, a
vertical antenna is utilized; however, the great height of the
antenna requires strong support means and is difficult to erect and
maintain.
In order to reduce the actual length of the antenna, various
loading means have been utilized to effectively provide an
electrical length as long as desired while at the same time
reducing the actual length of the antenna. One such loading means
utilizes helical wires which are usually wound about a supporting
member. The frequency to which the antenna is tuned is a function
of the number of turns of wire, the length of the supporting
member, the spacing between the turns, and the diameter of the
coil. Many of the helical coils forming an antenna utilize a helix
coil whose diameter relative to the wave length is such as to
provide an axial mode of radiation. For broad-side radiation,
wherein the radiation pattern extends laterally on the sides of the
coils, a helix diameter small compared to the wave length is
utilized.
Because the coil is wound and must be stiff to provide support, the
number of turns is fixed and the frequency to which the antenna is
tuned cannot be varied. Thus, the number of turns is preset by the
manufacturer and the only way to tune the antenna is for the user
to cut the antenna to the desired length. However, once the antenna
is cut to a given length, the antenna becomes fixed at that
frequency and can't be utilized at another frequency.
Furthermore, an individual having an antenna of the type described
wanting to change the location of the antenna must find another
location wherein the length available is at least as long as the
original location. Therefore, the possibility of varying the
location of the antenna is extremely limited once the antenna has
been fixed at a particular frequency. Also, the antenna is usually
sensitive to metal objects located in the immediate vicinity
thereof and can be affected by such metal objects. Thus, once an
antenna is located at a given position, should additional metal
elements such as wires, pipes, etc., be installed adjacent to the
antenna, the antenna will be adversely affected and will no longer
suitably operate at the fixed frequency. It is therefore not
possible to fine-tune the antenna as conditions vary.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a
tunable dipole antenna which avoids the aforementioned problems of
the prior art.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna which provides broad-side radiation laterally to the
antenna.
Yet a further object of the invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna utilizing helical coils as the dipole arms wherein
both the length of the coils and the number of turns can be
adjusted.
Still a further object of the invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna utilizing helical coils wherein after each coil is
extended to a desired length, the number of active turns can be
adjusted.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna having helical coils as the dipole arms wherein each coil
includes a number of turns of flat spring wire in the form of two
sections, namely an expanded section and a contracted section, and
wherein the expanded section is self-adjusting such that the turns
of helical wire have substantially equal pitch in the expanded
section.
Another object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna utilizing helical coils as dipole arms and wherein the
length of the dipole arms can be adjusted to fit a given location
and wherein the tuning is achieved by varying the number of active
turns in each coil.
A further object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna which can be assembled or disassembled in a relatively
short period of time thereby making the antenna portable and easily
storable.
Still a further object of the invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna which can be utilized indoors or outdoors and
combines good performance with practical size.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna which can be disassembled and stored in a relatively small
space.
Yet a further object of the invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna which provides good impedence match to 50 OHM
systems by virtue of the inductive loading of the helical coils
utilized as the dipole arms.
A further object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna which is compact, easily erectable and operates at both 80
and 40 meters.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method for
tuning a dipole antenna comprising helical coils as the dipole
arms.
A further object of the invention is to provide a tunable dipole
antenna utilizing Slinky.sup.R type coils as the dipole arms.
Yet a further object of the invention is to provide a tunable
dipole antenna which is portable and provides better performance
and efficiency than similar antennas of the prior art.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention
will, in part, be pointed out with particularity and will, in part,
become obvious from the following description of the invention,
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, the invention describes a tunable dipole antenna
comprising helical coils as the dipole arms. The diameter of the
coils is small compared to the wave length and the length of the
coil can be adjustably extended. The coils are commonly fed with a
supply feed line and are supported to extend outwardly from the
common feed line. The coils are composed of flat spring wires
formed into helical turns. When each of the coils are adjustably
extended to the desired length, they each have a section of
expanded turns and a section of contracted turns. The number of
turns in the expanded section can be varied to provide the proper
tuning of the antenna at a desired frequency for the adjusted
length of the coils.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, when the helical turns
in the expanded section are selected, the coils adjust themselves
such that they have substantially equal pitch in the expanded
section. The coils which are utilized are similar to the
Slinky.sup.R coils utilized in various toys.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying
drawings which form part of the application and in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the tunable
dipole antenna of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1
FIG. 3 is a front view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1
FIG. 4 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of tests conducted with a
particular embodiment of the present invention, and
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a tuning curve for selecting the number
of turns at a given frequency for a desired length.
In the various figures of the drawing, like reference characters
designate like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIGS. 1 thru 4, the tunable dipole antenna of the
present invention is shown generally at 10 and comprises dipole
arms shown generally at 12 and 14 each comprising a helical coil.
The helical coil includes a plurality of turns of flat spring
conductive wire 16 wherein the flat surface thereof, 18 is in a
plane transverse to the longitudinal axis.
Each of the coils 12 and 14, can be adjustably expanded such that
the total length can fit a particular location available. When the
coils are expanded two sections are formed in each coil. A first
section 20 includes expanded helical turns and a second section 22
includes contracted turns. The number of turns in each section can
be varied by taking each individual turn 16 and successively
sliding it from one section to the other section. Thus, the number
of turns desired in the expanded section can be selected and all of
the remaining turns can be pushed together to a contracted
section.
Thus, when the desired length of the coil is achieved by extending
the entire coil, the number of turns in the expanded section become
the active turns in the antenna dipole arm and the number can be
varied. Therefore, it is seen that the number of turns in the
expanded section can be varied for a given length of the coil. The
maximum length to which the coil can be extended is limited by the
physical structure of the coil such that the coils should not be
permanently distorted. The minimum length is controlled by the
amount of loss tolerable since energy loss increases with a greatly
reduced coil length.
The coils are supported at their inner end by a card 24 made of
non-conducting material. The card 24 contains a first set of
openings 26, 28 on the right side thereof and a second set of
openings 30, 32 at the left side thereof. The two coils are
respectively wound through the openings such that at least one turn
at the end of each coil is threaded through the respective holes of
the insulating card 24.
Two additional holes 34 spaced in a vertical plane and
approximately at the center of the insulating card support a
coaxial wire 36 which is wound in a circle several times through
the openings 34, thus forming an inductor 36'. The inner diameter
of the coaxial turns 36 should preferably be about the same as the
inner diameter of the coils 12, 14. Furthermore, in the present
embodiment the diameter of the coils is small compared to the wave
length of the frequency to which the antenna is tuned such that the
radiation pattern emitted from the dipole arms will be a broad-side
pattern having the radiation mode in a plane transverse to the axis
of the coil.
The inner conductor 38 of the coaxial cable 36 is electrically
connected to one of the coils 12, and the outer conductor 40 of the
coaxial cable 36 is connected to the other one of the coils 14.
A further opening 42 on the insulating card is available for
supporting the insulating card and the coils extending therefrom.
Also, for additional support, a non-conducting wire such as nylon
cord 44, can be passed through the coils and the coaxial coil and
supported at the outer edges 46, 48 by fixed supports such as walls
W or posts.
The inductor 36' serves as a balun to provide a balanced feeding
current to the dipole arms. The end 50 of the coaxial cable is
connected to the system utilizing the antenna. By using the coiled
turns 36' of coaxial feed line 36, a high inductive reactance is
introduced which inhibits the flow of RF current on the outer
conductor of the coaxial line.
In utilizing the dipole antenna described several turns of the
coaxial cable is first threaded through the holes 34 in the center
of the insulating card 24 and can then be taped using electrical
tape to form a stable coil. A coaxial connector, as is known in the
art (not shown) can be connected to the one end of the coaxial
cable.
Each of the helical coils are then wound through the outer edges of
the insulating card and a few of the turns of the coil on either
side of the insulating card can be soldered together to prevent the
coils from accidentally unwinding from the insulating card. The
inner end of the coaxial cable is separated such that the coaxial
center conductor is connected to one coil and the outer conductor
is connected to the other coil.
The mounting area is selected and the insulating card is supported
by means of the opening 42. The nylon cord, by way of example, is
tied to one support point and threaded through the entire coil and
coaxial cable assembly, and then, tied to another support at the
opposite end of the antenna. The overall space available for the
antenna is determined and the coils are extended to the maximum
length possible within this space, being cautious not to extend the
coils too far to permanently deform the coil. The number of turns
of the flat spring wire in the expanded section is then adjusted
utilizing a voltage standing wave bridge or other meter such that
over the frequency band desired the voltage standing wave ratio
curve is centered. This can be achieved by adding or subtracting an
equal number of turns from the end of each arm of the antenna.
Adding additional turns to the active portion, namely the expanded
section, will lower the resonant frequency, and subtracting turns
will raise it. The antenna is properly tuned when the voltage
standing wave ratio is either minimum at the center of the desired
band, or minimized at a chosen operating frequency in the band.
Utilizing a 4 inch diameter coil of the type shown, the following
chart indicates the approximate value needed for tuning the chart
at 80 meters or approximately 3, 5 to 4.0 megahertz and at 40
meters or approximately 7.0 to 7.3 megahertz. In the chart, L
indicates the overall antenna length in feet and N signifies the
number of active turns in each half length. In addition, the
relative efficiency is given.
______________________________________ CHART NO. 1 -- APPROXIMATE
TUNING CHART 80 Meters (3.5 -- 4.0 MHz) 40 Meters (7.0 -- 7.3 MHz)
Relative Relative L N Efficiency L N Efficiency
______________________________________ 70 92 0 db 35 45 0 db 68 94
34 46 66 95 33 47 64 97 32 48 62 98 31 49 60 100 30 50 58 102 29 51
56 104 28 52 54 105 27 53 52 107 26 54 50 109 25 55 48 112 -3 db 24
56 -3 db 46 114 23 57 44 116 22 58 42 118 21 59 40 121 -6 db 20 60
-6 db 38 124 19 61 36 126 18 62 34 129 17 63 32 132 -15 db 16 65
-15 db 30 135 15 66 28 139 14 68 26 143 13 70 24 147 -20 db 12 72
-20 db ______________________________________
It is seen from the above chart, that for the 80 meter band the
dipole antenna will perform for any available length between
approximately 24 feet and 70 feet and for the 40 meter band, the
antenna will operate between approximately 12 feet and 35 feet. It
is noted that the longer the overall antenna length, the less the
number of active turns are needed to achieve proper tuning.
FIG. 6 indicates a graph incorporating the information of the chart
and in addition providing information on the values needed for
tuning at 20 meters or approximately 14-14.35 mHz. In the graph
there is plotted as the Absicca the overall antenna length and as
the ordinate the number of active turns in each half-length. The
maximum length for each frequency is determined by the yield point
line of the coil. Beyond that point permanent deformation of the
turns in the coil would occur. The lower limit is also determined
to a great extent by physical limitations. As the length of the
coil is decreased, the number of active turns increases, however,
when the coil becomes too short there is insufficient space to pack
in the active turns. However, within the physical limits, there is
a great variation of length available for a given frequency and the
number of active turns within that length can also be greatly
varied.
In utilizing the chart or the graph, the overall space available
for the antenna is first measured and the number of turns in each
half length is then determined in accordance with the chart or
graph. The number of turns is counted starting from the center
insulator card and the unused number of turns are bunched together
at the end of the antenna. The unused coils can be tied together
using a portion of the nylon cord.
The setting given in the tuning chart or curves is a good first
approximation for average installations. However, because of
variations in the height above ground and the coupling to nearby
objects, the actual resonant condition of the antenna may differ
from that given in the chart. Therefore, after utilizing the chart
or graph for a coarse tuning adjustment, the antenna is plugged
into a voltage standing wave ratio bridge or meter and fine tuning
is achieved by centering the voltage standing wave ratio curve as
heretofore described.
The ends of the dipole antenna may display a high electric field.
It may therefore be advisable to include some form of a metal top
hat connected to the last turn of the coil. Extremely high levels
of RF voltage may cause the tip of the antenna to burn. The top hat
tends to lower the Q of the antenna thus reducing the voltage level
at the far end. An aluminum pie tin mounted on a ceramic cone
insulator may work for some applications.
Because of the helical loading provided by the spring and coil
structure, a good impedance match is obtained to the typical 50 OHM
systems. The power capacity of the antenna described is at least
1,000 watts CW or 2,000 watts PEP on SSB. Utilizing the antenna of
the type described, it has been found that the voltage standing
wave ratio bandwidth is as good, if not better, than that of normal
dipole antennas which only operate at discreet lengths. For
example, referring to FIG. 5 wherein a graph of voltage standing
wave ratio against frequency in megahertz is shown, it is seen that
for an 80 meter typical installation, wherein 60 feet of overall
length was utilized, the voltage standing wave ratio is less than
2.5 to 1 over the full 80 meter band. For a 40 meter typical
installation utilizing 34 feet of overall length, it is seen that
the voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2.0 to 1 over the full
40 meter band. For a 20 meter typical installation utilizing 16
feet of overall length, the voltage standing wave ratio is less
than 1.8 to 1.
The antenna is easily assembled and can be installed indoors in an
attic or crawl space as well as outdoors. It can be disassembled
and stored wherein, for the embodiment described, the two 4-inch
diameter coils require 8 inches of length for storage.
Hooks 45 grasp the inner end of contracted coils 22. Cords 47 have
one end attached to the hooks and the other end fastened to fixed
structure W. This arrangement secures the coils so that they are
extended to the proper length.
The performance of the antenna can be optimized by installing it as
high above ground as feasible and away from interfering objects
including metal as well as extra thickness of roof and wall
construction. While various lengths can be utilized for a specific
band, it is noted, as pointed out in the chart, that the relative
efficiency of the system is reduced at shorter lengths. Thus, the
longer the overall length of the antenna the higher the efficiency
of the system.
The overall length and effective height of the antenna can be
increased by keeping the center of the antenna high and lowering
the outer ends of the antenna coils towards the opposite low
corners of the room or attic of the space wherein the antenna is
located.
There has therefore been described a tunable dipole antenna which
can easily be assembled and disassembled, and at each location the
dipole antenna retuned by first extending the ends of the coils to
the maximum length available being cautious not to extend the coil
to permanently deform it. Then, the number of active turns are
adjusted in both parts of the coil to achieve the proper tuning
desired and to compensate for the local conditions including
location and effect of the vicinity surrounding the antenna.
There has been disclosed heretofore the best embodiment of the
invention presently contemplated. However, it is to be understood
that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without
departing from the spirit of the invention.
* * * * *