U.S. patent number 3,849,145 [Application Number 05/082,140] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-19 for cordierite binder composition.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to John J. Pitha.
United States Patent |
3,849,145 |
Pitha |
November 19, 1974 |
CORDIERITE BINDER COMPOSITION
Abstract
Lightning arrester resistance material is composed of silicon
carbide particles and a binder therefor composed of cordierite
formed of a fired mixture of cordierite-forming glass material and
cordierite-forming crystalline material.
Inventors: |
Pitha; John J. (Lenox, MA) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
26767103 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/082,140 |
Filed: |
October 19, 1970 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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781473 |
Dec 5, 1968 |
3607790 |
Sep 21, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
501/9; 252/516;
501/88; 501/69 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C04B
35/565 (20130101); C03C 10/0045 (20130101); H01B
1/18 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C03C
10/00 (20060101); H01B 1/14 (20060101); H01B
1/18 (20060101); C04B 35/565 (20060101); Co3c
003/22 (); C04b 033/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;106/39R,46,44,39DV,39.6,46,45,71,73.4,52 ;252/63.5,516 ;174/3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Ceramic Industry, 1967 Handbook of Materials for Ceramic
Processing, pages 85, 146, 149..
|
Primary Examiner: McCarthy; Helen M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Greenberg; Sidney
Parent Case Text
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 781,473,
filed Dec. 5, 1968, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,790 on
Sept. 21, 1971, and which is assigned to the same assignee as the
present invention.
Claims
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. A composition of matter, suitable for use as a binder,
consisting essentially of a mixture of about 6 to 22.5 parts by
weight of cordierite-forming glass material and about 8 to 46 parts
by weight of cordierite-forming crystalline material, in which the
glass material is a fired and vitrified mixture of SiO.sub.2,
Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and MgO, the crystalline material being talc plus
a member of the group consisting of a porcelain mixture and
kaolin.
2. A composition as defined in claim 1, said crystalline material
comprising, in percent by weight, about 40 to about 60 percent talc
and about 60 to about 40 percent porcelain mixture.
3. A composition as defined in claim 1, said crystalline material
comprising talc and kaolin in about equal parts by weight.
Description
The present invention relates to resistance material, and more
particularly to resistance material for use with electric discharge
devices, such as lightning arresters, and the method of making the
resistance material. Such material, also known as non-linear
resistance or valve element material, is of the type having
variable resistance characteristics, so that when placed in
electrical circuit with a source of electrical potential applied
thereto, its resistance decreases with an increase in the
electrical potential. In known types of overvoltage protective
devices such as lightning arresters, a gap structure is usually
arranged in series with the resistance material, and when the
device is subjected to overvoltage, such as caused by lightning or
a switching surge, the gap arcs over and with the non-linear
resistance material forms a low resistance path to ground. The
resistance material provides a low resistance path to high voltages
and a high resistance path to low voltages. When the overvoltage
surge has been discharged, the resistance material provides a high
resistance path to the power follow current, limiting such current
to enable the gap structure to interrupt the current and return the
arrester to its open circuit condition.
Resistance material of the above-described type comprising a
mixture of silicon carbide particles and a binder material therefor
comprising cordierite is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,291,759 -
Pitha, granted Dec. 13, 1966. The present invention is an
improvement on the material and method of the latter patent.
It is an object of the invention to provide improved non-linear
resistance material of the above-described type and a method of
making the same.
Another object of the invention is to provide non-linear resistance
material of the above type having improved resistivity
characteristics for passing current during over-voltage conditions
while providing reduced power follow currents.
A particular object of the invention is the provision of an
improved non-linear resistance material comprising silicon carbide
particles and a cordierite binder therefor.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved
composition and method for forming cordierite, and for making
non-linear resistance material incorporating such
cordierite-forming composition.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the
following description and the appended claims.
With the above objects in view, the present invention in one of its
aspects relates to a method of making non-linear resistance
material comprising the steps of mixing silicon carbide particles
with a cordierite-forming glass material and cordierite-forming
crystalline material, compacting the mixture, and firing the thus
treated mixture at elevated temperature for reacting the
crystalline material and for forming a cordierite binder for the
silicon carbide particles from the mixture of glass material and
crystalline material.
The invention will be better understood from the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in
which:
The single FIGURE is a graph showing a comparison of the
volt-ampere characteristics of the resistance material of the
present invention and those of prior art resistance material.
In the aforementioned Pitha patent, there is disclosed a non-linear
resistance material formed of a mixture of silicon carbide
particles and a cordierite binder therefor, wherein the binder
material is obtained by firing a mixture of appropriate proportions
of talc and a porcelain mixture including flint, clay and soda or
potash spar.
In accordance with the present invention an improved resistance
material is made by including in the initial binder mixture a
suitable proportion of cordierite-forming glass. By
"cordierite-forming glass" as used herein is meant a
non-crystalline solid material having the composition 2MgO.
2Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. 5SiO.sub.2 and which when heated to elevated
temperature below the melting point of the glass and gradually
cooled will form a ceramic composed of cordierite. The
cordierite-forming glass used in the present invention (also
referred to herein simply as cordierite glass) is thus
distinguished from the aforementioned mixture of crystalline
compounds used in the prior process to form the cordierite binder
in the fired product. As indicated, however, both types of
cordierite-forming materials are used in the present invention to
obtain non-linear resistance material of optimum properties.
By virtue of the addition of cordierite glass to the binder forming
material in accordance with the invention, the resultant resistance
material retains all the advantages of the prior material made with
only crystalline cordierite-forming compounds, such as low
resistivity to overvoltages and high capacity to withstand repeated
surges of current, and in addition it is characterized by a
substantially higher resistance in the low voltage range than the
prior resistance material. As a result, the improved material when
used, for example, in lightning arresters, more effectively cuts
out power follow currents and thus enables more rapid extinguishing
of the arc formed by overvoltages in the arrester, so that the
electrical apparatus protected by the arrester resumes normal
operation in a shorter time. An additional advantage obtained by
such properties of the non-linear resistance material is that the
life of the lightning arrester is thereby substantially
prolonged.
The FIGURE graphically illustrates the comparative volt-ampere
characteristics of the prior and present non-linear resistance
materials. In the graph, in which the volts and amperes are plotted
in logarithmic scale, Curve B represents the prior material as made
by the process described in the aforementioned Pitha patent, while
Curve A represents resistance material of the present invention. As
is evident, at the lower voltage levels, e.g., below 1,000 volts,
the material represented by Curve A exhibits substantially higher
resistivity than the Curve B material, while at voltages from 2,000
volts and higher, the resistivities of the respective materials are
equivalent, and thus they provide equivalent protection under high
overvoltage conditions. The increased resistivity of the improved
resistance material at the lower voltage levels as shown is as much
as 58 percent in terms of voltage required for passage of 1 ampere
of current.
In a typical process of making the improved resistance material the
following preferred composition in percent by weight has been found
to produce satisfactory results for use in DC lightning
arresters:
Silicon carbide 75% Cordierite glass 10 Talc 6 Porcelain mixture
9
As well understood by those versed in the art, the porcelain
mixture may comprise flint, clay and soda or potash spar, but any
particular type or composition of porcelain mixture may be utilized
in practicing the present invention.
The cordierite glass used in the above mixture is made by mixing
the following ingredients in the typical composition shown in
percent by weight:
SiO.sub.2 51.3% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 34.9 MgO 13.8
This mixture is heated to fusion in an electric arc furnace at a
temperature no lower than about 1,800.degree.C, causing the
reaction of the ingredients and forming a molten glass material
which is then quenched to prevent devitrification, as a result of
which the material solidifies as a glass. The solid glass is
thereafter ground into finely divided form for use in the binder
mixture described above. When such glass is fired at elevated
temperature below the melting point of the glass and thereafter
cooled, it devitrifies (crystallizes) into a hard, dense ceramic
material consisting of cordierite, which has the formula 2MgO .
2Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 . 5SiO.sub.2.
The remaining binder ingredients, viz., talc and porcelain mixture,
are also capable of forming cordierite when heated to elevated
temperature, but in contrast to the pre-reacted cordierite-forming
glass component, are crystalline in nature and are employed in this
form in the prefired mixture.
After all of the described components in finely divided form are
mixed together and a suitable temporary binder such as water is
added, the mixture is pressed into discs or otherwise formed into
desired shapes, and in such form the material is fired at a
temperature of from about 1,200.degree.C to about 1,300.degree.C in
a hydrogen atmosphere, removed from the furnace and cooled. As a
result of such firing and cooling, both the pre-reacted glass
material and the crystalline binder ingredients form a ceramic
binder composed of cordierite in crystalline form, with the silicon
carbide particles held therein. As will be understood, the cooling
of the fired material is relatively gradual, in distinction to the
quenching step herein above referred to in connection with making
the cordierite glass.
While the above specific composition is a typically preferred
mixture, the resistance material of the invention may be formed
from a composition within the following ranges, in percent by
weight:
Silicon carbide 55.0 to 80.0% Cordierite glass 6.0 to 22.5 Talc 4.0
to 27.0 Porcelain mixture 4.0 to 19.0
An example of a suitable porcelain mixture which may be employed in
the foregoing compositions is as follows, in percent by weight:
Flint 14.3% Clay 47.6 Soda or potash spar 38.1
Preferably, the talc and porcelain mixture components of the
crystalline binder material vary in the range of 40 to 60 percent
by weight of talc and 60 to 40 percent of porcelain mixture.
The porcelain mixture may be replaced by a china clay such as
Florida kaolin, and in the binder mixture equal parts by weight of
such kaolin and talc may typically be used as the
cordierite-forming crystalline ingredients.
While the present invention has been described with reference to
particular embodiments thereof, it will be understood that numerous
modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without
actually departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the
appended claims are intended to cover all such equivalent
variations as come within the true spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *