U.S. patent number 3,853,720 [Application Number 05/300,040] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-10 for electrolysis of brine using permeable membranes comprising fluorocarbon copolymers.
This patent grant is currently assigned to PPG Industries, Inc.. Invention is credited to Robbie T. Foster, Malcolm Korach.
United States Patent |
3,853,720 |
Korach , et al. |
December 10, 1974 |
ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE USING PERMEABLE MEMBRANES COMPRISING
FLUOROCARBON COPOLYMERS
Abstract
Novel diaphragms for use in chlor-alkali cells and methods of
making such diaphragms are disclosed. The diaphragms are
electrolyte-permeable, asbestos diaphragms containing an organic,
ion exchange resin and a second fibrous material. These diaphragms
are especially permeable to the electrolyte.
Inventors: |
Korach; Malcolm (Corpus
Christi, TX), Foster; Robbie T. (Corpus Christi, TX) |
Assignee: |
PPG Industries, Inc.
(Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23157431 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/300,040 |
Filed: |
October 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
205/519;
204/295 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C25B
13/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C25B
13/04 (20060101); C25B 13/00 (20060101); C01d
001/06 (); C01b 007/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;204/98,128,295 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3282875 |
November 1966 |
Connolly et al. |
3341366 |
September 1967 |
Hodgdon, Jr. et al. |
3694281 |
September 1972 |
Leduc |
|
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
"New Product Info. from Research & Dev. Div.-Plastics Dept.,"
Dupont & Co., 10-1-69, pages 1-3. .
Electrochemistry, by C. J. Brockman, 1931, pages 203-204..
|
Primary Examiner: Andrews; R. L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Goldman; Richard M.
Claims
We claim:
1. In a process for electrolyzing alkali metal chloride brines in
an electrolytic cell having an anolyte compartment and a catholyte
compartment separated therefrom by an alkali metal chloride brine
permeable, fluorocarbon resin containing, chrysotile asbestos
diaphragm, wherein alkali metal chloride brine is fed to said cell
and catholyte liquor containing alkali metal chloride and alkali
metal hydroxide is recovered from said cell, the imrovement wherein
said diaphragm contains from about 1.0 to about 50.0 weight percent
of a second fibrous material having a mean fiber diameter of from 2
to about 1,000 times the mean fiber diameter of chrysotile
asbestos, and wherein said diaphragm further contains from about
0.01 to about 22 weight percent of fluorocarbon resin, the
fluorocarbon resin being dispersed into the diaphragm to a depth of
at least 0.08 inch from one surface thereof, said fluorocarbon
resin providing a coating on individual asbestos fiber bundles, and
said fluorocarbon resin having the empirical formula: ##SPC8##
where m is from 2 to 10, the ratio of M to N is sufficient to
provide an equivalent weight of from 600 to 2,000, R is chosen
from:
A,
--o--cf.sub.2 --cf.sub.2 --.sub.p A, ##SPC9## ##SPC10##
--.phi.a, and
--CF.sub.2 --.sub.p A;
where p is from 1 to 3, Y is chosen from the group consisting of
--F and perfluoroalkyls having from one to 10 carbon atoms, R.sub.f
is chosen from the group consisting of --F and perfluoroalkyls
having from one to 10 carbon atoms, and .phi. is an aryl group;
and where A is an acid group chosen from the group consisting
of:
--SO.sub.3 H,
--cf.sub.2 so.sub.3 h,
--ccl.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H,
--.phi.'so.sub.3 h,
--po.sub.3 h.sub.2,
--po.sub.2 h.sub.2,
--cooh, and
.phi.'OH where .phi.' is an aryl group.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the chrysotile asbestos has a
mean fiber diameter of from about 0.015 to about 0.030 microns and
the second fibrous material has a mean fiber diameter of from about
0.060 to about 15 microns.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the second fibrous material is
chosen from the group consisting of crocidolite asbestos,
anthophyllite asbestos, amosite asbestos, tremolite asbestos,
actinolite asbestos, fiberglass, and cellulose.
4. The process of claim 1 comprising maintaining the concentration
of alkali metal hydroxide in the catholyte liquor below about 15
weight percent.
Description
BACKGROUND
According to one process for the production of chlorine, alkali
metal chlorides are electrolyzed to produce chlorine and alkali
metal hydroxide in a diaphragm cell. Such electrolytic cells have a
structure substantially as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,443 to C.W.
Raetzsch et al., for ELECTROLYTIC CELL and in U.S. Pat. No.
3,022,244 to Carrol P. LeBlanc et al., for ELECTROLYTIC
ALKALI-CHLORINE DIAPHRAGM CELL.
The diaphragm serves to separate the anolyte compartment from the
catholyte compartment. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal
chloride, i.e., brine, is fed into the anolyte compartment. In the
anolyte compartment the chloride ion of the disassociated alkali
metal chloride forms chlorine at the anode. The anolyte liquor,
including alkali metal ion, hydroxyl ion, and chloride ion, travel
through the diaphragm to the catholyte compartment. In the
catholyte compartment alkali metal hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen
are liberated at the cathode, and catholyte liquor containing
alkali, metal chloride and alkali metal hydroxide is recovered from
the catholyte compartment.
The diaphragm also serves to maintain a difference in pH between
the two compartments. Typically, the electrolyte in the anolyte
compartment will have a pH of from about 3.5 to about 5.5, while
the electrolyte in the catholyte compartment will have a pH of 12.0
or greater. The diaphragm, in a typical electrolytic cell of the
type hereinabove described, serves to maintain this difference in
pH, while permitting the flow of electrolyte therethrough.
Typically, such diaphragms have been prepared from asbestos. In the
electrolytic cels of the prior art, the asbestos has been of the
type referred to in the literature as chrysotile asbestos.
Chrysotile asbestos has a structure characterized as tubular
fibers, and an empirical formula of 3MgO .sup.. 2SiO .sup..
2H.sub.2 O.
Asbestos diaphragms generally have a weight of from about 0.30 to
about 0.40 pounds per square foot of diaphragm surface area, a
thickness of about one-eighth inch when installed and "swell" by
about 100 percent to a thickness of about one-fourth inch when in
service.
Such asbestos diaphragms of the prior art have a service life of
about 4 months to about 7 months in electrolytic cell service where
the anodes of the electrolytic cell are graphite. In the
electrolytic cells wherein the anodes are dimensionally stable
anodes (i.e., where the anodes are a metal substrate having an
electrocatalytic metal or metal compound surface thereon), the
service life of the diaphragm is typically from about 3 months to
about 7 months. This contrasts with a service life typically in
excess of 18 months for the dimensionally stable anodes themselves,
thereby requiring several renewals of the asbestos diaphragm
between each renewal of the anodes.
SUMMARY
It has now been found that diaphragms suitable for use in alkali
metal chloride electrolytic cells of the diaphragm type
particularly when such cells have dimensionally stable anodes, may
be provided by an asbestos diaphragm that contains small amounts of
a second fibrous material and has been treated with small amounts
of an electrolyte-resistant, ion exchange resin.
Diaphragms of this invention are long lived in the electrolytic
chlorine cell environment, being characterized by their increased
life over conventional electrolytic cell diaphragms containing
asbestos alone. Diaphragms of this invention are further
characterized by being gas and electrolyte-permeable, functioning
as a diaphragm rather than as a permionic membrane. Diaphragms of
this invention are also characterized in that they may be prepared
at lower cost than diaphragms of permionic membranes having as
their principal constituent a synthetic, ion exchange resin.
Diaphragms of this invention are characterized in that they have a
resistance voltage drop across the diaphragm of as much as 0.2 to
0.3 volt less than an untreated asbestos diaphragm of the same
thickness, and as much as 10 to 20 volts less than a permionic
membrane of the same thickness.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Diaphragms are used in alkali metal hydroxide chlorine cells to
separate the anolyte, having a pH of about 3.5 to about 5.5, from
the catholyte having a pH of 12 or greater. Such cells typically
have an anolyte compartment or chamber containing an anode, a
catholyte compartment or chamber containing a cathode, a diaphragm
to separate the anolyte from the catholyte, and external power
supply means for imposing an electromotive force between the anode
and the cathode. The cathode is a catholyte resistant metal
structure, e.g., iron, open to the flow of electrolyte. The cathode
may be iron mesh, iron screen, or a perforate plate. The anode may
be graphite, or it may be a valve metal, e.g., titanium, with an
electrocatalytic surface, e.g., a platinum group metal.
In the operation of commercial chlorine-caustic soda diaphragm
cells, brine containing from about 280 to about 315 grams per liter
of sodium chloride is fed into the anolyte chamber of the cell. An
electromotive force is established between the anode and the
cathode. In the anolyte chamber chlorine is evolved at the anode.
Additionally, anolyte liquor, containing sodium chloride, passes
through the diaphragm to the catholyte chamber. In the catholyte
chamber hydrogen is evolved at the cathode, and catholyte liquor
containing from about 7 to about 15 weight percent of sodium
chloride and from about 10 to about 15 weight percent of sodium
hydroxide is recovered.
Diaphragms of this invention, having a thickness of from about
0.001 inch to about 0.250 inch, and a voltage drop of less than
about 0.6 volt at a current density of 190 Amperes per square foot,
can operate at an inter-electrode gap (i.e., a spacing between a
cathode and the next adjacent anode in the cell) of less than about
0.50 inch and in some cases even less than 0.25 inch.
Moreover, inasmuch as the diaphragms of this invention are less
subject to swelling than the diaphragms of the prior art, the
anodes may be closer to the cathode than was previously the
case.
Diaphragms of this invention are electrolyte-permeable asbestos
members such as fibrous asbestos mats or sheets, that have been
treated with small amounts of electrolyte-resistant, ion exchange
resins and that contain a second fibrous member having a fiber
diameter greater than the fiber diameter of the asbestos.
According to this invention, particularly satisfactory diaphragms
may be prepared containing chrysotile asbestos and having a second
fibrous material dispersed therethrough. Such diaphragms maintain a
high porosity, on the order of from about 0.1 gallons per hour per
square foot to about 3.0 gallons per hour per square foot, after
treatment with ion exchange resin. Furthermore, when diaphragms are
prepared having a second fibrous material they appear to have
greater reproducibility and less variance in porosity, which is
particularly advantageous in commercial operation.
The second fibrous material should have a fiber diameter at least
two times greater than the fiber diameter of the chrysotile
asbestos. Preferably, the second fibrous material has a fiber
diameter of from about two to about 1,000 times greater than the
fiber diameter of the chrysotile asbestos, with particularly good
results being obtained when the second fibrous material has a fiber
diameter of from about 200 to about 400 times the fiber diameter of
the chrysotile asbestos.
Chrysotile has a fiber diameter of from about 0.015 to about 0.030
microns. Materials suitable for use as the second fibrous material
include crocidolite or anthophyllite asbestos, having a fiber
diameter of from about 0.060 to about 0.090 microns, fiberglass,
having a fiber diameter of from about 8 to 12 microns, and
alpha-cellulose, having a fiber diameter of from about 6 to about
15 microns. Alternatively, amosite, tremolite, or actinolite
asbestos may be used.
Other materials, having some chemical resistance to the liquid used
in preparing the asbestos slurry, and having fiber diameters of
from about 0.060 micron to about 15 microns, may be used as the
second fibrous material. Such materials include
polyperfluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride,
polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, and the like. By
"chemical resistance" is meant that the material is not
significantly attacked by the liquid during the time the slurry is
being "aged."
The second fibrous material, when present, should be from about 1
to about 50 weight percent of the total weight of the diaphragm.
Amounts less than about 1 weight percent do not impart any
additional porosity over a diaphragm not containing the second
fibrous material, while amounts greater than about 50 weight
percent yield a diaphragm that is too porous.
Typically, the ion exchange resins are hydrophilic,
cation-selective resins substantially inert to the electrolyte. By
"hydrophilic" it is meant that the ion exchange resins are readily
wetted by the electrolyte. By "cation selective" it is meant that
the ion exchange resins useful in preparing diaphragms of this
invention preferentially allow the migration of cations such as Na+
and H+ through the diaphragm to a greater extent than the migration
of anions such as chloride ions (Cl.sup.-) through the diaphragm.
By "inert" it is meant that the ion exchange resins useful in
preparing the diaphragm of this invention are substantially immune
to attack by the electrolyte, e.g., chloride ions, hypochlorite
ions, hydroxyl ions, hydronium ions, sodium ions, and the like, and
by the electrolysis products, e.g., chlorine.
The inert polymer chains of the ion exchange resins serve to impart
physical strength and durability to the porous asbestos diaphragm
structure. The cation-selective ion exchange groups on the ion
exchange resins render the diaphragm hydrophilic, allowing the
diaphragm to exhibit permeability to the electrolyte with a minimum
hydrostatic head of anolyte.
Ion exchange resins having the properties of cation selectivity,
wettability, and inertness are preferentially provided by
fluorocarbons having acid groups, fluorocarbon interpolymers having
fluorocarbon and fluorocarbon acid moieties, and interpolymers
having aryl and arylacid moieties where the main chain is a
fluorocarbon, e.g., fluoro styrenes.
One class of fluorocarbons useful in providing the ion exchange
resins of this invention are those having the empirical formula:
##SPC1##
where m is from 2 to 10, the ratio of M to N is sufficient to
provide an equivalent weight of from 600 to 2,000 as will be more
fully elucidated hereinafter, and R is chosen from the group
consisting of:
A,
--ocf.sub.2 --cf.sub.2 --.sub.p A where p is from 1 to 3,
##SPC2##
where p is from 1 to 3 and Y is --F, or a perfluoroalkyl group
having from one to 10 carbon atoms, ##SPC3##
where p is from 1 to 3, Y is --F or a perfluoroalkyl group having
from one 10 carbon atoms, and R.sub.f is --F or a perfluoroalkyl
having from one to 10 carbon atoms,
--.phi.--A where .phi. is an aryl group, and
--CF.sub.2 --.sub.p A where p is from 1 to 3; and
where A is an acid group chosen from the group consisting of
--SO.sub.3 H,
--cf.sub.2 so.sub.3 h,
--ccl.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H,
--.phi..sup.1 so.sub.3 h,
--po.sub.3 h.sub.2,
--po.sub.2 h.sub.2,
--cooh, and
--.phi..sup.1 OH where .phi..sup.1 is an aryl group
When the fluorocarbon is one having short side chains, such as
poly(perfluoroethylene-trifluorovinyl sulfonic acid) or --CF.sub.2
--CF.sub.2 --.sub.M --CF.sub.2 --CF(O--CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2
--SO.sub.3 H)-- the ratio of N to M, that is, the ratio of the
moles of fluorocarbon to the moles of the fluorocarbon acid, is
typically about 8, thereby providing an equivalent weight of about
1,000 gram per mole of acid. In the case of such polymers having
short side chains, the ratio of N to M is from about 5 to about 20,
and preferably from about 6 to about 14. When the ratio of the
moles of fluorocarbon to moles of fluorocarbon acid is below about
5, the ion exchange agent shows a decrease in physical strength and
becomes subject to the abrasive effects of the evolved gas and the
flowing electrolyte. When the ratio of the moles of halocarbon to
the moles of halocarbon acid is in excess of about 20, the
hydrophobic properties of the fluorocarbon member of the
interpolymer begin to predominate, causing the diaphragm to behave
as a permionic membrane.
The ion exchange resin is preferably fully fluorinated. By "fully
fluorinated" is meant that both nuclear magnetic resonance
examination and infrared spectroscopic examination of the
interpolymer show less than 1 percent C--H bonds in the polymer.
However, the polymer need not be completely fluorinated inasmuch as
the asbestos is the structural member of the diaphragm and some
minimal degradation of the ion-exchange resin can be tolerated.
In a preferred exemplification the ion exchange resin has the
empirical formula: ##SPC4##
where M and N are as described above.
In another preferred exemplification, the ion exchange resin has
the empirical formula: ##SPC5##
where M and N are as described above.
While the ion exchange resin is spoken as being a polymer,
polyfunctional perfluoroalkyl acids may also be used in preparing
diaphragms according to this invention. Such polyfunctional
perfluoroalkyl acids include those having the empirical
formula:
A --CF.sub.2 --.sub.Q A'
where A and A' are acid groups chosen from the group consisting
of:
--SO.sub.3 H,
--cf.sub.2 so.sub.3 h,
--ccl.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H,
--.phi.'so.sub.3 h,
--po.sub.3 h.sub.2,
--po.sub.2 h.sub.2,
--cooh, and
--.phi.'OH,
where .phi.' is an aryl group, and q is greater than 8. A and A'
may be the same acid groups or they may be different acid groups.
Most frequently A is --SO.sub.3 H and A' is either a second
--SO.sub.3 H group, a --COOH group, a .phi.'SO.sub.3 H group or a
.phi.'OH group. When other combinations of acid groups are useful
in providing diaphragms, they are not as readily available, and no
significant additional benefit is gained by their use. The
polyfunctional acid may also be an ether, having the formula A' --
(CF.sub.2).sub.q ' -- O -- (CF.sub.2).sub.q "--A where q'+q"=q.
The length of the perfluoroalkyl unit, q, is greater than 8, and
generally between 8 and 20, most frequently between 10 and 16.
While longer non-polymeric perfluoroalkyls may be used, they are
not generally commercially available.
When, as is more frequently the case, the ion exchange resin is a
polymer, the fluorocarbon moiety is a fluorinated olefin such as
tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, octafluorobutylene, or
further homologues thereof. Tetrafluoroethylene is preferred.
There may, also, be fluorocarbon moieties, present in the
interpolymer, having as their precursors fluorinated acetylenes
such as difluoroacetylene or fluorinated diolefins such as
hexafluorobutadiene. Such fluoroacetylenes and fluorodiolefins may
serve as cross-linking agents cross-linking the fluoroolefin
polymers and in that way impart additional strength to the
diaphragms of this invention.
The acid moiety ##SPC6##
may be a fluoroolefin acid such as the trifluoroethylene acids, the
pentafluoropropylene acids, the heptafluorobutylene acids, and
further homologues thereof. The pendant group may also be a
poly(perfluoroether) or poly(perfluoroalkyl) side chain with a
terminal acid group. The pendant acid group A is a
cation-selective, ion exchange acid group such as a sulfonic
--SO.sub.3 H--, a fluoromethylene sulfonic --CF.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H--,
a chloromethylene sulfonic --CCl.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H--, a benzene
sulfonic (--.phi.SO.sub.3 H), a carboxylic (--COOH), a phosphonic
(PO.sub.3 H.sub.2), a phosphonous (PO.sub.2 H.sub.2), or a phenolic
(--.phi.OH) acid group. When .phi. is used herein, it refers to the
aryl group --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --.
While the preferred acids are the trifluorovinyl acids, both with
and without perfluorinated side chains, it is to be understood that
other halocarbon acids may be used with entirely satisfactory
results.
The preferred acid groups are the sulfonic acid groups including
the benzene sulfonic acid group (--.phi.SO.sub.3 H), the
fluoromethylene sulfonic acid group (--CF.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H), the
chloromethylene sulfonic acid group (--CCl.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H), the
sulfonic acid group (--SO.sub.3 H), and perfluoro side chains have
terminal sulfonic acid groups, in that they have the greatest
cation selectivity.
Particularly satisfactory ion exchange resins are the copolymers of
fluoroolefins and trifluorovinyl sulfonic acid. A particularly
satisfactory ion exchange resin useful in preparing diaphragms of
this invention is a tetrafluoroethylene and trifluorovinyl sulfonic
acid interpolymer, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
3,624,053 to Gibbs and Griffin for TRIFLUOROVINYL SULFONIC ACID
POLYMERS.
While the fluorocarbon ion exchange resin described above is
illustrated as a polyolefin, it should be noted that other
polymeric fluorocarbons may be used with equally satisfactory
results. One particularly satisfactory group of ion exchange resins
are the fluorocarbon-fluorocarbon acid vinyl ether polymers, such
as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,282,875 to Connolly and
Gresham for FLUOROCARBON VINYL ETHER POLYMERS; British Pat. No.
1,034,197; and German Offenlegungsschrift No. 1,806,097 of D. P.
Carlson, based on U.S. application Ser. No. 697,162 filed Oct. 30,
1967, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,103. Disclosed by Connolly and
Gresham are fluorocarbon-fluorocarbon acid vinyl ether polymers
prepared from monomers having the empirical formula: ##SPC7##
where R.sub.f is a radical selected from the group consisting of
fluorine and perfluoroalkyl radicals having from one to 10 carbon
atoms, Y is a radical selected from the group consisting of
fluorine and perfluoroalkyl radicals having from one to 10 carbon
atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 3, and m is a radical selected
from the group consisting of fluorine, the hydroxyl radical, the
amino radical, and radicals having the formula --OMe where Me is a
radical selected from the group of alkali metals and the quaternary
ammonium radicals.
According to this invention, a thin adherent coating is provided,
for example, by contacting properly the asbestos diaphragm with the
ion exchange resin. Quite small amounts of the resin provide
effective treatment. The ion exchange resin is typically from about
0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the total
diaphragm (basis a typical chlorine-caustic cell diaphragm), and
preferably from about 0.3 to about 2.0 weight percent of the total
diaphragm. Concentrations of ion exchange resin of less than about
0.01 weight percent, although beneficial, do not impart sufficient
additional physical strength to the diaphragm to justify normally
using such small amounts. Concentrations of ion exchange resin of
greater than about 5.0 weight percent, while useful, are not
usually recommended since they tend to decrease porosity and
necessitate higher hydrostatic heads of anolyte for proper cell
operation. High concentrations of ion exchange resin, e.g., amounts
greater than about 22 weight percent, cause the diaphragm to behave
as a permionic membrane, yielding a catholyte liquor containing
less than 1.5 weight percent of sodium chloride.
The ion exchange resin may be dispersed through the asbestos mat or
sheet, coating individual fibers within the asbestos mat or sheet.
Alternatively, the ion exchange resin may only coat the fibers on
the exterior surfaces of the asbestos mat or sheet, or the ion
exchange resin may only coat bundles of asbestos fibers. In a
preferred exemplification the ion exchange agent will be both
dispersed through the asbestos member, coating the individual
asbestos fibers and fiber bundles within the asbestos member as
well as on the external surface of the asbestos member, between the
asbestos body and the anolyte.
Moreover, it has been found that for any given porosity, pore size
distribution and thickness of diaphragm, best results are obtained
if the ion exchange resin extends at least as far into the
diaphragm as the "gel layer" in an untreated diaphragm of like
porosity, pore size distribution, and thickness. This "gel layer"
is described by Kircher, "Electrolysis of Brines in Diaphragm
Cells," in Sconce, ed., Chlorine, A.C.S. Monograph Series, No. 154,
Reinhold Publishing Co., New York (1962), at Page 105, as a layer
"formed within the asbestos mat which is sensitive to pH and which
tends to dissolve, precipitate and reform depending upon flow rate
and salt content and pH of the flowing liquor."
Typically, the "gel layer" extends approximately about 0.08 to
about 0.12 inch into the diaphragm. Therefore, an optimal depth of
penetration of the ion exchange resin is at least 0.08 inch, and
preferably about 0.15 inch, or even to the full thickness of the
diaphragm, especially when the diaphragm is less than about 0.15
inch thick.
While in terms of location and concentration the ion exchange resin
is spoken of as being dispersed through the asbestos member,
coating various individual asbestos fibers, and fiber bundles, the
precise chemical relationship between the resin and the asbestos is
believed to be more complicated.
Thus, one of the particularly effective types of diaphragms of this
invention is obtained by forming a strongly adherent, protective
film of coating of these polymers on the anolyte-facing surface of
the asbestos diaphragm member. Particularly good adherence is
accomplished by effecting what appears to be a chemical reaction
between the acidic moieties of the polymer and the asbestos,
notably magnesium of the asbestos. That is, when the polymer and
asbestos are appropriately contacted it is possible to form a thin
(possibly even a substantially monomolecular) tenacious, polymer
coating on the surface of the asbestos fibers. In one embodiment,
only a portion of these acidic moieties are involved in the
reaction with the magnesium, leaving free acid moieties in the
coating.
One way of assuring formation of such a coating is to apply a
solution of the resin to the asbestos (whether in dispersed fiber
form or as a diaphragm member) under conditions which do not
interfere with the reaction or interaction between the polymer and
the asbestos. For example, when the asbestos is drawn from cell
liquor, the diaphragms are dried to precipitate sodium chloride
crystals and then washed to remove the sodium chloride crystals
before coating with the ion exchange resin.
Diaphragms of this invention, having an asbestos member with ion
exchange resin therein, contain from about 0.01 grams of the ion
exchange agent per square foot of exposed diaphragm area to about
5.0 grams of ion exchange agent per square foot of diaphragm
area.
In providing diaphragms according to this invention, chrysotile
asbestos may be used. Such asbestos has an empirical formula of
3MgO .sup.. 2SiO.sub.2 .sup.. H.sub.2 O. Alternatively, other forms
of asbestos such as anthophyllite asbestos may be used with
entirely satisfactory results.
The asbestos useful in providing the diaphragm of this invention
typically has a fiber length of from about 1/32 inch to about 11/2
inches and a fiber diameter range of from about 0.01 micron to
about 20 microns, and a mean fiber diameter of from about 0.015 to
about 0.030 micron.
Thus, according to the exemplification a diaphragm is prepared
having a weight of 0.40 pounds per square foot, containing 85
weight percent chrysotile asbestos, about 15 weight percent
cellulose, and about 0.1 to about 1.0 grams per square foot of an
ion exchange resin.
Diaphragms of this invention may be prepared according to a number
of methods.
In one method, the asbestos and second fibrous material are drawn
from a cell liquor slurry onto an electrolyte-permeable cathode by
any of the conventional methods known in the art, the sodium ion
present in the deposited asbestos as a result of the deposition
process is removed, and the ion exchange resin in deposited on the
asbestos.
According to this method, the asbestos is slurried in cell liquor.
Typically, a slurry containing from about 0.3 to about 4 percent
total solids by weight is prepared in a solution containing from
about 10 to about 15 weight percent caustic soda and from about 10
to about 15 weight percent sodium chloride, thereby providing a
solution of about 25 to about 30 weight percent total caustic soda
and sodium chloride.
According to this method, diaphragms may be prepared having less of
a tendency to "tighten" after treatment with the ion exchange
resin. In this method, the diaphragm is drawn from a slurry
containing both chrysotile asbestos and a second fibrous material.
The second fibrous material present with the chrysotile asbestos is
characterized in that the individual fibers have mean fiber
diameters greater than the mean fiber diameter of chrysotile
asbestos.
The mean fiber diameter of the second fibrous material should be at
least two times as great as the mean fiber diameters of the
chrysotile asbestos, and preferably at least two orders of
magnitude (i.e., 100 times) greater than the mean fiber diameter of
the chrysotile asbestos, and may even be as much as 1,000 or more
times greater than the mean fiber diameter of the chrysotile
asbestos. Particularly good results have been obtained when the
mean fiber diameter of the second fibrous material is from about
200 to about 400 times greater than the mean fiber diameter of the
chrysotile asbestos.
Chrysotile asbestos has a mean fiber diameter of from about 0.015
micron to about 0.030 micron. Therefore, according to this method,
the second fibrous material may be crocidolite or anthophyllite
asbestos, having a mean fiber diameter from about 0.060 micron to
about 0.090 micron, fiberglass, having a mean fiber diameter of
from about 8 to about 12 microns, or alpha-cellulose, having a mean
fiber diameter of from about 6 to about 15 microns.
The slurry used in preparing diaphragms according to this method
contains from about 0.3 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent
chrysotile asbestos, and from about 0.015 weight percent to about
3.5 weight percent of the second fibrous material. In this way,
from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of the total solids in the
slurry is the second fibrous material. The liquid used in preparing
diaphragms according to this method may be cell liquor, aqueous
sodium chloride, aqueous sodium hydroxide, water, water containing
a surfactant, or an organic solvent.
The asbestos diaphragm is drawn onto the cathode in the
conventional way, allowed to dry, and then washed or rinsed with
water or an organic solvent to remove the solid sodium chloride
precipitated in and on the diaphragm. The diaphragm is then treated
with the ion exchange as described above. Thereafter the cathode,
having an ion exchange resin treated asbestos diaphragm, is
installed in an electrolytic cell, and electrolysis carried
out.
Suitable slurries that provide a diaphragm containing from about 5
to about 20 weight percent alpha-cellulose may be prepared by
adding cellulose and asbestos to cell liquor. Particularly
satisfactory slurries contain from about 0.5 to about 2.0 weight
percent chrysotile asbestos, and from about 0.10 to about 0.25
weight percent alpha-cellulose. By "cell liquor" is meant a
solution containing from about 100 to about 135 grams per liter of
NaOH and from about 150 to about 200 grams per liter of NaCl.
The slurry of asbestos and cellulose in cell liquor may be aged for
from about 1 to about 10 days. Additionally air or nitrogen may be
bubbled through the slurry.
The asbestos-cellulose diaphragm may be drawn onto the cathode
structure by vacuum deposition, as is well known in the art.
EXAMPLE I
A cathode-diaphragm assembly was prepared having an ion exchange
resin treated porous asbestos diaphragm.
Cell liquor was prepared containing 135 grams per liter of sodium
hydroxide and 175 grams per liter of sodium chloride. To this cell
liquor solution was added sufficient Johns-Manville 3T-4T asbestos
to provide a slurry containing 1.5 weight percent asbestos. The
slurry was aged for 3 days. Thereafter, sufficient Solka-Floc
cellulose was added to the slurry to provide a cellulose
concentration of 15 weight percent cellulose based on the total
weight of the solids, i.e., asbestos and cellulose. The asbestos
and cellulose were deposited onto an iron mesh cathode by drawing
the slurry onto the cathode screen at a vacuum of 7 inches of
mercury. The deposited diaphragm was then washed with water, and
then maintained at a vacuum of 16 inches of mercury and dried at
110.degree.C. for 22 hours.
An ethanol solution was prepared containing 10 weight percent
duPont "XR" (Trademark) resin, a polymeric, per-fluorinated,
sulfonic acid ion exchange resin having an equivalent weight of
1,300 grams, and less than 1 percent C--H bonds as determined by
infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The
cathode-diaphragm structure was dipped into the resin-ethanol
solution and the solution was allowed to permeate the diaphragm.
Thereafter, the diaphragm-cathode assembly was heated at
100.degree.C. for 41/2 hours.
At a brine head of 9 inches, the diaphragm had a porosity of 1.10
gallons of brine per hour per square foot. The voltage across the
diaphragm was then tested at a minimum anode to diaphragm gap,
i.e., with the anode touching the diaphragm, at current densities
of from 20 to 81 amperes per square foot. The resulting voltages
were extrapolated to 190 amperes per square foot indicating a
predicted cell voltage of 2.9 volts.
Thereafter, the cathode-diaphragm assembly was installed in a
laboratory electrolytic cell.
The laboratory electrolytic diaphragm cell used in this example had
a 1,000 cubic centimeter capacity catholyte compartment fabricated
of 10 gauge steel sheet, and an anolyte compartment having a 1,000
cubic centimeter capacity fabricated of 1/2 inch thick Grade-1
titanium. The anode, measuring 5 inches by 7 inches, was 1/16 inch
Grade-1 titanium mesh coated with platinum and iridium. The cathode
was 6 by 6 mesh, 3/16 inch, number 13 steel screen. The gap between
the anode and the diaphragm was one-fourth inch. After 7 days of
electrolysis, the cell current efficiency was 96.5 percent, the
cell liquor had between 0.01 and 0.02 weight percent NaClO.sub.3,
the cell gas contained between 0.01 and 0.10 volume percent
hydrogen, the cell voltage was 3.09 volts, and the cell liquor and
diaphragm IR drop was 0.69 volts.
EXAMPLE II
A cathode-diaphragm assembly was prepared having an ion-exchange
resin treated asbestos diaphragm.
An asbestos-cellulose slurry was prepared as described in Example I
hereinabove. The asbestos and cellulose were drawn onto an iron
mesh cathode as described in Exampe I hereinabove. The resulting
diaphragm was not washed but was dried under a vacuum of 20 inches
of mercury applied to the cathode side at 85.degree.C. for 72
hours.
A liquid composition containing 10 weight percent duPont "XR"
(Trademark) resin described in Example I above, in ethanol, was
poured onto the surface of the diaphragm and a vacuum of 17 inches
of mercury was drawn within the cathode. The resulting
resin-impregnated diaphragm, containing 2.0 grams of resin per
square foot of diaphragm surface was heated at 110.degree.C. for 1
hour.
The porosity of the diaphragm was tested as described in Example
III hereinabove and a porosity of 0.71 gallons per square foot per
hour of brine was measured. Thereafter, the diaphragm IR drop at a
minimum anode to diaphragm gap was measured as described in Example
I and extrapolated to 190 amperes per square foot yielding a
predicted cell voltage of 3.02 volts.
The cathode-diaphragm assembly was installed in a laboratory
diaphragm cell. Electrolysis was commenced and chlorine was seen to
be evolved. After 7 days of electrolysis the cell liquor contained
0.01 weight percent of NaClO.sub.3, the cell gas contained 0.01
volume percent hydrogen, the cell voltage was 3.40 volts, and the
cell liquor and diaphragm IR drop was 1.01 volts.
EXAMPLE III
A cathode-diaphragm assembly was prepared having an ion exchange
resin treated asbestos diaphragm.
A slurry of cellulose and asbestos in cell liquor was prepared and
drawn onto an iron mesh cathode as described in Example I
hereinabove. The diaphragm was not washed after pulling but was
dried under a vacuum of 23 inches of mercury on the cathode side at
a temperature of 85.degree.C. for 72 hours.
A 10 weight percent solution of duPont "XR" (Trademark) resin,
described in Example I above, was poured onto the surface of the
asbestos diaphragm and a vacuum of 17 inches of mercury was
established in the cathode-diaphragm structure. The resulting
diaphragm having approximately 3.0 grams of XR-resin per square
foot was heated at a temperature of 110.degree.C. for 77 hours.
The resulting cathode-diaphragm assembly had a porosity of 0.61
gallons of brine per square foot per hour determined as described
in Example III hereinabove. The minimum anode to diaphragm gap
voltage drop, measured and calculated as described in Example I
hereinabove, yield a predicted cell voltage of 3.0 volts at 190
amperes per square centimeter.
The cathode-diaphragm assembly was installed in a laboratory
diaphragm cell. Electrolysis was commenced and chlorine was seen to
be evolved. After 7 days of electrolysis the cell liquor contained
0.02 weight percent NaClO.sub.3, the cell was contained 2.4 volume
percent hydrogen cell voltage was 3.24 volts, and the
diaphragm-cell IR liquor voltage drop was 0.78 volts.
EXAMPLE IV
A cathode-diaphragm assembly was prepared having an ion exchange
resin treated porous asbestos diaphragm.
A slurry of asbestos and cellulose in cell liquor was prepared as
described in Example I hereinabove. The slurry was aged for 3 days.
The asbestos and cellulose were drawn onto a mesh cathode as
described in Example III hereinabove. The cathode-diaphragm
assembly was not washed but was dried with a vacuum on the cathode
side of 23 inches of mercury at 85.degree.C. for 72 hours.
A solution containing 10 weight percent duPont "XR" (Trademark)
resin in ethanol was poured onto the surface of the asbestos
diaphragm and a vacuum of 17 inches of mercury was established
inside the cathode. The resulting diaphragm, which contained about
1.0 grams of the ion exchange resin per square foot of asbestos,
was dried at 110.degree.C. for 72 hours.
The porosity of the diaphragm, determined as described in Example
III hereinabove, was 0.74 gallons per square foot per hour. The
minimum anode to diaphragm gap cell voltage was measured and
calculated as described in Example I hereinabove and yielded a
predicted cell voltage of 3.13 volts at 190 amperes per square
foot.
The resulting cathode-diaphragm assembly was installed in a
laboratory diaphragm cell. Electrolysis was commenced; chlorine was
seen to be evolved. After 7 days of electrolysis, the cell liquor
contained 0.01 weight percent NaClO.sub.3, the cell gas contained
from about 0.3 to about 2.4 volume percent hydrogen, cell voltage
was 3.39 volts, and the cell liquor and diaphragm IR drop was found
to be 0.69 volt.
Although the invention has been described with reference to
particular specific details and contains preferred
exemplifications, it is not intended to thereby limit the scope of
this invention except insofar as the details are recited in the
appended claims.
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