U.S. patent number 3,854,133 [Application Number 05/364,285] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-10 for electro-magnetic distance measuring apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to South African Inventions Development Corporation. Invention is credited to Paul Joseph Cabion.
United States Patent |
3,854,133 |
Cabion |
December 10, 1974 |
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING APPARATUS
Abstract
In an electro-magnetic distance measuring instrument of the type
in which a distance between two points is inferred from a knowledge
of the transit time of an electro-magnetic wave by means of a
series of phase measurements taken with waves of decreasing
effective frequency, apparatus for automatically deriving a final
distance from such a series of measurements. These phase
measurements have two digits, are subject to errors and are taken
with waves having effective frequencies related by powers of ten.
The apparatus of the invention operates sequentially on
measurements due to waves of decreasing effective frequency by
adding a number which may be either four or five to, and
subtracting the magnitude of the tens digit of the preceding
measurement from a new measurement. This operation corrects the
tens digit of the new measurement for any error which may have
occurred during measuring, so that it can be used as one of the
digits in the final result.
Inventors: |
Cabion; Paul Joseph
(Johannesburg, ZA) |
Assignee: |
South African Inventions
Development Corporation (Pretoria, ZA)
|
Family
ID: |
25564916 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/364,285 |
Filed: |
May 29, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
May 29, 1972 [ZA] |
|
|
72/3648 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
342/127; 342/125;
342/174 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01S
13/36 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01S
13/00 (20060101); G01S 13/36 (20060101); G01s
009/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/12R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilbur; Maynard R.
Assistant Examiner: Montone; G. E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Young & Thompson
Claims
We claim:
1. A device for processing phase measurements obtained from
electro-magnetic distance measuring apparatus yielding successive
phase difference measurements each having one digit with the same
significance as the current most significant digit in a partial
measure of the distance and one digit of greater significance than
that digit to indicate the final distance, comprising means to
accept measurements from the measuring apparatus, means to
accumulate those measurements and after the first measurement to
add in a modulo corresponding with the number of digits in a phase
measurement and at the weight of the current most significant digit
in the partial measure a correcting quantity to each measurement to
allow for error in the measurement, means to control the
accumulating means so that correcting quantity is a predetermined
quantity minus the current most significant digit in the partial
measure of distance, and means to indicate the final distance.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1 in which the predetermined
quantity is four.
3. A device as claimed in claim 1 in which the predetermined
quantity is five.
4. A device as claimed in claim 1 in which the accumulating means
is a counter to count a serial train of pulses representing a phase
difference.
5. A device as claimed in claim 4 in which the counter is a two
digit decimal counter.
6. A device as claimed in claim 4 in which the controlling means is
digital logic which presets the accumulating means to a value
corresponding to the correcting quantity before a phase measurement
is accumulated so that the correcting quantity is added to the
measurement.
7. A device as claimed in claim 1 in which the indicating means is
a visual display.
8. A device as claimed in claim 1 in combination with
electro-magnetic distance measuring apparatus.
9. A device as claimed in claim 6 in combination with
electro-magnetic distance measuring apparatus.
Description
This invention relates broadly to electro-magnetic distance
measuring apparatus.
In electro-magnetic distance measuring, the transit time of an
electro-magnetic wave between stations positioned at the ends of a
line to be measured is measured by determining the phase-shift
which the wave undergoes in a round trip from one station to the
other and back. The distance is inferred from the measured time and
a knowledge of the velocity of propagation of the wave under the
prevailing atomospheric conditions. One instrument which performs
this operation is a Tellurometer.
Since phase can only be resolved with a limited accuracy, accurate
measurement of a time requires that the wave have a high frequency.
Determining the phase shift between the outgoing and incoming waves
having such a high frequency does not indicate the round trip time
however, since this time may total an unknown number of wave
periods plus that time indicated by the measured phase shift. Thus
the indication of time (or distance) obtained using a high
frequency wave is not only highly accurate but also highly
ambiguous. In order to resolve this ambiguity, phase shift is
measured with waves having, effectively, lower frequencies. The
resulting measurements have lesser accuracies but also less
ambiguities.
In practical instruments, the waves usually have effective
frequencies related by powers of ten, and the phases are resolved
to 1 percent. Thus measurement of a line results in a set of
readings usually known as patterns, each having two digits, the
digit of greater significance in a particular reading having the
same significance as the digit of lesser significance in a reading
obtained using a wave having a frequency of one tenth of that of
the wave used to obtain the first mentioned reading. Since the
phases are measured with only a limited accuracy (usually better
than .+-.5 percent in practical instruments) the above-mentioned
digits having the same significance do not necessarily agree so
that the second reading must be adjusted in order to make them
agree. This procedure is known as fitting the patterns, and in
known instruments is effected manually by the operator.
In such an instrument, a final time (corresponding to a distance),
is inferred from a series of these phase measurements taken with
progressively decreasing effective pattern frequencies. As
indicated above, the phase is obtained to a precision of 1 percent
and an accuracy of better than .+-.5 percent, with pattern
frequencies related by powers of 10.
For example, suppose the actual distance to be measured is 99,000
metres. A representative set of measurements might be:
1st phase measurement reads 00 (which is correct) 2nd phase
measurement reads 95 (which is 5% low) 3rd phase measurement reads
00 (which is correct) 4th phase measurement reads 04 (which is 4%
high) 5th phase measurement reads 85 (which is 5% low) 6th phase
measurement reads 03 (which is 4% high)
In the case of a conventional Tellurometer, the final distance is
inferred manually according to the following procedure:
All phases following the first are treated sequentially by adding
or subtracting the least number to make the least significant digit
of the particular phase measurement agree with the most significant
digit of the previous measurement. The most significant digit is
then correct and any carry is neglected. In known instruments a
negative error of 5 is considered to be more likely than a positive
error of 5, so that five must be added in cases of doubt. This
means that a particular measurement is adjusted to the nearest
value having its least significant digit in agreement with the most
significant digit of the previous measurement, and where two values
are equally likely, the lesser value is taken in view of the
above-stated assumption that negative error of 5 is more likely
than a positive error of 5.
Thus the above example proceeds as follows:
The first phase measurement is written down as the two least
significant digits of the final result, thus xxxxx,OO, (where xxxxx
represents the part of the result as yet unresolved from the phase
measurements) and is assumed to be correct. The second phase
measurement is now treated according to the above procedure. Thus,
to make the 5 agree with the most significant 0 in the previous
measure, 5 can be either added or subtracted, but, as described,
must be added in such a case. Addition of 5 gives a result of 00,
the carry of 1 being neglected. Thus the most significant 0 is now
correct and is the next most significant digit in the result, thus,
xxxx0,00. The third phase measurement has its least significant
digit in agreement with the most significant digit of the previous
measurement and thus the most significant 0 is correct and is the
next most significant digit in the result thus, xxx00,00. In the
fourth phase measurement, the least number which can be added or
subtracted to obtain the required agreement is 4 and it is to be
subtracted, giving the corrected phase measurement of 00 and the
next most significant digit in the result as 0, thus, xx000,00. The
fifth phase measurement requires the addition of 5 according to the
procedure and results in a corrected next most significant digit of
9 in the result, thus, x9000,00. In the sixth phase measurement,
subtraction could cause the result to become negative unless it is
remembered that a carry digit has no significance, making it
possible to subtract 4 from 103 to obtain 99 and a most significant
digit of 9 in the result, thus, 99000,00 metres.
A detailed exposition of the principles and operation of the
Tellurometer is to be found in the Transactions of the South
African Institute of Electrical Engineers of May 1958 at p.
143.
It is an object of the invention to provivde a device for
processing phase measurements from electro-magnetic distance
measuring apparatus to indicate the final distance.
A device according to the invention comprises means to accept
measurements from the measuring apparatus, means to accumulate
those measurements and after the first measurement to add, in a
modulo corresponding with the number of digits in a phase
measurement and at the weight of the current most significant digit
in the partial measure, a correcting quantity to each measurement
to allow for error in the measurement, means to control the
accumulating means so that the correcting quantity is a
predetermined quantity minus the current most significant digit in
the partial measure of distance, and means to indicate the final
distance.
Further according to the invention, the predetermined quantity is
either four or five.
The operation of the invention is described below with reference to
the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an electro-magnetic distance
measuring system in which one station includes apparatus according
to the invention, and
Fig. 2 shows a more detailed block schematic diagram of a part of
the apparatus at the lower left of FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, a master station 100 and remote station 102, are
positioned at opposite ends of a line to be measured. At the master
station, a microwave carrier is generated by an oscillator 104,
such as a klystron, and modulated so that the resulting modulated
carrier has the spatial form, when used for measuring, of an
electro-magnetic wave at the modulating or pattern frequency. A
number of stable pattern frequencies are generated by a crystal
oscillator 106. The modulated carrier is sent to the remote station
where it is received, processed, and re-transmitted to the master
station. Dish antennas 108 direct the microwave signals at each
station. The received microwave signal at the master station is
hetrodyned to a lower intermediate frequency in a mixer, (not
shown) with the oscillator 104 acting as the local oscillator, and
is then amplified by a tuned amplifier 110. The signal at the
output of the amplifier 110 has two components, one representing
the phase of the transmitted signal and one the phase of the
received signal at the remote station. The two components are
detected separately in detectors 112 and 114 and are then passed to
a phase comparison circuit 116. This is the arrangement in a
conventional Tellurometer such a unit being completed by some form
of display to indicate the relative phase of the two
components.
In electro-magnetic distance measuring apparatus using the
invention, the process of inferring the final distance as described
above is done electronically and automatically in the apparatus. In
order to effect the required process automatically, an algorithm is
needed which can be simply implemented. With pattern frequencies
related by powers of ten, and relative phase measured to two digits
with an accuracy of better than .+-.5 percent, such an algorithm
requires that a predetermined quantity which may be either four or
five be added to a measure to be corrected and that the magnitude
of the tens digit of the previous measure obtained using a wave of
frequency 10 times that used for the measure to be corrected, be
subtracted from that measure. This procedure results in the tens
digit of the measure to be corrected being correct. The resulting
value of the units digits of this measure is immaterial since the
value of the corresponding digit in the result can be obtained from
the tens digit of the previous measure. The above algorithm is
arranged to operate in modulo 100 arithmetic, which means that any
carry to or borrow from a hundreds position is neglected. As is
known, in modulo arithmetic, any borrow or carry digits having a
significance equal to or greater than the modulo are neglected in
obtaining the result. This is the intended meaning of the term in
the specification and the claims.
Operation with the above algorithm is most easily effected by
presetting a counter to such a value that the final count after
accumulating a serial train of pulses the number of which is
dependent on the phase to be measured has a corrected tens
digit.
Thus, referring again to FIG. 1, the phase comparator 116 provides
a pulse train at its output 118, the number of pulses in the train
being dependent on the relative phase of the signals from the two
detectors. In this particular instrument, the phase comparator
generates one hundred pulses for a complete cycle or one pulse for
every 3,6 degrees of phase difference between the two signals.
The pulses on line 118 are accumulated in counters 1 and 2, the
final count in each counter being transferable to a display unit
120 via lines 4 and 7. In order to correct the value of the final
count in counter 1, the counters are preset to a value dependent on
the value of the final count in counter 1 for the previous pattern.
The preset value of the counters is determined by parallel logic 3,
according to the following table, which is based on the algorithm
described above, the values to which the counters must be preset
for a predetermined quantity of four being indicated in
brackets:
Value to which counters are preset Tens digit of Previous Measure
Counter 1 Counter 2 ______________________________________ 0 0 (0)
5 (4) 1 0 (0) 4 (3) 2 0 (0) 3 (2) 3 0 (0) 2 (1) 4 0 (0) 1 (0) 5 0
(9) 0 (9) 6 9 (9) 9 (8) 7 9 (9) 8 (7) 8 9 (9) 7 (6) 9 9 (9) 6 (5)
______________________________________
For example, with a predetermined quantity of five, if the tens
digit of the previous measure was 3, then addition of 5 and
subtraction of 3 will result in 2 being added to the measure to be
corrected, which is obviously accomplished by presetting the
counters to this value before any pulses are accumulated. In the
case of the tens digit being greater than 5, 100 units are
"borrowed" so that the preset value is not negative. Since this
operation is according to module 100 arithmetic, the borrowing
operation has no effect on the result.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the counters are two presettable binary
coded decimal (BCD) counters. Parallel logic 3 is connected between
the output lines 4 of the tens counter and the preset inputs 5 and
6 of the tens and units counters respectively. Inputs to the short
term memory elements 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are connected to the
output lines 4 and 7 of the counters as illustrated. These short
term memory elements consist of so called 4-bit latches. The
latches drive BCD to seven segment display decoder drivers 13, 14,
15, 16 and 17 which in turn energise seven segment displays 18, 19,
20, 21 and 22 respectively.
Pulse trains as described above are applied to the input 23. A
meter 24 connected via a digital to analogue coverter 25 indicates
the BCD number appearing on the output lines of the units counter.
A timing unit (not illustrated) provides timed pulses to control
the sequential operation of the unit.
Generally, operation of the apparatus is as follows:
Pulses from the phase comparator 116, are accumulated in the
decimal counters which have previously been preset to a particular
value. For the first phase measurement, the counters are preset to
zero and the contents, upon completion of the accumulation, are
stored in the 4-bit latches, 11 and 12, enabled by the line
L.sub.01 for this purpose. These two digits are thus displayed on
the seven segment displays 21 and 22 respectively. The counters are
then preset by the parallel logic before the accumulation of the
pulses of the next phase measurement, according to the formula 05
minus the tens digit (in the counter 1), as indicated in the above
table. Pulses according to the phase of the second measurement are
then accumulated in the counters. Upon completion of this
accumulation, the tens digit is correct, and is stored in the 4-bit
latch 10 which is enabled by L.sub.1 for this purpose. It is thus
displayed on the seven segment display 20. The counters are again
preset to the required quantity dependent on the content of counter
1 and the pulses of the next measurement accumulated, the
significant digit being stored in the latch 9 and displayed on the
seven segment display 19. Similarly for the most significant digit
of the corrected distance which is stored and displayed as before
on the latch 8 and the display 18 respectively. Displays and stores
for a further two digits are proposed but not illustrated.
Operation of the parallel logic (for a predetermined quantity of
five) and the timing unit will now be described in more detail.
Referring first to the logic, the gates indicated at 28 perform
logical functions to provide logic levels on each of the preset
lines 6 and on line 30. They are in fact a realisation of logical
equations developed from the above table of preset values against
the value of the digit stored in the counter 1 after accumulating a
train of pulses. This table is the so called truth table for the
operation of the gates 28. For example, it is obvious from the
table that the value of the digit to be preset in the counter 2 is
odd if the value of the digit in the counter 1 due to the previous
train of pulses is even and vice versa. Thus, as far as the least
significant bit of the preset lines 6, i.e., the bit appearing on
line 32 is concerned, if the least significant bit of the output 4
of the counter 1 which appears on line 34 is binary 1, for example,
then line 32 must be binary 0, and vice versa. Therefore the gates
must perform a function whereby line 32 is NOT line 34, i.e. the
logical equation is:
32 = 34
This only requires a buffer or inverter as indicated at 36 to be
connected between the two lines. The binary values of the other
three of lines 6 are derived in a similar fashion, the logical
functions required being more complex than that required for line
32.
As can be seen from the table, the counter 1 must be preset to
either BCD 9 or BCD 0 depending on whether the value appearing on
the output lines 4 is greater than 5 or not respectively. Line 30
provides the required two different conditions. Counter 1 is preset
to either 0 or 9 if either of lines 38 or lines 40 are both binary
1 respectively. With the particular device used, if these
conditions are applied simultaneously to lines 38 and 40 an
indeterminate state results. This is avoided in that for a
particular condition of line 42, opposite conditions are applied to
lines 5 due to buffer 44.
During operation of the instrument, the timing unit provides
various timed pulses to control the operation of this circuitry.
These include pulses at T.sub.0 and T.sub.2 at the end of each
measurement which occur sequentially, and a pulse AF at the
beginning of each complete set of measurements. Thus at the end of
a measurement, T.sub.0 occurs. This pulse is inverted to give
T.sub.0 which when applied to line 46, causes the condition on line
30 to be stored in the one-bit latch indicated at 47 formed by NAND
gates 48, and when applied to line 50 causes the counter 2 to be
preset to a value corresponding to the condition of lines 6.
Subsequent occurrence of a pulse at T.sub.2 which is applied to
line 52 causes the counter 1 to be preset to either 0 or 9
depending on the condition of the one-bit latch 47. The delay in
presetting the counter 1 is required so that the conditions on the
lines 6 will not change while the counter 2 is being preset. The AF
pulse at the beginning of a set of measurements, when applied to
line 54 and inverted to line 56 causes the counters to be preset to
zero, in preparation for the new measurements.
The timing unit also provides pulses in lines L.sub.01, L.sub.1,
L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 to control the storing of the outputs of the
counters in the latches at appropriate times in the sequence of
operations of the circuit.
The operation of the equipment of the invention will now again be
described but with reference to the example given above, i.e.,
where the actual distance to be measured is 99,000 metres and using
a predetermined quantity of five.
The counters are preset to zero and the pulses of the first phase
measurement are accumulated. There are no pulses for the first
measurement and thus the content of the counters is 00, and this is
stored and displayed as described above. It can easily be seen that
had 100 pulses been accumulated, the result would have been
identical, the carry digit of 1 having no significance for the
counters and only the tens and units in the total being
significant. The parallel logic now preset the counters to 05 minus
the tens digit, (0), that is, it presets the counters to 05. The
pulses of the second measurement are now accumulated. There are 95
of them which together with the 05 to which the counters were
preset, gives a total of 100 counts and 00 in the counters, the
carry or overflow digit of 1 being neglected as it has no
significance. The tens digit, (0), is correct and is stored and
displayed as described above. The counters are once again preset to
05 minus the tens digit, (0), that is to 05. The pulses of the
third measurement are now accumulated. They total zero and the
accumulated content of the counters is thus 05. The tens digit,
(0), is correct and is stored and displayed as previously
described. The counters are once again preset to 05, this being 05
minus the tens digit, (0), and the pulses of the fourth measurement
are accululated. They total 4 and the accumulated content of the
counters is thus 09. The tens digit, (0), is correct and is stored
and displayed as previously described. To complete the series of
measurements in this example the two additional digits would be
required and the description will assume their availability. The
counters are preset to 05 once again and the pulses of the fifth
measurement are accumulated. They total 85 and the accumulated
content of the counters is thus 90. Thus 9 is stored and displayed
as previously described. The counters must now be preset to 05
minus the tens digit, (9), that is to 96 as indicated in the above
table. The 3 pulses of the sixth measurement are accumulated to
give a counter content of 99. The tens digit (9) is correct and is
stored and displayed as before.
In the case of all measurements but the first, the digit contained
in the units counter upon completion of the accumulation will be 5
plus the percentage phase error. Thus a meter connected to the
output of this counter via a digital to analogue converter can be
calibrated in terms of this error and will give an indication of
the confidence which can be placed in the particular
measurement.
* * * * *