U.S. patent number 3,854,032 [Application Number 05/427,700] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-10 for superheated electric arc steam generator.
Invention is credited to Jerry D. Cooper.
United States Patent |
3,854,032 |
Cooper |
December 10, 1974 |
SUPERHEATED ELECTRIC ARC STEAM GENERATOR
Abstract
An arc producing apparatus, such as a plasma-jet, for generating
superheated steam; comprising, an arc chamber axially aligned with
a steam chamber so that water flowing through a water jacket
thereof absorbs heat from the arc and is changed into steam. The
steam is conducted from the water jacket of the arc producing
apparatus into the steam chamber where the steam is superheated as
it flows from the interior of the steam chamber, back up into the
arc chamber, and then back into and out of the steam chamber, with
the steam assuming a countercurrent spiral flow path.
Inventors: |
Cooper; Jerry D. (Odessa,
TX) |
Family
ID: |
23695899 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/427,700 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/383; 60/670;
219/121.11; 219/401; 315/111.01; 392/396; 392/479; 392/484 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
7/18 (20130101); F22B 1/281 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F22B
1/28 (20060101); F22B 1/00 (20060101); H05B
7/18 (20060101); H05B 7/00 (20060101); H05b
007/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/121R,275,305,315,316,380,383,401 ;313/231 ;315/111 ;204/328
;60/108 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mayewsky; Volodymyr Y.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Bates; Marcus L.
Claims
I claim:
1. Steam generation apparatus comprising a longitudinally extending
metal arc chamber having opposed ends, a closure means in the form
of an electrode holder at one end thereof; an electrode
supportingly received by said electrode holder and having a
marginal end portion thereof extending into the space enclosed by
said arc chamber; means electrically insulating said electrode from
said arc chamber;
an annular water jacket concentrically formed about said arc
chamber, a water inlet and a steam outlet spaced from one another
and connected in fluid flow relationship to said water jacket;
electric circuit means including an electric source of energy for
causing an arc to occur between said electrode and the interior
wall surface of said arc chamber, to thereby generate heat which is
removed by water which may be circulating through the water
jacket;
a steam chamber having opposed ends spaced from one another, a
closure means at one end of said steam chamber, the remaining end
of said steam chamber being sealed to and in open communication
with the remaining end of said arc chamber;
said steam chamber having a steam inlet port and a steam outlet
port, conduit means flow connecting said steam inlet port to said
steam outlet;
so that water flows into said water inlet, changes into steam and
flows through said inlet port into said steam chamber where the
steam is superheated and flows through said steam outlet port.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said inlet port is arranged
tangentially respective to the interior of the steam chamber to
thereby impart a spiral flow path into the steam which flows into
the steam chamber.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said arc chamber and said steam
chamber are axially aligned and connected together by a throat of
reduced diameter respective to the inside diameter of said arc
chamber and said steam chamber.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said water jacket is made into
a spiraled annulus circumferentially disposed about said arc
chamber to thereby enhance the heat transfer between the arc
chamber and any water flowing through said water jacket.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 and further including a throat
interconnecting said arc chamber and said steam chamber, said
throat having a reduced cross-sectional area relative to the
cross-sectional area of the arc chamber and the steam chamber, the
inlet port of said steam chamber being arranged tangentially with
respect to the inside surface thereof; the steam outlet being
arranged perpendicular with respect to the longitudinal central
axis of the steam and arc chamber, and;
said water jacket being made into a spiraled annulus
circumferentially disposed about said arc chamber to thereby
enhance the heat transfer between the arc chamber and any water
flowing through the water jacket.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of an electric arc for steam generation is old as evidenced
by the patent to White, U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,423. The Kugler U.S.
Pat. No. 3,712,996 teaches the use of gases employed in an
irregular arc chamber for stabilization of the arc in a plasma
generator. Reference is made to these two patents for further
background of the present invention.
Applicant has discovered that the action of an arc within an arc
chamber causes the gases therein to assume a countercurrent flow
path when the arc producing apparatus is arranged in a particular
manner. This arrangement can be used to advantage in superheating
steam. Therefore, the present invention takes advantage of this
phenomenon in combination with an arc and steam chamber of a
particular configuration.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a steam generation apparatus comprising a
longitudinally extending arc chamber having an electrode at one end
thereof and connected to a steam chamber at the opposed end. The
electrode is insulated from the arc chamber while an annular water
jacket is concentrically formed thereabout. The steam chamber is
axially aligned and flow connected with the arc chamber within
which the electrode is disposed.
The annular water jacket is concentrically formed about the arc
chamber and provided with an inlet and outlet so that water flowing
therethrough is heated into steam. The steam is conducted into a
tangential inlet formed in the steam chamber to enable the steam to
flow back into the arc chamber and then return into the steam
chamber in a countercurrent spiral relationship induced by the
action of the arc. This novel action causes the vaporized water to
be heated to extremely high temperatures.
Therefore, a primary object of this invention is the provision of a
new method and apparatus for generating superheated steam.
Another object of the invention is to provide a combination of an
arc chamber and a steam chamber for utilizing the energy of an
electric arc for generation of superheated steam.
A further object of this invention is to disclose and provide a
steam generation apparatus which utilizes the electric arc for
imparting high temperatures into steam.
A still further object of this invention is to provide apparatus in
conjunction with a plasma-jet apparatus which enables a
countercurrent flow path to occur about the electrode thereof.
Another and still further object of the invention is to provide
means by which a gaseous flow of steam can be used to stabilize an
arc.
These and various other objects and advantages of the invention
will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon
reading the following detailed description and claims and by
referring to the accompanying drawings.
The above objects are attained in accordance with the present
invention by the provision of a combination of elements which are
fabricated in a manner substantially as described in the above
abstract and summary.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one form of the
present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is an end view of the apparatus disclosed in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a detail of part of the apparatus disclosed in FIG.
5;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another form of the present
invention, and;
FIG. 6 is a part diagrammatical, part schematical representation of
the operation of the embodiment of the invention disclosed in FIG.
5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
In FIGS. 1 - 3, the present invention is generally indicated by the
arrow at numeral 10 and comprises a main body 12 which reduces in
diameter at 14 to form a holder for an electrode 16. A marginal
length of the electrode is surrounded by a heat resistant insulator
18, such as ceremic insulation, so that the electrode is
electrically insulated in sealed relationship from the remaining
structure.
A metal arc chamber 20 is provided with an annulus 22 of a
sufficient area which will provide adequate insulation to prevent
inadvertent arcing occurring thereacross. A marginal end portion 24
of the electrode is received within the arc chamber. The interial
wall 26 of the arc chamber is spaced from the electrode and from
the outer shell 28, with the spacing of walls 26 and 28 being
sufficient for the formation of a water jacket 30 therebetween. A
spiral coolant conducting member 32 forms the water jacket into a
spiraled configuration for imparting a high velocity spiraled flow
path into any water flowing therethrough, thereby increasing the
heat conductivity therebetween.
Annular member 34 is a part of the member which forms the before
mentioned inner surface area of the arc chamber. The last named
member is provided with the illustrated threaded areas disclosed at
36, 38, and 40, for engaging threaded complementary members. A
removable threaded plug 42 forms a closure member for the remaining
end of the arc chamber with the interior surface of the plug being
provided with the illustrated concave surface seen at 44.
Water inlet 46 is in fluid communication with steam outlet 48 by
means of the spiral formed annular water jacket which is
concentrically arranged about the arc chamber.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, electrical conduit 50 and
52 provides a difference in potential across the electrode and the
arc chamber so that closure of the illustrated switch enables the
illustrated source of electrical energy to provide an arc between
the end of the electrode and the interior surface of the arc
chamber. For convenience, a high frequency current can be generated
at 54 for initiating the arc.
FIG. 4 sets forth the details of a removable liner for use in
conjunction with the embodiment of the invention disclosed in FIG.
5. The liner 56 is provided with a circumferentially extending
enlargement 58 which is received within a complimentary groove in
the illustrated manner of FIG. 5.
The spiral body 132 is comprised of an outer wall formed into a
continuous spiral member having a pitch which provides a continuous
space 130 between each convolution. The outer extremity of the
spiral is threaded and provided with a diameter which preferably is
equivalent to the diameter measured at 136 and 140. Interior wall
surface 138 forms the outlet of the arc chamber, and is provided
with the illustrated threaded surface for removably receiving a
steam chamber, as will be more fully explained later on in this
disclosure.
In FIG. 5 the metal arc chamber 112 is provided with the insert 56
of FIG. 4, with a steam chamber 70 having a throat 72 communicating
the interior of the arc chamber with the interior 74 of the steam
chamber. The exterior of the throat threadedly engages threads 138
of the insert. A plug 76 forms a closure member for the steam
chamber. Steam flow conduit 60 interconnects vapor outlet 148 of
the water jacket with the tangential vapor inlet port 62 of the
steam chamber. Numeral 64 is intended to indicate that conduit 62
is placed tangentially with respect to the interior surface of the
steam chamber. Steam outlet 68 provides a source of superheated
steam when the apparatus is in proper operation.
In the past schematical, part diagrammatical illustration of FIG.
6, the various arrows associated therewith illustrate the flow
through the apparatus. In particular, coolant, such as water,
enters the water jacket at 146 and exits at 148 as steam. The steam
enters the steam chamber 74 by means of the tangential inlet,
whereupon the steam flows in a spiral path as illustrated at 78 and
80 as it continues through the throat and into the arc chamber. The
spiral flow continues about the annulus formed between the
electrode and the inner wall surface of the arc chamber, whereupon
the spiral path reverses itself and flows in countercurrent
relationship back through the throat and back through the outlets
68, as noted at 82 and 84. It may be said that a vortex is
formed.
In operation of the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 1 - 3, a suitable
source of distilled water flows into inlet 46, about the spiraled
grooves at 30, and through outlet 48, thereby removing heat from
the apparatus. In order to initiate the arc, the end 24 of the
electrode is moved into close proximity of the concave surface 44,
the high frequency generator 54 is actuated, thereby enabling an
arc to be initiated as it travels along the ionized path formed by
the generator. The flow of water through the water jacket is
regulated so that steam of low quality is formed at the outlet
48.
The gaseous atmosphere contained within the arc chamber 20 will
soon change into nitrogen and CO.sub.2 as the available oxygen
reacts with the electrodes to form an oxide, thereby leaving a
nitrogen atmosphere within the arc chamber.
The operation of the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 5 and 6 is
carried out by establishing a flow of water into the spiral water
jacket so that low quality steam emerges at the vapor outlet 148.
The steam is conducted into the tangential inlet 62 where it
follows a spiral flow path 80 back up into the arc chamber, where
the flow reverses itself, and flows back through the imaginary
core, much like the action of a cyclone separator, whereupon the
superheated steam emerges at 84 and 68. Those skilled in the art
will appreciate that the high velocity steam flow path at 80
stabilizes the arc and enables the apparatus to operate at lower
voltage than would otherwise be possible.
The materials of construction of the steam and arc chamber can be
selected from known materials, depending upon the outlet
temperature of the superheated steam. For example, it is possible
to select flow rates and power inputs of a magnitude which brings
about disassociation of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of the water
molecule.
In domestic water heating systems, a tank of water is heated to the
desired temperature, and unless the heated water is used
immediately, the temperature thereof begins to drop because of
conduction and radiation heat losses, until the thermostat is
activated, whereupon the water is reheated. During periods of low
hot water demand, the same water may be reheated many times, which
amounts to a waste of energy.
The superheated steam generator as seen in FIG. 1 can be used on
reduced levels to provide an efficient water heater which has none
of the flue losses associated with gas or oil water heaters, and
practically no loss from conduction or radiation. Because of its
small physical size to power ratio, the generator is almost
instantaneous in operation and requires that no water be stored in
the device. The power requirements can be regulated to suit the
demand with ordinary power regulating systems, and the ability to
utilize the heat generated by a power supply and the other
components through the expedient of water cooling makes the device
in many instances much more efficient than any domestic water
heater presently in use.
An alternate method of starting the arc can be carried out as
follows:
A heavy, relatively non-reactive substance with a low boiling
point, such as lead or mercury, is placed within the arc chamber.
The chamber is then filled with an inert gas at an appropriate
pressure so that the gas will partially ionize at the normal open
circuit potential of the power supply.
When power is applied, the inert gas will ionize and begin to
conduct, generating enough heat to vaporize some of the heavy
metal, thus releasing a cloud of metal atoms. This action causes an
increase in pressure which causes a heavier current flow, which in
turn causes an increase in heat, with this reaction continuing
until a stable operating condition is achieved.
When the power is removed, the metal vapors cool and condense on
the chamber walls, causing a reduction in pressure equivalent to
the starting level, whereupon the inert gas may again be re-ionized
to commence the process, thus providing for automatic arc
ignition.
* * * * *