U.S. patent number 3,853,417 [Application Number 05/445,034] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-10 for apparatus for anchoring a cement concrete body such as a roadway onto a base of sand, gravel, soil or similar material.
Invention is credited to Gunnar Otto Hugo Olsson.
United States Patent |
3,853,417 |
Olsson |
December 10, 1974 |
APPARATUS FOR ANCHORING A CEMENT CONCRETE BODY SUCH AS A ROADWAY
ONTO A BASE OF SAND, GRAVEL, SOIL OR SIMILAR MATERIAL
Abstract
The invention relates to an improved method of anchoring and
bonding a layer of cement concrete, primarily a roadway, onto a
base of such resilient material as sand, gravel, stony soil and
similar material by forming anchoring elements extending from the
cement concrete layer into holes formed in the base and filled with
cement concrete flowing down from the cement concrete layer before
the hardening thereof. The method operates with elongated hole
forming members which are forced downwards in axial direction
through the not yet hardened cement concrete layer at an inclined
angle to the surface of said layer and into the base to a
predetermined depth and thereupon turned about their lower ends to
at least vertical and preferably an opposite inclined angular
position and thereupon retracted in their axial direction to be
swung back to the primary angular position for beginning a new
cycle of operations. A preferably travelling apparatus for carrying
out the novel method is equipped with at least one hole forming
member which is swingably mounted on a horizontal axis and in an
articulated manner connected with power means for causing the
member to perform its sequence of axial advance, turning, axial
retraction, and swinging return movements with adjustable speed and
pressure of advance, preferably together with a plurality of
cooperating hole forming members mounted on the same horizontal
axis and individually controllable as to their speed and pressure
by a common program work. The travelling apparatus is equipped with
means to exercise a pressure on the cement concrete layer adjacent
the hole forming members to force cement concrete into the holes
when formed by the members.
Inventors: |
Olsson; Gunnar Otto Hugo
(Jakobsberg, SW) |
Family
ID: |
27354314 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/445,034 |
Filed: |
February 22, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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231297 |
Mar 2, 1972 |
3810708 |
May 14, 1974 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
404/101; 404/116;
404/75 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E01C
7/145 (20130101); E02D 27/50 (20130101); E01C
23/00 (20130101); Y02A 30/68 (20180101); Y02A
30/60 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02D
27/50 (20060101); E01C 7/00 (20060101); E01C
7/14 (20060101); E01C 23/00 (20060101); E02D
27/32 (20060101); E01c 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;404/27,31,72,75,81,82,116,121,124,90 ;172/21,22,91,29 ;175/51
;111/89,92,95 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Hawkins; Steven A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sughrue, Rothwell, Mion, Zinn &
Macpeak
Parent Case Text
This is a Division of application Ser. No. 231,297, filed Mar. 2,
1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,810,708, issued May 14, 1974.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for anchoring a cement concrete body in a base of
sand, gravel, soil, or similar material to bring about a uniform
distribution of cracks of contraction coming to existence in the
body in connection with the hardening of the cement concrete, said
apparatus including at least one rod-shaped hole forming device
(3), characterized in that the hole forming device is articulately
fixed to an apparatus (10) adapted to travel on the cement concrete
layer (1), that driving means (22, 15, 19) are devised to adjust
the hole forming device (3) with the longitudinal axis thereof
inclined to the upper surface of the cement concrete layer and to
impart to the hole forming device an axial, downwards directed
movement and to drive said device through the cement concrete layer
(1) into the base (2) to the depth corresponding to the density of
the base and then to impart to the device a turning movement about
the lower end of said device and after that the longitudinal axis
of said hole forming device has been turned to a predetermined
extent to retract said device out of the base and the cement
concrete layer.
2. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the
lower end of the hole forming device (3) has the shape of a shovel
(4).
3. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the
driving members (19, 20) for axial displacement of the hole forming
device (3) are devised to exert an axial force in response to the
density of the base (2).
4. The device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that said
axial force responds to the maximum density of the base.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of anchoring a cement concrete
body such as a roadway, for example, onto a base of sand, gravel,
soil and similar material in order to bring about a uniform
distribution of cracks of contraction coming to existence in the
body in connection with the hardening of the cement concrete. The
method comprises molding a layer of cement concrete on the base and
forcing elongated, hole forming devices downwards through the
cement concrete layer and down into the base so as to cause cement
concrete after removal of the hole forming devices to flow down
into the holes in the base and when becoming hardened to form
anchoring elements. The invention also comprises an apparatus for
carrying out the novel method.
THE PRIOR ART
In the co-pending patent application Ser. No. 51,794 filed on July
2, 1970, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,450, issued on Aug. 1, 1972 it is
disclosed already to force devices corresponding to the shape of
the anchoring elements through the cement concrete layer prior to
the hardening thereof and into the base, whereupon the holes or
impressions formed in this way in the base are filled with cement
concrete in order to provide a maximum of friction between the
cement body and the base, whereby the cement concrete body due to
the movements appearing in connection with the hardening of the
cement concrete and afterwards due to changes in temperature
accumulates in each little area around each anchoring element
stresses of such nature that a very high number of fine fissures of
contraction come into existence instead of one or a few big
cracks.
However, it has been experienced that the use of hole forming
devices having a shape corresponding to the desired shape of the
anchoring elements will not always result in well defined holes
because the formed holes often are slipped together by the hole
forming devices during their movement in an arcuate path through
the soil, causing the holes to be filled with base material before
the cement concrete has had time to flow down into the holes. Such
sliding of material from the base into the holes becomes
particularly striking when the base consists of sand, and the
difficulty of forming holes by means of devices of the previously
disclosed type is especially prominent when the base or soil is
stony.
THE OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
One main object of the invention is thus to provide a method for
forming holes for the anchoring elements which surely are filled
with cement concrete irrespective of the nature of the base
material. Base material is in the following to be understand as
primarily comprised of sand, gravel, stony soil, or a base of
maccadam and soil reinforced by admixed concrete.
Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which is
capable irrespective of the nature of the base material of forming
holes of such shape that they are not collapsed by surrounding base
material but retain their form until filled with cement concrete
from superimposed, not yet hardened cement concrete.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will become
apparent from the following description, considered in connection
with accompanying drawings, which form part of this specification
and of which:
GENERAL PRESENTATION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1a to 1e are diagrammatic illustrations of the operation of a
hole forming device.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic side view of a travelling apparatus
equipped with hole forming devices.
FIG. 3 is a simplified side view of a hole forming device of the
type with which the apparatus of FIG. 2 is equipped.
FIG. 4 is a front view of the lower portion of the hole forming
device shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a section following the line V--V of FIG. 4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The method of forming anchoring elements between a not yet hardened
cement concrete body 1 and a base 2 is illustrated in FIGS. 1a to
1e. These figures show in a simplified manner the lower portion of
a hole forming device 3 having a digging end portion or shovel 4.
FIG. 1a illustrates the moment when the hole forming device 2 as a
result of an axial displacement with a predetermined inclination to
the cement concrete layer 1 with its end portion 4 has reached the
surface 5 of said cement concrete layer 1. The axial advancement of
the rod-shaped device 3 is continued until its end portion 4 has
penetrated downwards to the predetermined depth in the base 2. In
the illustration of FIG. 1b this advancement movement is almost
finished. FIG. 1c shows the end portion in its final position of
axial displacement while the device 3 with its end portion 4 as
axis of rotation has been turned upwards to a vertical position.
The turning movement which in FIG. 1 is shown to be effected
clockwise is preferably commenced only after the axial advancing
displacement has been finished, but may also be started
earlier.
FIG. 1d illustrates the moment when the hole forming device has
been turned further clockwise past the vertical line and an axial
retraction movement has been imparted thereto. FIG. 1e shows the
moment when the hole forming device has been retracted still more
and left the cement concrete layer 1. Thereafter, the hole forming
device is turned counterclockwise and the cycle of operations is
repeated.
As will appear from the FIGS. 1c to 1e, the preferably shovelformed
lowermost portion 4 of the device 3 during its turning movement
about the lowermost point thereof with its front will displace a
quantity of base material corresponding to the shovel surface ahead
and thereby form a hole or aperture 6 which is represented in axial
section. This hole will be filled in accordance with the widening
of its mouth 7 by movement of the shovel 4 with cement concrete and
will be completely filled with concrete when the shovel 4 has been
retracted. The filling-out of the hole 6 is facilitated by
continously compressing the cement concrete layer 1 by means of a
roller or a similar element as shall be explained below in more
detail.
From the FIGS. 1c to 1e it will further be understood that the
lowermost portion of the shovel 4 during its turning movement
forces base material to form a bank 8. This bank 8 results in that
the spacing between the upper surface of the base, i.e. the top
ridge of the bank 8 and the surface of the cement concrete layer
will be reduced adjacent each anchoring element 9, and thereby a
fracture indication for release of fissures of contraction in the
body adjacent the anchoring element is created.
FIG. 2 shows in a simplified manner a travelling apparatus or truck
10 intended to be advanced in the direction of the arrow A, e.g. by
its own driving means, over the not yet hardened cement concrete
layer 1. The truck 10 has in the shown embodiment supporting
rollers 11 and 12 engaging the ground, of which the rear roller 11
is assumed to be pivotable about a vertical shaft 13 to render
possible the steering of the truck. The front roller 12 brings
about the afore-mentioned compression of the cement concrete layer
in order i.a., to make sure that the holes formed in the base are
filled with cement concrete. In FIG. 2 there are illustrated three
hole forming devices 3, 3a and 3b, which are mounted swingably
about an axis 14, which extends at a right angle to the direction
of drive A. The three hole forming devices are mounted spaced from
one another in the direction of the axis 14 and will thus form
three mutually parallel rows of holes in the base 2. Even if only
three hole forming devices have been shown, any desired number can
be mounted depending on the breadth of the base 2 to be provided
with anchoring holes.
All three hole forming devices 3 operate as described in connection
with the FIGS. 1a to 1e; but in order to bring about various hole
patterns they may be arranged to become operative at mutually
different moments and also be driven with mutually different
speeds.
In FIG. 2 the hole forming device 3 is thus assumed to be in the
working position according to FIG. 1d, whereas the devices 3a and
3b are in the working positions corresponding to FIGS. 1c and 1b,
respectively. The spacing between two adjacent holes in each row
will depend on the working speed of the device forming this hole,
i.e. of the time spent to perform a working cycle according to th
FIGS. 1a to 1e. The swinging movement which each hole forming
device performs about the upper pivot axis 14 is carried out on
actuation by a driving device diagrammatically indicated at 15.
This driving device 15 may e.g. consist of a hydraulic motor having
a reciprocating piston rod 16 for each of the hole forming devices
3, 3a, 3b. The piston rod 16 is articulately connected to its
cooperating hole forming device at 18.
FIG. 3 shows more detailed though still diagrammatically a hole
forming device 3 of the type employed in the apparatus according to
FIG. 2. A holder member 21 is pivotably mounted on the axis 14.
Said holder member 21 carries a hydraulic cylinder 19 having a
piston 20 formed integrally with a prolongation constituted by the
rod-shaped hole forming device 3 and terminating with a shovel 4.
The piston 20 is by the cylinder 19 imparted an axially directed
movement towards the shovel 4 during the pressing down thereof
into, or retraction from, the cement concrete layer 1 and the base
2. The turning movement of the hole forming device about the
lowermost point of the shovel and the simultaneous pivoting of the
holder member 21 about the axis 14 during the continuous travel of
the truck is, as mentioned already, brought about by the piston rod
16. It should be observed, however, that a direct driving by means
of the piston rod 16 is not absolutely necessary when the shovel is
inside the base 2 since an automatic turning movement can be
brought about by the own motion of the truck. However, when the
device 3 has been retracted and is to be returned to commence a new
working cycle from the position according to FIG. 1a, a driving
force must be supplied from the piston rod 16.
The cylinder 19 may be devised to allow a certain return movement
of the piston 20 from its most projected position in order to
compensate for the reduction of the spacing between the outermost
point of the shovel and the axis 14 when the hole forming device
approaches the vertical position. A compensation for this reduction
of the distance can also be brought about by a resilient mounting
in bearings of the axis 14.
Both the cylinder 15 and the cylinder 19 are suitably controlled by
a program unit 22 of conventional kind. The program unit controls
the supply of a pressure fluid such as oil to and from the
cylinders through pipes 23, 24 and determines in this way axial
movements and turning and pivoting movements, respectively, of the
individual hole forming devices. Preferably the program unit is
operated with punched cards so as to enable the forming of various
hole patterns in response to the nature of the base, and preferably
the program unit is further devised to feed oil to each cylinder 19
with a pressure corresponding to the density of the base so as to
ensure that holes with a predetermined minimum depth are formed in
the base. In case that the density of the base varies, which is the
most usual case, the force is determined with regard to the highest
density and the program unit is adjusted in accordance thereto. In
this way the depth of the holes will be automatically adapted to
occurrring variations in density and correct anchoring or bonding
will be obtained.
FIG. 4 shows a front view of a suitable shovel 4 and FIG. 5 a
section through said shovel. The shape and the size of the lower,
hole-forming portion of each device may, however, be varied in
various manners and such shovel may have a purely rectangular
contour or a triangular one with a downward directed point.
If a further concrete layer shall be molded on the layer 1 and a
bonding of the uppermost layer with the underlying layer or layers
is desired, the same technique as described above may be applied,
the holes being formed in the cement concrete layer 1 prior to the
hardening thereof.
While one more or less specific embodiment of the method and the
apparatus according to the invention has been described and shown,
it is to be understood that this is for purpose of illustration
only and that the invention is not to be limited thereby, but its
scope is to be determined by the appended claims.
* * * * *