U.S. patent number 3,855,597 [Application Number 05/405,992] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-17 for phase-scanned radiating array.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Rockwell International Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert L. Carlise.
United States Patent |
3,855,597 |
Carlise |
December 17, 1974 |
PHASE-SCANNED RADIATING ARRAY
Abstract
A phase-scanned radiating array employing an end-fed radiating
waveguide having radiating apertures spaced along the length of one
side of the waveguide. A series interconnected plurality of
windings is wound about the waveguide and spaced intermediate
successive ones of the radiating apertures. A longitudinal ferrite
rod, inserted within the waveguide, has axially spaced
interruptions in the ferrite material cross section thereof, the
spacing corresponding to that of the radiating apertures of the
waveguide.
Inventors: |
Carlise; Robert L. (Irvine,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Rockwell International
Corporation (El Segundo, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
26941263 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/405,992 |
Filed: |
October 12, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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250945 |
May 8, 1972 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/768; 342/371;
343/787 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
21/005 (20130101); H01Q 3/38 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
3/30 (20060101); H01Q 3/38 (20060101); H01Q
21/00 (20060101); H01q 013/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/854,768,787 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Humphries; L. Lee Hamann; H.
Fredrick Pitts; Rolf M.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
250,945 filed May 8, 1972 by Robert L. Carlise and entitled
Phase-Scanned Radiating Array, now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A phased-scanned radiating array comprising in combination
an end-fed radiating rectangular waveguide having radiating
apertures spaced along the length of a side thereof,
a series interconnected plurality of windings wound about said
waveguide and axially spaced intermediate successive areas of said
radiating apertures, and
a longitudinal ferrite rod inserted within said waveguide, said rod
having regularly spaced magnetic and dielectric interruptions in
the ferrite material cross-section thereof, the spacing of said
interruptions corresponding to that of said apertures,
said interruptions in said ferrite material cross-section being
filled with a dielectric material having a dielectric constant
substantially different from that of said ferrite.
2. A phased-scanned radiating array comprising in combination
an end-fed radiating rectangular waveguide having radiating
apertures spaced along the length of a side thereof,
a series interconnected plurality of windings wound about said
waveguide and axially spaced intermediate successive areas of said
radiating apertures, and
a longitudinal ferrite rod inserted within said waveguide, said rod
having regularly spaced magnetic and dielectric interruptions in
the ferrite material cross-section thereof, the spacing of said
interruptions corresponding to that of said apertures,
said rod being comprised of successive axial sections alternately
of ferrite and of a dielectric material, the dielectric material
being preselectively axially phase spaced relative to said
regularly spaced apertures and having a dielectric constant
substantially different from that of said ferrite.
3. A phase-scanned radiating array comprising in combination
an end-fed radiating rectangular waveguide having radiating
apertures spaced along the length of a side thereof,
a series interconnected plurality of windings wound about said
waveguide and acially spaced intermediate successive areas of said
radiating apertures,
a longitudinal ferrite rod inserted within said waveguide and
parallel to said side, said rod having regularly axially spaced
interruptions of a combined magnetic and dielectric nature in the
ferrite material cross-section thereof, the spacing of said
interruptions corresponding to that of said apertures,
said rod being comprised of successive axial sections alternately
of ferrite and of a dielectric material, the dielectric material
axial sections being between 0.03-0.04 free space wavelength in
length.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The field of technology to which the subject invention relates is
phase-scanned antenna arrays or radiating phase-shifters.
In the design of microwave phase-shifters, it has been known that a
variation in magnetization of a ferrite rod inserted in a waveguide
may be utilized to produce variations in the phase shift of
microwave energy propagated through such waveguide. Such
magnetization change may be produced by means of varying the
excitation of a winding wound about the waveguide section. Such
described assembly, while functioning as a microwave phase shifter
(and known in the art as a Reggia-Spencer phase shifter), does not
readily lend itself to functioning as a phase-scanned radiating
array. In other words, where a longitudinal array of slots are
placed in the waveguide, in an attempt to form a phased array
antenna or phase-controlled radiating feedline, it is found that
such structure is of limited efficiency, being useful over only a
very narrow or restricted phase range. As increased phase-scanning
is sought by increasing the magnetization of the ferrite rod,
consequent approaching saturation of the rod reduces coupling to
and radiation from the array of slots.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
By means of the concept of the subject invention, the above-noted
adverse coupling effects are avoided, and an electronically-scanned
radiating feedline is obtained which is of increased utility over a
wider scan angle range without suffering the degree of attenuation
associated with the prior art.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is provided a
modified Reggia-Spencer microwave delay line, comprising a
rectangular waveguide section containing a ferrite rod structure
and having a winding axially wound about the waveguide section. A
longitudinal array of mutually spaced apertures or radiating slots
is included in one face of the waveguide section, the windings
being arranged between successive slots to avoid blockage thereof.
Further modification of the Reggia-Spencer delay line includes
axially spaced interruptions of a combined magnetic and dielectric
nature in the ferrite material cross section of the ferrite rod,
the spacing corresponding to that of the apertures of the
waveguide.
By means of such arrangement of axially spaced interruptions, a
saturated ferrite section is avoided in the vicinity of the
radiating apertures, whereby improved energy coupling is obtained,
particularly under condition of large scan angles or increased
phase shift (as produced by increased ferrite magnetization).
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an improved
phase-scanned array.
Another object of the invention is to provide a phase-scanned
radiating feedline of reduced attenuation over a wider phase-shift
range.
A further object is to provide a minimum bulk phase-scanned
feedline having improved coupling performance.
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from
the following description, when taken together with the
accompanying drawings in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic arrangement, in partial vertical central
section, of a device embodying the concept of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view in perspective, partially torn away, of the device
of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view in perspective showing an alternate (switchable)
end-fed, phase-scanned line source, in which the concept of the
invention may be advantageously employed; and
FIG. 4 is an antenna array for providing a uniplanarly
electronically scanned pencil beam, employing the device of FIGS. 1
and 2.
In the figures, like reference characters refer to like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic
arrangement, in partial vertical central section, of a device
embodying the concept of the invention. There is provided a
rectangular waveguide section 10 having a longitudinal array of
spaced slots or radiating apertures 11a-11n in an H wall thereof
(more clearly seen in FIG. 2). Although such slots are shown to be
regularly spaced, such spacing may be selected to be otherwise for
the purpose of effecting a desired beam shape, as is understood by
those skilled in the art. Axially wound about waveguide 10 is a
winding 12, so arranged as to avoid blocking apertures 11a-11n. In
other words, there is provided a series-interconnected plurality of
component windings 12a-12n each axially spaced intermediate
successive ones of the radiating apertures 11a-11n. An additional
winding (not shown) may be included on each end of the waveguide to
minimize the "end-effect" associated with long solenoids and to
ensure a uniform magnetic field in the terminal axial sections of
the ferrite rod relative to the central axial sections thereof.
A longitudinal structure or rod 13 is inserted within the waveguide
section 10, the rod 13 being comprised of a ferrite material and
having regularly spaced interruptions 14a-14n in the ferrite
material cross-section, the spacing of the interruptions
corresponding to that of the apertures. Such interruptions in such
ferrite cross-sectional area may comprise air gaps or be filled
with a solid dielectric material, the dielectric constant of such
air gap or other dielectric material being substantially different
than that of the ferrite material, whereby both a magnetic and
dielectric perturbation are commonly provided by such spatial
interruptions. As illustrated in FIG. 1, such interruptions may be
abrupt and total, and employ dielectric spacers 14a-14n
intermediate the ferrite axial sections 15a-15n+1, the like axial
dimension of each such dielectric spacer being preferably 0.03-0.04
free space wavelength. In manufacture, the mutually axially spaced
axial ferrite sections or slugs may be potted or encapsulated in a
dielectric compound which is cast so as to fit in and be
conveniently positionable in the waveguide section, whereby the
ferrite slugs 15a- 15n+1 are adequately supported. Alternatively,
the ferrite slugs and dielectric spaces may be taped or wrapped as
an integral rod assembly, and the rod assembly potted in such
dielectric compound. Although the rod assembly, as illustrated, has
been shown as circular in cross section, obviously other cross
section shapes may be used, such as rectangular for instance.
The spacing regularity of the series H wall slots 11a-11n may be
selected relative to an integer number of waveguide wavelengths
(n.lambda.g) to provide a back scan angle -.beta. (for the antenna
beam), while a maximum magnetization state of the ferrite slugs
corresponds to a broadside beam direction for an antenna beam
formed by the combined radiation from the slots in response to
end-fed RF excitation of waveguide 10.
In normal operation of the above-described arrangement, the
magnetic field within the ferrite slugs tends to be proportional to
the current through solenoid winding 12. Now, the velocity of
propagation of the end-fed RF excitation introduced into the loaded
waveguide is proportional to the magnetic field in the ferrite
material and, therefore, tend to be proportional to the solenoid
current in winding 12. As is well understood in the art of
electronically scanning antennas, the angle (relative to the
radiating feed line 10) at which a beam pattern is radiated from
slotted line 10 is a function of the slot spacing and the RF
propagation velocity within the waveguide. By merely changing the
solenoid current (through winding 12), the propagation velocity
and, hence, the associated beam angle may be correspondingly
changed.
For the backscanned mode described above, the initial back-scan
angle, -.beta..sub.o, is reduced by increasing the applied
excitation of solenoid 12 from zero, a maximum excitation producing
a broadside angle (direction normal or perpendicular to the axial
extent of radiating feedline 10). By then reducing the solenoid
excitation to zero and applying the RF excitation to the opposite
end of feed 10 (by means of a double-throw RF switch such as that
described in my copending application Serial No. 244,815 forwarded
Apr. 14, 1972 now U.S. Pat No. 3,768,041, the antenna may be made
to "look" at an opposite angle, +.beta..sub.o (displaced from the
initial angle, -.beta..sub.o, by the amount 2.beta.); then by again
increasing the solenoid excitation, the look angle is back-scanned
or reduced to broadside (or zero). Thus, by such two oppositely
end-fed scanning intervals, a full scanning cycle is completed by
which the antenna is scanned over the range .-+..beta..sub.o. Such
alternate (switchable) end-fed arrangement is shown more
particularly in FIG. 3 by means of a four pin diode, double-throw
RF switch 20 having switched ports 1 and 2 coupled to respective
ends of radiating waveguide 10 by guide sections 110a and 110b, and
further having a common port 3 (which may be selectively coupled to
an alternate one of ports 1 and 2 , as explained more fully in my
above noted copending application Ser. NO. 244,815 now U.S. Pat.
No. 3,768,041.
Although the coupling between the radiating slots and the
magnetizable ferrite rod assembly has been described as periodic
magnetic and dielectric structured interruptions corresponding to
the spatial periodicity of the radiating slots and comprising
removals of or reductions in the ferrite crosssectional area, the
concept or the invention is not so limited, and such coupling may
be comprised of metallic probes radially extending from the rod
assembly toward the slots and insulated from both the waveguide
wall 10 and the ferrite rod.
The device of FIGS. 1 and 2, having a large system aperture
dimension in the scanning plane or longitudinal direction of the
single line array and having a narrow system aperture direction
normal to the scanning plane, provides a (horizontally) scanning
fan beam (wide vertical beam width and narrow horizontal beam
width). A uniplanarly scanning pencil beam may be obtained by
employing a system of coplanar stacked or mutually parallel
radiating feeds 15a-15n each end-fed from a corresponding slot of
the radiating phase-shifter line source 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2, as
shown more particularly in FIG. 4. By means of such arrangement,
the plane of the ultimate radiating slots of the antenna is at
90.degree. to the plane of the slots of the phase shifter, the
scanning direction or plane being substantially parallel, however,
to the longitudinal direction of the phase shifter line source 10.
Because of the large aperture dimension in each direction of the
array, a pencil beam slope results, as is understood in the art.
Obviously, the alternate end-fed switching arrangement of FIG. 3
may be employed with line 10 of FIG. 4.
Accordingly, there has been described an improved electronically
scanned array comprising an end-fed slotted waveguide and modified
Reggia-Spencer type phase shifter, which is of minimum bulk,
low-cost and high performance.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated in
detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of
illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of
limitation, the spirit and scope of this invention being limited
only by the terms of the appended claims.
* * * * *