U.S. patent number 3,852,088 [Application Number 05/235,980] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-03 for security document system and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert B. Godlewski, Robert D. Harris, Michael J. Tinghitella.
United States Patent |
3,852,088 |
Godlewski , et al. |
December 3, 1974 |
SECURITY DOCUMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD
Abstract
Illegal or unauthorized reproduction of classified or
copyrighted indicia by a variety of convenience office copiers
operating in different energy ranges is inhibited. This indicia is
pressure-transferred from a typewriter ribbon or carbon-like sheet,
or printed directly, with an ink of one color onto a masking
background of another color provided on an opaque substrate. The
ink is light reflective to those convenience office copiers, like
the Xerox 2400, that operate predominantly in the blue spectral
region, and also to those thermographic copiers, like the 3M
Thermofax copiers, that operate in the infrared spectral range, so
that these copiers will not see the indicia. The ink is at least
partially light absorptive to those copiers, like the currently
marketed IBM Copier, that operate predominantly in the green or
blue-green spectral region; hence, as to these copiers, the indicia
will be indistinguishable from the camouflaging background, which
is light absorptive to a greater degree than the ink throughout the
operating ranges of all copiers of the aforementioned types. The
novel combination of ink and background herein disclosed also
provides legible but significantly deteriorated reproduction of
such indicia by most broad spectrum white-light copiers and
zinc-oxide coated paper copiers.
Inventors: |
Godlewski; Robert B.
(Hightstown, NJ), Harris; Robert D. (Somerset, NJ),
Tinghitella; Michael J. (Hightstown, NJ) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22887638 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/235,980 |
Filed: |
March 20, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
283/67; 283/91;
355/133; 427/145; 399/130; 283/88; 283/902; 427/7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G07F
7/086 (20130101); G03C 5/08 (20130101); G03G
21/043 (20130101); B41M 3/14 (20130101); Y10S
283/902 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41M
3/14 (20060101); G07F 7/08 (20060101); G03C
5/08 (20060101); G03G 21/04 (20060101); G09C
5/00 (20060101); B41m 003/14 (); B44f 001/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/1 ;283/6,7,8R,8A,8B
;355/3,7,133 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
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198,364 |
|
Apr 1924 |
|
GB |
|
402,028 |
|
Nov 1933 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Martin; William D.
Assistant Examiner: Pianalto; Bernard D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Otto, Jr.; Henry E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. The method of precluding generation of legible copies of human
readable indicia from a master by any one of a plurality of
convenience office copiers having different operating energy
ranges, comprising the steps of
providing an ink of a color that is highly reflective across the
operating energy range of at least one group of copiers including
electrostatic copiers operating predominantly in the blue region of
the spectrum and thermographic copiers operating in the infrared
region of the spectrum, but which ink is at least partially
absorptive within different operating energy ranges of another
group of copiers including electrostatic copiers operating
predominantly in the green to blue-green regions of the
spectrum,
providing on the master a background of another color that absorbs
light within such different operating energy ranges and masks the
ink color which would be legible in the blue-green to green
regions, and
printing the human readable indicia over said background with said
ink,
whereby said copiers of said one group will fail to reproduce the
indicia printed in said ink because of its reflectance and said
other group of copiers will reproduce illegible indicia printed in
said ink and masked by said background.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the masking background
comprises a predetermined format of a plurality of different
contiguous symbols, no identical two of which are directly adjacent
each other, and each of which symbols is defined by screened
discontinuities.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ink includes a
bright blue pigment of the phthalocyanine blue type.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ink consists, by
weight, essentially of 0.4% phthalocyanine blue pigment, 88.3%
opaque mixing white, 10.9% grinding base and 0.4% white powder.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the background is
printed on a white bond paper master of high brightness and in an
ink having a color substantially identical with that known as PMS
456.
6. A security document system comprising, in combination,
a medium carrying a pressure-transferrable visible ink or the like
of a color that exhibits high reflectance when indicia printed
therewith is sought to be reproduced in one class of convenience
office copiers including electrostatic copiers that operate
predominantly within the blue region of the spectrum but is at
least partially absorptive when such indicia is sought to be
reproduced in a different class of convenience office copiers
including electrostatic copiers that operate predominantly within
the green to blue-green region of the spectrum, and
an opaque substrate having on at least one surface a visible
masking background of another color, said surface adapted to be
printed over by a typewriter or the like with legible indicia from
said medium,
said other color being one which absorbs light when the background
formed thereof is reproduced thereby to inhibit reproduction of
said legible indicia by any copiers operating in any of said energy
ranges, inasmuch as said one class of copiers will fail to
reproduce the indicia printed with said ink because of its
reflectance and said different class of copiers will reproduce
illegible indicia printed in said ink and masked by said
background.
7. A system according to claim 6, wherein the indicia is in an ink
comprising a bright phthalocyanine blue pigment, and the background
is essentially of a color identified as PMS 456.
8. A security document system comprising
a substrate providing a surface of high brightness with a masking
background applied thereto which is of a color substantially
identical with that known as PMS 456, and
a medium for apply over the background visible indicia in a
formulation comprising a bright blue phthalocyanine pigment.
9. A system according to claim 6, wherein said background is
sufficiently light absorptive in electrostatic copiers of the broad
spectrum white-light type and those using zinc-oxide coated copy
papers to provide legible, but poor quality, copies of said indicia
in such copiers.
10. The method of precluding generation of legible copies of human
readable indicia from a master by any one of a plurality of classes
of electrostatic office copiers having different operating energy
ranges, comprising the steps of
providing an ink of a color that is highly reflective across the
operating energy range of electrostatic copiers of one class
operating predominantly in one region of the spectrum, but which
ink is at least partially absorptive within the different operating
energy range of another class of electrostatic copiers operating
predominantly in another region of the spectrum,
providing on the master a background of another color that absorbs
light within said different operating energy range and masks the
ink color which would be legible in said other region, and
printing the human readable indicia over said background with said
ink,
whereby said electrostatic copiers of said one class will fail to
reproduce the indicia printed in said ink because of its
reflectance and said electrostatic copiers of the other class will
reproduce illegible indicia printed in said ink and masked by said
background.
Description
This invention relates to a security document system for, and
method of, inhibiting illegal or unauthorized reproduction of
classified or copyrighted information by a wide variety of
convenience copiers. The invention relates more particularly to a
document system or set and method that provides legible indicia on
a master but provides illegible or significantly deteriorated
copies of such indicia when attempts are made to reproduce it by
any of a wide variety of conventional office copiers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is, of course, well known that indicia in certain blue colors is
not reproducible on some electrostatic copiers; that indicia in
green colors is not reproducible on others; and that indicia in red
colors is not reproducible on thermographic copiers. It has
heretofore been proposed to suppress reproduction of certain
indicia by writing or printing it in an ink that is reflective in
that specific energy range in which a particular convenience copier
or class of copiers operates; e.g., print such indicia in a blue
ink to preclude its reproduction by an electrostatic copier that
operates predominantly in the blue region of the spectrum. However,
this approach would not preclude legible reproduction of such
indicia in electrostatic copiers operating in the green or
blue-green region of the spectrum. Another approach to prevent
reproduction in electrostatic copiers is to print the indicia in
black ink on a dark red background. These approaches have never
proved commercially practical because they preclude copying only by
copiers operating in a specific narrow energy range and/or because
the documents ae not acceptable from a human factors
standpoint.
With so many different brands and classes of convenience office
copiers now on the market and so readily accessible in offices and
libraries, there is a need for a simple security document system
and method that will provide legible indicia on a master in a form
acceptable from a human factors standpoint but preclude or impair
legible or acceptable reproduction of such indicia by a variety of
brands and classes of such copiers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Applicants have discovered that these objectives can be achieved by
formulating an ink from a pigment of a color having a high
reflectance across the operating energy ranges of at least one
class of copiers but somewhat light absorptive across the operating
energy range of at least one other class of copiers. The classified
or copyrighted indicia is then printed with said ink on a masking
background provided on an opaque master. This background is of
another color that absorbs light within the operating energy ranges
of both such classes of office copiers. The copiers of the
first-mentioned class or classes fail to see the ink because of its
reflectance, and the copiers of such other classes fail to
distinguish the ink from the camouflaging background. In still
other classes of office copiers, including most broad spectrum
white-light copiers and electrostatic copiers using zinc-oxide
coated paper, the particular blue ink in which the classified
indicia is printed and the masking background ink herein disclosed
when used in combination have been found to provide reproductions
of the classified indicia which, though legible, are of
considerably impaired quality.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the
following more detailed description of the invention and from the
accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting the operating energy levels for three
distinct classes of commercially available convenience office
copiers that peak at different wavelengths, and the reflectance
characteristics of applicants' distinctive ink and background
relative thereto;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic showing of the process by which the
masking background is prepared; and
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of applicants' distinctive
masking background.
DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIG. 1, curve A depicts the approximate operating
energy range of one class of electrostatic convenience copiers that
operates predominantly in the blue region of the electromagnetic
spectrum with a peak operating energy of about 482 to 507 m.mu.
(millimicrons); this class includes the commercially available
copiers known as the Xerox 2400, 660, 720, 914, 3600 I, and 3600
III. Curve B depicts the approximate operating energy range of
another class of electrostatic copiers that operates predominantly
in the blue-green to green region of the spectrum with a peak
operating energy of about 495 to 545 m.mu. that somewhat overlaps
the peak energies of the first class; this class includes the
commercially available copier known as the IBM Copier. Curve C
depicts the approximate operating energy range of still another
class of copiers, namely thermographic copiers, that employ
infrared light sources and depend upon the absorption of infrared
radiation for the production of legible copy; this class includes
the 3M Thermofax copiers. These curves A, B, C express the
operating energy at approximate percentages of the peak operating
energy at various wavelengths as measured in millimicrons.
For reference purposes and to a different ordinate scale, curve D
is included to depict the approximate reflectance characteristics
of the conventional uncoated white-bond copy papers normally used
with electrostatic copiers of the types depicted in curves A, B.
Curve E is included to depict the approximate reflectance of a
typical black ink. Curve F depicts the relative reflectance of
applicants' distinctive bright blue ink, hereinbelow described, for
printing the classified indicia; whereas curve G depicts the
relative reflectance of the ink in applicants' distinctive masking
background. These curves D, E, F, G show reflectance
characteristics in percentage, referenced against manganese oxide
as 100% as measured by a Beckman DK-2A Spectroreflectometer, at
various wavelengths as measured in millimicrons.
According to a feature of the invention, applicants' bright blue
ink is a non-light absorptive (i.e.. reflective) to electrostatic
copiers having operating energy peaks within the blue spectral
region and to thermographic copiers; hence, indicia imprinted in
such ink will not be "seen" by such copiers. However, such ink is
sufficiently light absorptive to copiers having operating energy
peaks within the green and blue-green regions that it will be
"seen" by such copiers; but these copiers will fail to distinguish
the indicia printed in said ink from a distinctive camouflaging
background that is not objectionable from a human factors
standpoint. This masking or camouflaging background preferably is
of a color, such as hereinafter disclosed, the absorbs light to a
greater degree than the blue ink in all classes of copiers
operating predominantly in the blue, green, blue-green or infrared
regions. Thus, to all these copiers, the background is similar to
black. However, the reasons for the background are (a) to mask the
indicia that would otherwise legibly reproduce in those copiers
operating predominantly in the blue-green to green region, and (b)
provide deteriorated, though legible, reproduction of the indicia
in broad spectrum white-light copiers, such as the Xerox 4000 and
7000, and zinc-oxide coated paper copiers, such as the Bruning
2000.
Applicants' distinctive blue ink and masking background and the
basis for their characteristics will now be described in greater
detail.
From curve F it will be noted that applicants' blue ink is highly
reflective to the copiers depicted by curve A which operate
predominantly in the blue region of the spectrum. However, said ink
is sufficiently light absorptive to the copiers depicted in curve B
which operate in the green to blue-green region of the spectrum
that it will be visible, although faintly, to said copiers. It will
also be noted from curve F that applicants' blue ink is highly
reflective to those thermographic copiers depicted by curve C that
operate in the infrared region of the spectrum. Accordingly, such
thermographic copiers will not "see" the ink (even though of a
bright blue hue).
From curve G, it will be noted that the masking background is very
absorptive (i.e., exhibits low reflectance) through the visible
region of the spectrum, including the blue, blue-green, and green
regions. Although the background is somewhat less absorptive in the
infrared region, a comparison of curves G and F shows that the
background is nevertheless more absorptive than the blue ink in
said region. The background is somewhat absorptive, although to a
lesser degree than the blue ink, in the wavelengths between the
green and infrared regions. Since both the blue ink and background
are absorptive enough, however, to be reproduced by the broad
spectrum white-light copiers and zinc-oxide coated paper copiers,
the background will have a partial (though incomplete) masking
effect to insure the deteriorated quality of reproductions in
copiers of these two types.
OPERATION
In actual tests, applicants' novel masking background was applied
to paper substrate masters of various colors and weights. However,
the background is preferably applied to white bond paper of high
brightness, such as commercially available OCR-grade paper. More
specifically, the masking background was prepared by a process
comprising the following steps:
1. A predetermined format ##SPC1##
was typed onto 20-pound bond white paper.
2. The typed format was then photographed on high contrast film in
conventional manner to produce a negative.
3. A composite master negative was then made, as shown in FIG. 2,
by
a. placing a 25% fine mezzo tint over the negative of the typed
format;
b. placing a 25% coarse mezzo tint under the negative of the typed
format;
c. laying the tint-negative-tint sandwich on a high quality
duplicating film with the coarse tint adjacent said film; and
d. producing, by contact exposure, a composite master negative of a
background masking pattern comprised of a plurality of letters or
other symbols each defined by a series of discontinuous screened
portions as shown in FIG. 3.
It is to be understood that the format may be typed onto any
photographically acceptable surface or substrate in lieu of the
20-pound bond white paper. Also the predetermined format preferably
should cover the entire area to be protected, and should not
comprise identical letters or symbols in adjacent lateral or
vertical relation; i.e., each letter or symbol used should not be
repeated in close proximity to a similar letter or symbol. The
composite master negative is created by conventional exposure
control methods that will insure exact dot-for-dot reproduction;
e.g., by use of gray scales, star targets, dot form scales, and
resolution line guides.
The mezzo tints used were those commercially available from Direct
Image Corp., Monterey Park, Calif. The duplicating film used was
that designated as MRK 471 CRW-4 sold by E.I. du Pont de Nemours
and Co., Inc.
The master composite negative created in the manner just described
was then used to prepare a lithographic plate in conventional
manner. Of course, if preferred, the negative may be used to
prepare other types of printing plates (e.g., relief printing
plates) suitable for the particular printing process to be
employed.
As earlier noted, the color of the masking background is critical
in that it must absorb light to a greater degree than the pigment
in all copiers operating predominantly in blue-green to green
region. By considerable experimentation, it was found that printing
a master on a lithographic press with a masking background of an
ink having a color identified as "PMS 456" of the Pantone Matching
System and having intensity characteristics preferably like those
shown in curve G of FIG. 1 best insured illegibility of copies from
copiers operating in the blue-green to green region while affording
good human factors acceptability. The Pantone Matching System
developed by Pantone Press, Inc. expresses colors in a certified
matching system that is well known as a standard to those skilled
in the art. This system, in which all constituents are expressed in
parts by weight, defines the PMS 456 ink formulation as:
One Part Warm Red
One Part Reflex Blue
Fourteen Parts Yellow
One Part Black
The confidential or copyrighted indicia which is not to be machine
copied was printed on the masking background by applicants' blue
ink, which was specially formulated to match the spectrally blind
region of the Xerox 2400 copier. (This blind region is
substantially identical for the Xerox 660, 720, 914, 2400, 3600 I
and 3600 II electrostatic copiers; and hence it is to be understood
that unless otherwise specifically stated, the characteristics
described with respect to the Xerox 2400 copier are deemed to apply
with equal force to these other specifically identified Xerox
copiers.) The blue ink employed in the formulation preferably has
spectral characteristics similar to those shown in curve F of FIG.
1. Preferred pigments for use in applicants' distinctive blue ink
are those of the phthalocyanine blue type which exhibit a broad
reflectance curve in the blue region in which the Xerox 2400
copiers operate.
Very satisfactory results were obtained with the following ink
formulation applied by a lithographic press, all constituents being
expressed in terms of percent by weight:
0.4% Phthalocyanine Blue Pigment
88.3% Opague Mixing White (VanSon 46402-S)
10.9% 100-s grinding Base (Lawter Chemical Company)
.4% Thixcin R White Powder (Baker Castor Oil Company)
It will, of course, be understood that other workable formulations
can readily be made to suit the particular application and printing
process used; however, the phthalocyanine blue pigment is the
important ingredient.
It will now be apparent that the function of the masking background
is primarily to expand the range of nonlegible copy to copiers,
like the IBM Copier, that operate predominantly in the blue-green
to green region of the spectrum. The background pattern serves to
camouflage the indicia overprinted in the special blue ink, for a
legible copy of such indicia would be reproduced by the IBM Copier
in the absence of such a background. The background pattern is a
stronger competitor for toner than the indicia overprinted in the
blue ink, thus helping to provide illegible copy when such ink and
background are concurrently employed. The blue ink, when used in
conjunction with the background pattern illustrated above and to
enlarged scale in FIG. 3, affords a high degree of acceptance from
a human factors standpoint, while at the same time assuring against
reproduction of legible copies of the classified indicia on both
the Xerox 2400 type and the IBM type electrostatic copiers and on
thermographic copiers.
In the tests above described, the "nonreproducible" classified
indicia was printed in a lithographic press over a masking
background that had previously been printed on a paper substrate in
a lithographic press. It is to be understood, however, that this
indicia can be applied by a number of other media; i.e., from a
typewriter ribbon impregnated with a suitable formulation
containing this special blue pigment, from a separate transfer
sheet (in the nature of carbon paper) coated with a suitable
formulation including such pigment, by a toner containing such
pigment and used in electrostatic copiers, or by a hand-manipulated
pen or pencil having an ink or lead embodying such pigment. Hence,
the term "medium" as employed in the claims is intended to be
broadly construed to embrace any means, such as an ink or the other
means just specified, for carrying the pigment and/or applying it
as legible indicia to the masking background. Moreover, it is to be
understood that, if preferred, the masking background may take
forms or employ formulations other than those herein specifically
disclosed or be applied by different printing or screening
techniques, so long as the color is maintained at or close to that
known as PMS 456.
As earlier noted, the blue ink herein disclosed when used in
conjunction with the masking background above described produced
legible, but hard to read, copy on most so-called broad spectrum
white-light copiers, such as the Xerox 4000 and 7000 electrostatic
copiers; it also produced poor quality copies in the electrostatic
copiers, such as the Bruning 2000, employing zinc-oxide coated
paper.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be apparent
that the foregoing and other changes may be made in the security
document system and method without departing from the spirit, scope
and teaching of the present invention. Accordingly, the system and
method herein disclosed are to be considered merely as
illustrative, and the scope of the invention is to be limited only
as specified in the claims.
* * * * *