U.S. patent number 3,856,013 [Application Number 05/353,058] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-24 for hollow foam tampons from flat blanks.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Bernard A. Dulle.
United States Patent |
3,856,013 |
Dulle |
December 24, 1974 |
HOLLOW FOAM TAMPONS FROM FLAT BLANKS
Abstract
Making a hollow deformable tampon by forming a tampon blank
having a slit or separation between its top and bottom laminae,
said laminae being attached around a substantial portion of their
periphery leaving a large edge unattached. The blank can then be
inverted, i.e., turned inside out, if required to bend the laminae
to form an essentially circular tampon having a tensile stress on
its exterior and a compressive stress on its interior.
Inventors: |
Dulle; Bernard A. (Montgomery,
OH) |
Assignee: |
The Procter & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
26868461 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/353,058 |
Filed: |
April 20, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
172790 |
Aug 18, 1971 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
604/369; 604/904;
604/379; 604/385.18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F
13/2037 (20130101); Y10S 604/904 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61F
13/20 (20060101); A61F 13/24 (20060101); A61f
013/20 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/263,270,285
;19/144.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Rosenbaum; Charles F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Gorman; John V.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of application Ser. No. 172,790, filed Aug. 18,
1971 and now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A tampon comprising: a flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent
body, said body being a cellular material having a dry modulus of
compressibility of from 0.2 p.s.i. to 0.6 p.s.i., said body having
an internal discontinuity forming an interior surface, said
material having been deformed subsequent to cell formation so as to
provide the interior surface of said body with a circumferential
compressive stress and the exterior surface of said body with a
circumferential tensile stress so that the exterior surface portion
is tensilely strained and the interior surface portion is
compressively strained and the cell diameters parallel to and at
said exterior surface are thereby made generally larger than the
cell diameters parallel to and at said interior surface, thereby
establishing a capillary gradient between the exterior and interior
surfaces which creates a driving force from the exterior surface
toward the interior surface.
2. The article of claim 1 wherein said body is a plurality of
blanks of said material arranged so that said blanks encircle the
longitudinal axis of the tampon, the lateral edges of each blank
being adjacent the lateral edges of adjacent blanks, said adjacent
lateral edges of adjacent blanks being attached, thereby forming a
continuous wall about the longitudinal axis of the tampon, said
body being subsequently inverted to provide and maintain said
cellular deformation.
3. The article of claim 1 wherein said material is of substantial
thickness and has been inverted subsequent to cellular formation
and provision of said internal discontinuity, to interchange and
reverse said interior and exterior surfaces and compressively
stress the resultant interior surface and tensilely stress the
resultant exterior surface.
4. A tampon, comprising: a flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent
body, said body being a material having a dry modulus of
compressibility of from 0.2 p.s.i. to 0.6 p.s.i., said body having
internal discontinuity forming an interior surface, the interior
surface of said body having and maintained therein a
circumferential compressive stress and the exterior surface of said
body having and maintained therein a circumferential tensile stress
wherein said material is an absorbent foam and has elongated cells
therein, and the dimension of the foam cells transverse the tampon
exterior surface is greater than the dimension of the foam cells
parallel to the tampon exterior surface.
5. A tampon, comprising: a flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent
body, said body being a material having a dry modulus of
compressibility of from 0.2 p.s.i. to 0.6 p.s.i., said body having
internal discontinuity forming an interior surface, the interior
surface of said body having and maintained therein a
circumferential compressive stress and the exterior surface of said
body having and maintained therein a circumferential tensile stress
wherein said material is an absorbent foam and the foam cell
diameters parallel to and at said exterior surface are generally
larger than the foam cell diameters parallel to and at said
interior surface, thereby establishing a capillary gradient between
the exterior and interior surfaces which creates a driving force
from the exterior surface toward the interior surface.
6. The article of claim 1 wherein said modulus is about 0.4
psi.
7. A tampon, comprising: a flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent
body, said body being a material having a dry modulus of
compressibility of from 0.2 p.s.i. to 0.6 p.s.i., said body having
internal discontinuity forming an interior surface, the interior
surface of said body having and maintained therein a
circumferential compressive stress and the exterior surface of said
body having and maintained therein a circumferential tensile
stress, wherein said body is a plurality of blanks of said material
arranged so that said blanks encircle the longitudinal axis of the
tampon, the lateral edges of each blank being adjacent the lateral
edges of adjacent blanks, said adjacent lateral edges of adjacent
blanks being attached, thereby forming a continuous wall about the
longitudinal axis of the tampon and wherein said material is an
absorbent foam and has elongated cells therein, and the dimension
of the foam cells transverse the tampon exterior surface is greater
than the dimension of the foam cells parallel to the tampon
exterior surface.
8. The article of claim 2 wherein said material is an absorbent
foam and the foam cell diameters parallel to and at said exterior
surface are generally larger than the foam cell diameters parallel
to and at said interior surface, thereby establishing a capillary
gradient between the exterior and interior surfaces which creates a
driving force from the exterior surface toward the interior
surface.
9. A tampon, comprising: a flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent
body, said body being a material having a dry modulus of
compressibility of from 0.2 psi to 0.6 psi, said body being a
plurality of blanks of said material arranged so that said blanks
encircle the longitudinal axis of the tampon, the lateral edges of
each blank being adjacent the lateral edges of adjacent blanks,
said adjacent lateral edges of adjacent blanks being attached,
thereby forming a continuous wall about the longitudinal axis of
the tampon, said material being an absorbent foam and having
elongated cells therein, the dimension of said cells transverse the
tampon exterior surface being greater than the dimension of said
cells parallel to the tampon exterior surface, and the foam cell
diameters parallel to and at said exterior surface being generally
larger than the foam cell diameters parallel to and at said
interior surface, thereby establishing a capillary gradient between
the exterior and interior surfaces which create a driving force
from the exterior surface toward the interior surface.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to catamenial receptors intended
to be worn within the vagina while receiving discharges and to a
method for making this catamenial receptor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Anatomy references teach that the vaginal passage is a pocket
irregular in shape, rather than a cylindrical tube. It is about 3
to 4 inches long, shorter on its anterior wall and longer on the
posterior wall. It is collapsed to form a slit sideways of the
body, i.e., being wide but with little height. Distended, it forms
a gourd-shape or pear-shape balloon, wider at the top and possibly
lopsided because of the greater size of one lateral pocket or
fornix.
The anterior wall generally is greater than 3 inches long and the
posterior wall generally is greater than 4 inches long. These
lengths are measured from the hymen to the rearmost wall of the
vagina. The width at the rearmost or upper end ranges from about
11/2 inches to 3 inches and the circumference at that point is
about 8 inches.
Menstrual fluid enters the vagina through the cervix which is
located where the vagina is most distensible and therefore has its
maximum potential cross sectional area. The vagina is least
distensible near the introitus and therefore the potential cross
section is reduced. The introital region of the vagina is more
sensitive to outwardly directed pressures than the remainder of the
vagina.
During the menstural period an increased mucosal secretion is
released by the vaginal walls and vaginal cervix surface. In the
high-menstrual-flow woman, some discharge of whole blood mixed with
menses is evidenced. These natural secretions, i.e., the
mucoprotein and mucopolysaccharide solutions in vaginal mucus
secretions and the clottable whole blood, frequently block the
surface of current highly compressed textile tampons and hinder
menses sorption. A tampon product having a greater surface area,
cell size, and porosity will form a coarse filter medium which is
not readily blocked and which absorbs or entraps clots and mucus
while continuing to absorb menses.
Methods of collecting the recurring menses which flow periodically
from females during their child bearing years are many and varied
and are generally well known to those skilled in the art. Internal
absorptive devices generally in use are fibrous assemblies which
are highly compressed into 11/2 inches to 2 inches long cylinders
and approximately 1/2 inch in diameter. These products do not
expand in a cross sectional direction until contacted with body
fluids. Prior art insertion techniques are designed to achieve
placement of the tampon deep (21/4 inches - 21/2 inches) in the
vagina near the point of fluid entrance, i.e., near the cervix, and
thereby avoid placement near the introitus to avoid wearing
discomfort.
Deep insertion, i.e., to a position where the collapsed vaginal
vault contains many folds and convolutions, coupled with the small
cross sectional area of the compressed tampon frequently results in
bypass failures, i.e., the menses discharged from the cervix
travels the length of the vagina without contacting the tampon and
thereby bypasses the tampon without being absorbed. Bypass failures
occur because the deeply inserted, compressed tampon cannot block
the many folds and convolutions of the vagina in that deep region,
but the menses can and does flow down through these folds and
convolutions and ultimately through the introitus to soil the
woman's clothing.
An intravaginal device, for proper function per se, must satisfy
mutually contradictory criteria, as indicated by the following
anatomical facts. (1) The entrance (introitus) to the vagina is
provided with a functional sphincter comprised of several muscles
which form the main closure of the vagina. These muscles resist
distension of the vaginal vestibule, hence, entry to and exit from
the vagina proper. Consequently, the diameter of any intravaginal
device should be small for easy, comfortable, and safe insertion.
(2) Beyond this sphincter, the vagina per se is a flaccid organ,
the walls of which are normally collapsed about a horizontal plane,
touching one another, to give a cross section of roughly H-shape --
capable of relatively great lateral distension without appreciable
resistance.
Therefore, an ideal catamenial tampon should be (1) capable of
being easily made small enough in diameter to facilitate insertion
into, and removal from the vaginal cavity; (2) thereafter, with
minimum effort, being changed to a shape which is large enough in
diameter to permit the tampon to substantially fill and conform to
the cross section of the vagina; and (3) great enough in absorptive
capacity to permit the tampon to be worn for an extended period of
time during which it will accumulate the menses released and hold
it without leakage. These contradictory requirements are difficult
to reconcile.
Catamenial tampons are subject to four distinct kinds of failure:
bypass, partitioning, compression, and exceeding saturation
capacity. Bypass failure occurs when the menses travels the length
of the vagina without contacting the tampon, i.e., the tampon fails
to intercept the flowing menses. This generally occurs because the
tampon does not fill the cross section of the vagina. Partitioning
failure occurs when the menses flow rate past a particular area of
the tampon is greater than the absorption rate into the tampon in
that area. Thus, although some of the menses is absorbed, that flow
which is greater than the absorption rate into the tampon proceeds
past the tampon and out the introitus. This partitioning occurs
many times because the tampon surface is blocked by mucus
secretions, clotted blood, or endometrial debris. Compressive
failure occurs when the user inadvertently brings pressure to bear
on a tampon which has absorbed menses, and this pressure is great
enough to "squeeze" the menses from the tampon. Exceeding the
saturated capacity occurs when the tampon has absorbed all the
fluid it can, and for every drop added thereafter, another drop
must leave the tampon.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a method of making
hollow catamenial tampons from flat stock.
A more specific objective of this invention is to provide a method
of making hollow, conical catamenial tampons from flat stock.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method of
making hollow catamenial tampons from flat stock with a minimum of
scrap.
A further object of this invention is to provide a tampon which
effectively provides bypass control.
A more specific object of this invention is to provide a foam
tampon with improved absorption and wicking properties.
A further object of this invention is to provide a tampon having
superior capacity properties.
A further object of this invention is to provide a tampon which
distends laterally when it is deformed by the vertical force
exerted thereon by the vagina.
Another object of this invention is to provide a tampon which is
easy and comfortable to remove.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a method of making tampons having a cavity therewithin,
the method comprising making essentially unstressed blanks of
flexible, resilient, elastic, absorbent material and bending one or
more of the blanks about the longitudinal axis of the tampon to be
formed to form an essentially circular cross sectional tampon with
the lateral edges of the blanks lying essentially in a plane with
the longitudinal axis. The bending imparts a tensile stress on the
exterior surface and a compressive stress on the interior surface
thus formed. Then the lateral edges are attached to maintain the
blanks in a bent, essentially circular configuration.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a tampon comprising a flexible, resilient, elastic,
absorbent body which has an internal discontinuity which forms an
interior surface. The interior surface of the body has and
maintains therein a circumferential compressive stress, and the
exterior surface of the body has and maintains therein a
circumferential tensile stress.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing
out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as
forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention
will be better understood from the following descriptions taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings, in which the thickness
of some of the materials is exaggerated for clarity and in
which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of superposed webs of material showing the
layout for nested trapezoidal laminae on the web;
FIG. 2 is a perspective of one embodiment wherein trapezoidal
laminae are superposed coextensively and attached to form a
laminate blank;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the finished tampon resulting from
inverting, i.e., turning inside out the laminate blank of FIG.
2;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a slab wherein an interior slit is
made to form a laminate blank having an interior surface;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the tampon resulting from inverting
the laminate blank of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a flat blank in the form of the
segment of a circle;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a tampon formed from the flat blank
of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a tampon resulting from inverting
the tampon shown in FIG. 7; and
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a tampon formed from the flat blank
of FIG. 6 wherein the edges formed by the radii are overlapped and
attached.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The tampon of this invention has an internal discontinuity, usually
an interior cavity, and is made from one or more unstressed blank
pieces, which usually are flat i.e., of uniform thickness, of
flexible, resilient, dry-expanding, elastic, absorbent material.
The internal discontinuity is an internal relief whereby
diametrically opposed walls of the tampon have no interconnection
across the diameter, thus little or no diametrical tensile strength
remains to resist lateral spread when a force transverse the
tampon's longitudinal axis is exerted on the tampon. Dry-expanding
as used herein means a spreading from a compacted configuration,
e.g., as when within an inserter, without relying on the actions of
fluids to release compression set which may have taken place within
the absorbent body while it was compacted. The exterior surface of
the tampon is in tension and its interior surface is in
compression. It tends to have a capillary extending from the
exterior surface to the interior surface which is larger in
diameter at the exterior surface than at the interior surface.
In a preferred embodiment of this tampon as shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 8
and 9, the tampon is conically shaped in addition to being hollow,
but alternates to the conical shape would also be acceptable, for
example, hollow round cylindrical, hollow square cylindrical, any
hollow polygonal cylinder, and pyramidal.
These tampons may also have at least one line of discontinuity in
the wall of the tampon. The wall discontinuity if present occurs
where the lateral edges of the laminae in a laminate blank, as
shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, are attached or at the point of overlap
where the lateral edges of a flat blank are attached as shown in
FIGS. 7 and 9. As used herein, the words "attaching," "attachment,"
and the like include any of the methods well known to those of
ordinary skill in the art, for example, integrally united as in
FIG. 4, sewed, glued, ultrasonically welded.
A preferred embodiment of the tampon of this invention has a
generally conical exterior and an interior cavity which is also
generally conical. The cavity is coaxial with the exterior of the
tampon. The tampon has an exterior height of about 2.0 inches and
an external base diameter of about 2.1 inches. The wall thickness
is preferably about 0.40 inch, which leaves the interior cavity
with a base diameter of about 1.5 inches. The height of the
interior cavity is also about 1.5 inches.
The material comprising the absorbent body of this tampon can be
any of those materials having acceptable absorbency, resiliency and
elasticity properties. The polymeric foams are such a material and
are disclosed in detail in the concurrently filed, co-pending,
commonly owned application entitled, "Compliant Conformable
Tampon", by Bernard A. Dulle, Ser. No. 172,694, said application
being incorporated herein by reference. A flexible, resilient
polyurethane foam may be used as the absobent body of this tampon.
The preparation of flexible, resilient polyurethane foams is
disclosed in general and in detail in the text entitled,
Polyurethanes: Chemistry and Technology, Vol. XVI (in two parts) of
the series entitled High Polymers, by J. H. Saunders and K. C.
Frisch, copyrighted in 1962 and published by Interscience
Publishers, said work being incorporated herein by reference. A
similar disclosure of polyurethane technology can be found in
Polyurethane Technology, edited by Paul F. Bruins, copyrighted in
1969 and published by Interscience Publishers, this work also being
incorporated herein by reference.
Other disclosures of polyurethane foams can be found in the
following patents, all of which are incorporated herein by
reference: William J. Considine, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,391,091,
patented July 2, 1968; William E. Erner, U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,236,
patented Apr. 2, 1968; George T. Gmitter, et al, U.S. Pat. No.
3,341,482, patented Sept. 12, 1967; Robert A. Volz, U.S. Pat. No.
3,171,820, patented Mar. 2, 1965; Harlan B. Freyermuth, U.S. Pat.
No. 3,148,163, patented Sept. 8, 1964; Robert P. Kane, U.S. Pat.
No. 2,955,091, patented Oct. 4, 1960; Rudolf Bick, et al, U.S. Pat.
No. 2,938,005, patented May 24, 1960; Newell R. Bender, et al, U.S.
Pat. No. 2,888,409, patented May 26, 1959; and Andrew Mitchell III,
U.S. Pat. No. 2,850,464, patented Sept. 2, 1958.
The absorbent material for the tampon of this invention should be
mensesphilic, i.e., have surface characteristics such that the
menstrual fluid tends to spread readily or spontaneously on the
surface and in the capillaries. This spreading tendency is
primarily a function of (1) the nature and packing of atoms or
groups of atoms in the surface layer of the molecules of the
absorbent body and (2) the affinity of the outermost groups of
atoms comprising these molecules for the molecules of the fluid.
Secondary factors which modify the spreading tendency include
roughness of the surface and the affinity for the menstrual fluid
of the layers of atom groups just below the surface atoms.
Since the menstrual fluid is primarily an aqueous solution,
materials onto and into which it spreads readily could be loosely
described as hydrophilic. However, the state of the art respecting
wetting of materials allows a more precise description in terms of
contact angles and surface tensions of the fluids and solids
involved. This description is disclosed in detail in the American
Chemical Society publication entitled Contact Angle, Wettability
and Adhesion, edited by Robert F. Gould, and copyrighted in 1964;
said publication being incorporated herein by reference.
The contact angle is defined as the angle formed between two planes
as measured in the liquid, i.e., the plane tangent to the
liquid-air interface at the point of liquid-air-solid mutual
contact and the plane of liquid-solid contact at the
liquid-air-solid mutual contact. The smaller this angle is, the
less is the force required to spread the liquid and at a contact
angle of zero. the fluid tends to spread spontaneously and without
limit on the surface of the solid. In general, materials having a
contact angle between them of less than 90.degree. can be described
as -philic (attractive toward each other) and those having angles
greater than 90.degree. between them as -phobic (repellent toward
each other). Therefore, a mensesphilic material can be definitely
but broadly defined as one with which menstrual fluid makes a
contact angle of less than 90.degree..
The contact angle between a fluid and a solid, and consequently the
philicity or phobicity of the solid for the liquid, is related to
the ratio between the surface tension of the fluid and the solid.
In practice, the method for determining surface tension of the
solid is to compare contact characteristics of the solid against
various liquids. This method is more completely described on p. 12
et seq. of the above mentioned publication. The value derived from
this method is usually called the critical surface tension of the
solid. If the ratio is greater than 1:1, i.e., the surface tension
of the fluid is greater, the solid is -phobic. If the ratio is less
than 1:1, i.e., the surface tension of the solid is greater, the
solid is -philic. As the ratio becomes smaller, the solid is more
and more -philic.
Menstrual fluid has a surface tension range of about 35 to 60 dynes
per centimeter. It will have a contact angle of less than
90.degree. and will tend to spread spontaneously on a solid which
has a critical surface tension value greater than its surface
tension.
Water has a high surface tension which is about 72 dynes per
centimeter and would be apt to spread spontaneously only on solids
with critical surface tensions higher than 72 dynes per centimeter
unless the solid's surface has changed through an interaction with
the water. Therefore, hydrophilicity is not a precise definition
with respect to the affinity of a solid for menstrual fluid. The
contact angle between menstrual fluid and a solid or the ratio
between the surface tension of the menstrual fluid and the critical
surface tension of the solid is definitive of their mutual affinity
and tendency toward spontaneous wetting. Since the surface tension
of water is higher than that of menstrual fluid, any solid which is
hydrophilic is also usually mensesphilic.
Although flexible polyurethane foams in general can be used, there
are drastic differences in tampon performance between tampons
prepared from conventional mensesphobic flexible polyurethane foams
and mensesphilic flexible polyurethane foams. The differences are
sufficiently great that mensesphilic polyurethane foams are highly
preferred. Even within mensesphilic polyurethane foams there is a
wide variation in performance; and it is most preferred to use
mensesphilic polyurethane foams having good wet swell properties
since the total volume of menstrual fluids which can be contained
by a tampon is related to its eventual size and yet one prefers to
have a tampon of minimal size for ease of insertion. Minimal size
is especially important where one uses an inserter of the type that
requires the tampon to be pushed out through a cylindrical portion
of the inserter. Another desirable quality is low compression set
when radially compressed within an inserter since dry expansion
after insertion provides better bypass control. It is, of course,
desirable to use foams having a minimum content of extraneous
soluble materials since the product may be retained in the body for
a considerable period of time and retained soluble extraneous
materials could cause a safety hazard if they are toxic.
In general, the flexible polyurethane foams used in the preferred
embodiment of this invention will be prepared from a reaction mix
comprising a polyhydroxy compound which will be, at least in part,
a polyether but which may be also, in part, a polyester, and
mixtures of polyester and polyether compounds. The following
patents, all of which are incorporated herein by reference,
disclose mensesphilic polyurethane foams which are especially
desirable. Joerg Sambeth, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,586,648, patented
June 22, 1971; Alexis Archipoff, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,234,
patented Mar. 30, 1971; Joerg Sambeth, et al, U.S. Pat. No.
3,560,416, patented Feb. 2, 1971; Charles H. Hofrichter, et al,
U.S. Pat. No. 3,463,745, patented Aug. 26, 1969; Stanley I. Cohen,
et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,203, patented July 22, 1969; Joerg
Sambeth, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,451,954, patented June 24, 1969;
Joerg Sambeth, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,451,953, patented June 24,
1969; Joerg Sambeth, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,448, patented Mar.
11, 1969; Rudolf Merten, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,388,081, patented
June 11, 1968; Bernard Rabussier, U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,803, patented
May 28, 1968; James A. Calamari, U.S. Pat. No. 3,164,565, patented
Jan. 5, 1965; Morris V. Shelanski, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,098,048,
patented July 16, 1963; Carl V. Strandskov, U.S. Pat. No.
3,042,631, patented July 3, 1962; Fritz Schmidt, et al, U.S. Pat.
No. 3,007,883, patented Nov. 7, 1961; Harold L. Elkin, U.S. Pat.
No. 2,965,584, patented Dec. 20, 1960; Erwin Windemuth, et al, U.S.
Pat. No. 2,948,691, patented Aug. 9, 1960; Elekal, British Pat. No.
1,180,316, patented Feb. 4, 1970; Vereinigt Papierwerke Schickedanz
& Co., French Pat. No. 1,350,709, patented Dec. 23, 1963.
Other mensesphilic polyurethane foams can also be used, including
the foams disclosed in the following patents which are also
incorporated herein by reference. George Shkapenko, et al, U.S.
Pat. No. 3,535,143, patented Oct. 29, 1970; John G. Simon, et al,
U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,953, patented Apr. 28, 1970; Whitney R. Adams,
et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,458,338 patented July 29, 1969; John R.
Caldwell, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,418,066, patented Dec. 24, 1968;
Joerg Sambeth et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,245, patented Nov. 26,
1968; Lyle W. Colburn, U.S. Pat. No. 3,404,095, patented Oct. 1,
1968; Fred W. Meisel, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,090, patented May
7, 1968; Yvan Landler, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,823, patented
June 20, 1967; Ming Chih Chen, U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,465, patented
May 3, 1966; Sotirios S. Beicos, U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,000, patented
Sept. 15, 1964; John Bugosh, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,094,433,
patented June 18, 1963; Karl Goldann, U.S. Pat. No. 2,998,295,
patented Aug. 29, 1961; Marvin J. Hurwitz, et al, U.S. Pat. No.
2,990,378, patented June 27, 1961; John Bugosh, U.S. Pat. No.
2,920,983, patented Jan. 12, 1960; and William R. Powers, et al,
U.S. Pat. No. 2,900,278, patented Aug. 18, 1959.
In general, it is preferred to have mensesphilic foam which is at
least partially mensesphilic by virtue of the reactants; but it is
also desirable in many instances to add additional mensesphilic
materials to the foam to increase either the mensesphilicity of the
foam or the ability of the foam to hold liquid and resist
compressive failure, i.e., squeeze out. A mensesphilic,
polyurethane foam used should have a critical surface tension of at
least about 60 dynes per centimeter and preferably greater than
about 72 dynes per centimeter.
The foam used as the absorbent body should have a dry modulus of
compressibility as defined in ASTM Test D1564, Compression Load
Deflection Test (Suffix D), of from about 0.2 pounds per square
inch to about 0.6 pounds per square inch, preferably about 0.4
pounds per square inch, and a wet modulus of compressibility to
attain 75 percent of the original dry thickness ranging from about
0.1 to 0.3 psi, preferably about 0.2 psi. The ASTM Compression Load
Deflection Test consists of measuring the load necessary to produce
a 25 percent compression over the entire top area of the foam
specimen.
A hollow tampon permits a larger exterior surface than a non-hollow
tampon while using the same amount of material as in a non-hollow
tampon and can give a shape modulus of compression to the tampon,
i.e., the unidirectional pounds force required to deform the tampon
to its collapsed state which occurs when the interior cavity is
substantially eliminated and the interior surface is reduced to
line contact between opposing points, so the tampon will assume its
collapsed state under the forces exerted within the vagina. The
shape modulus should be greater than about 0.05 pounds so the
tampon has some tendency to maintain its shape when compressed. For
example, a tampon "as limp as a wet dishrag" would not work well
because it has essentially no shape modulus. The shape modulus
should not be greater than about 1.0 pound because then the tampon
becomes too difficult to deform and retains its round cross section
which is not as good for tampon performance because the vaginal
walls do have some beam strength and do not drape perfectly;
therefore, if the vagina is not fully distended by a tampon, a
greater percentage of the vaginal wall is in contact with a
collapsed, i.e., flattened, tampon than is in contact with an
uncollapsed, i.e., round, tampon, due to the vaginal wall
contilevering beyond the lateral edges of the tampon. The shape
modulus is dependent upon the density and elasticity of the
material and the shape of the tampon.
As a hollow tampon is deformed, the radius of curvature at the
lateral edges, i.e., at the termini of the major axis of the elipse
formed by deforming, is decreased, thereby placing the exterior
surface in tension and the interior surface in compression at the
lateral edges, the exterior surface and the interior surface of the
top and bottom walls, i.e., the walls at the termini of the minor
axis of the elipse formed, respectively put in compression and
tension.
The exterior surface of the tampon of this invention is in tension
while the interior surface is under compression prior to insertion
and collapse in the vagina. When the laminae as shown in FIGS. 2
and 4 or the flat blank as shown in FIG. 6, the laminae and the
flat blank comprising the absorbent body of the tampon, are made of
a foam cellular material, the exterior tension -- interior
compression resulting from bending the foam cellular material
establishes a capillary gradient between the exterior and interior
surfaces. The exterior tension tends to enlarge the diameter of the
cells on the exterior surface and the interior compression tends to
reduce the diameter of the cells on the interior surface.
Therefore, a capillary beginning on the exterior surface and
progressing to the interior surface will have a capillary gradient,
i.e., a larger diameter at the exterior than at the interior
surface. This capillary gradient is advantageous because it
promotes good wicking into the interior from the exterior due to
the fact that the smaller capillaries near the interior have a
greater capillary attraction than the larger ones and thus pull the
fluid deep into the tampon leaving the exterior relatively dry to
absorb more menses. Any capillary gradient is acceptable; the
capillary gradient in the preferred embodiment is probably about
linear and is acceptable to provide the increased driving force on
a liquid toward the tampon interior.
The capillary gradient is made greater in some areas of the tampon
when it is deformed to its collapsed state. The increased capillary
gradient provides better protection from failure in that increased
wicking potential exists in those areas. When the hollow tampon is
deformed to its collapsed state, the radius of curvature of the
lateral edges is decreased, thereby putting the exterior surface in
tension and the interior surface in compression as stated
previously. Since this tampon already has tension on the exterior
and compression on the interior, deforming the tampon results in a
greater capillary gradient at the lateral edges since the two
tensions imposed on the exterior are additive as are the two
compressive stresses imposed on the interior. The top and bottom
walls are returned to a substantially neutral state during
deformation of the tampon because they are returned to a flat
state, so there is essentially no capillary gradient therein. Thus
upon deforming this tampon, the capillary gradient is increased at
the lateral edges and decreased on the top and bottom walls of the
tampon.
The pressure between the vagina and the tampon is at its minimum at
the interface between the lateral edges of the two. Thus there is
little pressure between them to prevent partitioning of the menses
and the increased capillary gradient provides a more effective
fluid transport mechanism to attract the menses and prevent
partitioning. The maximum force exerted by the vagina on the tampon
is vertical and thus contact between the vagina and the top and
bottom walls of the tampon is good. This good contact between the
vagina and the top and bottom walls of the tampon minimizes
partitioning at this interface even though the fluid transport
mechanism is not enhanced by a capillary gradient in these regions
of a deformed tampon.
Directional porosity in a foam can also promote efficient
capillarity in that foam. Partitioning failure is reduced by
directional porosity. A foam tampon having the direction of highest
porosity transverse the longitudinal axis will absorb more menses,
i.e., have less partitioning failure, before failure.
Gas blown foams, i.e., those foams formed by the expansion of a gas
generated during the foam formation process, have elongated cells
which give directional porosity to the foam. The cell dimension in
the direction of the foam rise is longer than the cell dimension in
the direction transverse the foam rise. Thus partially open-cell
foam has greater porosity and a more efficient capillary system in
the direction of the foam rise.
The tampon of this invention made from a foam may have the foam
cells within its absorbent body oriented in almost any direction
desired. One advantageous cell orientation is such that the
direction of the foam rise is perpendicular to the tampon exterior
surface. Thus, the dimension of the foam cells transverse to the
tampon exterior surface is greater than the dimension of the foam
cells parallel to the tampon exterior surface. Orienting the cells
within the tampon in the above manner promotes fluid transfer from
the exterior surface to the interior surface of the tampon. Another
orientation which may be advantageous is to orient the cells
parallel to the tampon's longitudinal axis.
The method of forming hollow tampons engendered in this invention
is to bend one or more unstressed pieces or blanks of the absorbent
material about the longitudinal axis of the tampon to be formed and
attach the lateral edges such as 34 in FIG. 1, to maintain the
pieces in a bent configuration. It is to be understood that the
bending of the unstressed blanks and the attaching of their lateral
edges can be done in any order, i.e., the blanks can be attached
and then bent or bent and then attached. If the absorbent material
is the preferred material, i.e., a foam, the thickness of the
unstressed blanks preferably is parallel to the foam rise. The
thickness of the unstressed blanks is preferably uniform, but need
not necessarily be so. The unstressed blanks are usually flat, but
can also be otherwise.
The laminae 31 of FIG. 1 and 21 and 22 of FIG. 2 before attachment,
the laminae 25 and 36 of FIG. 4, the sector of a circle of FIG. 6,
and cast shapes similar to a hollow cone are all substantially
unstressed blanks. The imposition of a bending moment on one or
more unstressed blanks gives the tampon the tensile exterior
surface and the compressive interior surface which promotes the
capillary gradient. Also forming the tampons via this method
permits orienting the foam cells with respect to the tampon
structure to gain the advantages offered by the elongated cell
structure. Forming a hollow tampon by bending a flat piece of
absorbent material is faster, more controllable, more efficient,
and produces less waste material than cutting a hollow tampon from
a solid block of absorbent material.
A tampon of this invention can be formed by a method of attaching
the lateral edges 26 of superposed coextensive laminae to form a
liminate blank as shown in FIG. 2. The laminae 21 and 22 should
preferably be cut from a foam bun so the thickness of the laminae
is parallel to the direction of the foam rise. Cutting the laminae
in that way orients the foam cells so that any elongation in them
due to foam rise will be perpendicular to the exterior surface of
the tampon. Triangular or trapezoidal shaped laminae have been
found to work well for generally conical or bell shaped
tampons.
Trapezoidal laminae which have worked well to form an acceptable
tampon each have an altitude of 2.25 inches, a long base of 3.75
inches, a short base of 1.06 inches, and a thickness of 0.4 inch.
Flat stock 0.40 inch thick was cut from a foam bun transverse to
the direction of rise. Then the similar trapezoidal laminae were
cut from that 0.40 inch thick flat stock. Two separately formed
laminae were then coextensively superposed and attached together by
a zig-zag sewing stitch in an area of attachment 23 along the
lateral edges 26 as shown in FIG. 2. The area of attachment can be
extended along the short base of the laminae if desired.
A withdrawal string 24 can also be attached within the area of
attachment 23 which holds the laminae 21 and 22 together. One way
to attach the withdrawal string 24 is to position it within the
appropriate area of attachment and then sew it to the laminae at
the same time the area of attachment 23 is formed. Although FIGS. 2
and 3 show the withdrawal string 12 depending from the narrow end
of the tampon, it is to be understood that the string 12 can also
depend from other points of the tampon, e.g., the wide end or base
of the tampon. The string 12 can also be attached in ways other
than incorporating it into the area of attachment, e.g., tying it
to the tampon.
The laminate blank as shown in FIG. 2 is then inverted, i.e.,
turned inside out whereby the internal surface becomes the external
surface, to impose a bending moment upon the laminae which forms
the tampon shown in FIG. 3. The tampon of FIG. 3 has a generally
conical shape or more specifically a bell shape having essentially
a circular cross section and the approximate dimension as follows:
altitude of 2.0 inches, exterior base diameter of 2.1 inches, and
interior base diameter of 1.2 inches. An essentially circular cross
section encompasses all cross sections which are essentially
curvilinear, including, for example, the cross section of the shape
in FIG. 7. After the laminate blank is inverted, if the withdrawal
string 24 was attached as above described, it may be pushed through
the apex of the tampon from the interior to the exterior so that it
depends from the exterior surface of the tampon.
Inverting a laminate blank imparts a bending moment to the laminae
such that the tampon formed has a generally circular periphery in a
plane transverse to the tampon's longitudinal axis. This bending
moment places the cells on the exterior surface in tension and the
cells on the interior surface in compression whereby a capillary
size gradient is formed between the exterior and interior surface
of the tampon. The average diameter of the capillaries on the
exterior surface is larger than the average diameter of the
capillaries on the interior surface, and the gradient between the
exterior and interior surfaces is substantially linear. It has been
determined that the average cell diameter on the exterior surface
is approximately 62 percent larger than the average cell diameter
on the interior surface of a tampon of the above construction. A
tampon having this capillary size gradient promotes good wicking
into the tampon from the exterior surface because a fluid will wick
deeper as the capillary size decreases.
Laminate blanks formed from more than two laminae can also be
formed if it is desirable to make a multilayered tampon. Thus four
laminae could be superposed and attached along their lateral edges
to form a laminate blank having four layers and three intermediate
pockets between the superposed laminae. Special purpose materials
such as other absorbents could be placed in the outside pockets
thus formed to build different characteristics into the tampon.
Also, the laminae could be made of differing materials to develop
special absorbency properties within a tampon.
These tampons can also be made from a slab of absorbent material
such as is shown in FIG. 4 wherein the thickness of the slab is
twice the thickness of the tampon wall. The shape of the blank is
determined by the desired shape for the finished tampon. A shape
which has been found to work well in forming a hollow, generally
conical tampon such as shown in FIG. 5 is a trapezoid. The slab of
FIG. 4 used to make the tampon of FIG. 5 is trapezoidal and has a
short base at the top, a long base at the bottom and two lateral
sides 27. It is cut to form a slit 28 whereby a laminate blank
having an interior surface is formed. Slit 28 is parallel to the
top and bottom of the slab and propagates from the long base
through the thickness of the material toward the short base to
separate the slab into a top laminae 25 and a bottom laminae 36.
These two laminae 25 and 36 can be equal in thickness or of
different thicknesses. The slit 28 stops short of the lateral side
27 so that the laminae 25 and 36 are attached to each other along
their lateral edges via areas of attachment 38. An area of
attachment along each edge which has been found to be satisfactory
is approximately one-half the thickness of a laminae. Therefore, if
the slab were 0.8 inch thick and the slit 28 separated the top
laminae 25 and the bottom laminae 36 into equal thickness laminae
of 0.4 inch each, the area of attachment 38 at each lateral side 27
would be approximately 0.2 inch.
The slit 28 can extend to the short base of the trapezoidal slab if
an open ended tampon is desired. If it is preferable to have a
tampon having one end opened and the other end closed, the slit 28
can stop short of the short base of the trapezoid in order to form
a closed end tampon.
The slit slab as shown in FIG. 4 is then inverted, i.e., turned
inside out to form the tampon as shown in FIG. 5. This forms a
substantially smooth exterior surface tampon and the elasticity and
resiliency of the absorbent material imparts a bending moment to
each of the top laminae 25 and the bottom laminae 36 so as to form
a substantially conical hollow tampon wherein the exterior surface
is in tension and the interior surface is in compression.
Referring now to FIG. 1, it can be seen that tampons of this
invention can be made economically on a production basis in the
following manner: Webs 37 of laminae 31, formed from the flexible,
resilient, elastic, absorbent material to be used, are superposed
to form a stack-up of laminae. The width of the web 37 is wide
enough to accommodate the height of a trapezoidal lamina 31, so
that a web 37 of nested trapezoidal laminae 31 is at least as wide
as the altitude of the laminae 31. These webs can be made from the
mensesphilic polyurethane foam absorbent material described above
and can be of a length which is convenient and easy to handle. Long
lengths of the web can be prepared and wound on spools so that the
web can be fed from the spool into a tampon making operation. The
thickness of the web can be as desired and depends upon the size
and shape of the tampon to be formed. For a tampon of the size and
shape described in the above method of making a tampon from
superposed trapezoidal laminae, a web thickness of 0.40 inch has
been found to produce an acceptable tampon.
The desired number of webs are then superposed so their lateral
edges coincide and areas of attachment 35 attaching the superposed
webs are formed in a pattern such that the approximate centerlines
of the areas of attachment define the lateral edges 34 of the
laminae whereby a sequence of laminate blanks are formed. The areas
of attachment 35 are a means of attaching the laminae contained in
the top web to the laminae contained in webs underlying the top web
while leaving the center portion of the laminate blank unattached.
As alternates to the sinesodial areas of attachment shown in FIG.
1, the areas of attachment 35 can also be straight, continuous, or
intermittent areas which are centered on the lateral edges 34 of
the laminae 31. The laminate blanks formed from the laminae 31 are
then severed from the adjacent material by cutting along the
centerlines of the areas of attachment 35.
As seen in FIG. 1, the laminae 31 can be nested on the webs 37 so
that little or no waste results when the laminate blanks are cut
free from the adjoining material. Trapezoidal laminae nest well on
a continuous web.
The severed laminate blanks are then inverted as described above to
form a tampon similar to the one shown in FIG. 3. Again, the
inverting of the laminate blank places a bending stress upon each
laminae to form a tampon which is generally conical and has a
hollow interior whereby the external surface of the tampon is in
tension and the internal surface is in compression.
The tampon of this invention can also be made by folding over flat
blanks, such as the circular sector shown in FIG. 6 which has
lateral edges 29. Again, a thickness of about 0.4 inch has been
found to perform satisfactorily and a segment including about
130.degree. has produced a tampon which works well. The flat blank
is folded over about one of its radii such that its lateral edges
29 are superposed as shown in FIG. 7. Then an area of attachment 30
is applied to the superposed lateral edges to retain the flat blank
in a bent configuration, such as the shape shown in FIG. 7. The
bending of a resilient, elastic flat blank imparts a tensile stress
to the exterior surface and a compressive stress to the interior
surface. The form shown in FIG. 7 could be used as is for a tampon,
but to make a tampon which is more aesthetically appealing in that
its exterior surface does not have the protruding edge caused by
the area of attachment, the tampon of FIG. 7 can be inverted to
produce the tampon as shown in FIG. 8 wherein the edge is located
on the interior surface of the tampon and the exterior surface
becomes the interior surface. Inverting the tampon of FIG. 7
reverses the surface stress such that the exterior surface of the
tampon of FIG. 8 is in tension while the interior surface is in
compression.
A flat blank in the form of a sector of a circle shown in FIG. 6
can also be bent or folded over to form a tampon with a slightly
different configuration than shown in FIG. 8 by folding the flat
blank over and superposing the lateral edges 29 in an overlap joint
such as is shown in FIG. 9. The overlapped superposed lateral edges
are then attached with an area of attachment 40 to form a hollow,
generally conical tampon. This tampon need not be inverted for
aesthetic or other reasons because it will have substantially the
same shape and stresses regardless of which surface is the exterior
surface.
The above methods of bending flat stock to form hollow tampons are
not limited to conical shaped tampons but also apply to other
shapes which can be formed from flat stock such as hollow cylinders
having a circular cross section and hollow cylinders having a
polygonal cross section.
Thus it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance
with the invention, a tampon that fully satisfies the objects,
aims, and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been
described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is
evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will
be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing
description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such
alternatives, modifications, and variations as follows in the
spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *