U.S. patent number 3,848,096 [Application Number 05/387,283] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-12 for method of and means for holographically recording and reproducing information.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Krone GmbH. Invention is credited to Hans Marko.
United States Patent |
3,848,096 |
Marko |
November 12, 1974 |
METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR HOLOGRAPHICALLY RECORDING AND REPRODUCING
INFORMATION
Abstract
A photographic surface is illuminated by coherent monochromatic
light from a point source of radiation, such as a laser, which
emits a pulsed beam modulated in phase and/or intensity according
to an input signal and also generates a bundle of reference light
rays incident upon that surface from successively different angles,
or with variation of the relative amplitude of its constituent rays
according to a continuously changing pattern, to produce an image
composed of a succession of elemental holograms with different
virtual origins. To reproduce the original signal, the developed
image is illuminated by another bundle of coherent light rays of
the same frequency varying in its angle of incidence, or in the
relative amplitude of its rays, according to the same law as the
first bundle; light from the image so illuminated is focused upon a
photocell to generate an output voltage varying in magnitude
according to the original input signal.
Inventors: |
Marko; Hans (Grafelfing,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Krone GmbH (Berlin,
DT)
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Family
ID: |
5755197 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/387,283 |
Filed: |
August 10, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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133134 |
Apr 12, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
369/103; 386/336;
386/E5.064; 386/E5.061; G9B/7.2; G9B/7.027; 348/40; 359/24;
365/125; 365/216; 359/11 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G11B
7/0065 (20130101); G11B 7/28 (20130101); H04N
5/89 (20130101); H04N 5/90 (20130101); G03H
2001/2675 (20130101); G03H 1/265 (20130101); G03H
2222/33 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G11B
7/28 (20060101); G11B 7/0065 (20060101); G11B
7/00 (20060101); H04N 5/84 (20060101); H04N
5/85 (20060101); G11b 007/00 (); G02b 027/00 ();
H04n 005/84 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/1.3V,1.3Z,1.3G
;178/6.7R,6.7A ;350/3.5,6,7,162R,162SF ;340/173LM
;346/1,108,76L |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Collier, An Up-To-Date Look at Holography, Bell Labs Record, 4/72
pages 103-109. .
LaMacchia et al., Coded Multiple Exposure Holograms, Applied
Optics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1/68, pages 91-94. .
Arm et al., Holographic Storage of Electric Signals, Applied
Optics, Vol. 8, No. 7, 7/69, pages 1413-1419..
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Primary Examiner: Cardillo, Jr.; Raymond F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Ross; Karl F. Dubno; Herbert
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending
application Ser. No. 133,134 filed Apr. 12, 1971 and now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of holographically recording and reproducing
information, comprising the steps of:
projecting upon a photographic surface and defocused beam of
coherent light carrying photographically recordable
information;
superimposing upon said beam a first bundle of reference light rays
trained upon said surface, said light rays and said beam having the
same wavelength and being pulsed in step with each other;
subjecting said bundle to modulation varying with time as an
orthogonal function;
developing the resulting latent image on said surface; and
detecting said information by illuminating the developed image on
said surface by a second bundle of reference light rays of the
wavelength of said first bundle and subjected to modulation varying
as the same orthogonal function of time.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the information is
imposed upon said beam by modulating same concurrently with the
modulation of said first bundle, the step of detecting said
information comprising exposure of a photoelectric transducer to
light from said image.
3. A method as defined in claim 2 wherein said beam is modulated in
intensity.
4. A method as defined in claim 2 wherein said beam is modulated in
phase.
5. A method of holographically recording and reproducing
information, comprising the steps of:
projecting upon a photographic surface a defocused beam of coherent
light;
superimposing upon said beam a first bundle of reference light rays
trained upon said surface, said light rays and said beam having the
same wavelength and being pulsed in step with each other;
subjecting said first bundle to modulation of its angle of
incidence as a function of time according to a law producing a
spiral trace;
imposing photographically recordable information upon said beam by
modulating same concurrently with the modulation of said first
bundle; and
detecting said information by illuminating the developed image on
said surface by a second bundle of reference light rays of the
wavelength of said first bundle while subjecting said second bundle
to modulation of its angle of incidence as the same function of
time and exposing a photoelectric transducer to light from said
image.
6. A method of holographically recording and reproducing
information, comprising the steps of:
projecting upon a photographic surface a defocused beam of coherent
light carrying photographically recordable information;
superimposing upon said beam a first bundle of reference light rays
trained upon said surface, said light rays and said beam having the
same wavelength and being pulsed in step with each other;
subjecting said bundle to modulation varying with time as a random
noise function;
developing the resulting latent image on said surface; and
detecting said information by illuminating the developed image on
said surface by a second bundle of reference light rays of the
wavelength of said first bundle and subjected to modulation varying
as the same random noise function of time.
7. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the information is
imposed upon said beam by modulating same concurrently with he
modulation of said first bundle, the step of detecting said
information comprising exposure of a photoelectric transducer to
light from said image.
8. A method as defined in claim 7 wherein said beam is modulated in
intensity.
9. A method as defined in claim 7 wherein said beam is modulated in
phase.
10. A system for holographically recording and reproducing
information, comprising:
a source of pulsed coherent light of a fixed wavelength;
pickup means for imposing photographically recordable information
upon a beam of light from said source;
projection means for training said beam, carrying such information,
in a defocused manner upon a photographic surface;
optical means for directing a first bundle of reference light rays
of said wavelength upon said surface concurrently with said
beam;
modulating means including a first wobbling mirror for varying the
angle of incidence of said first bundle as a function of time, said
puckup means including electro-optic means for modulating said beam
with said information concurrently with the variation of said angle
of incidence of said first bundle by said modulating means;
decoding means including a generator of a second bundle of
reference light rays and a second wobbling mirror for varying the
angle of incidence thereof as a function of time identical with
that of the angle of incidence of said first bundle, each of said
mirrors being provided with pair of orthogonally related rocking
drives with two conjugate input circuits and a common supply of
sinusoidal driving voltage with linearly varying amplitude for said
circuits;
illuminating means for directing said second bundle onto an image
produced on said surface by said projection means and said optical
means;
photoelectric transducer means;
focusing means for directing light from said image onto said
transducer means; and
demodulating means connected to said transducer means for
reproducing said information.
11. A system as defined in claim 10 wherein the rocking drives for
said second wobbling mirror are provided with sensing means for
maintaining same trained upon a spiral trace defined by the motion
of said first wobbling mirror.
12. A system as defined in claim 11 wherein said sensing means
comprises an oscillator circuit for superimposing upon said driving
voltage a tracking oscillation of substantially higher frequency
and feedback means for delivering the output of said demodulating
means to said oscillator circuit and for deriving for said output
and said tracking oscillation an error signal superimposed upon
said driving voltage.
13. A system as defined in claim 12 wherein said information
consists of signal frequencies within a predetermined range, said
tracking oscillation having a frequency substantially above said
range.
14. A system for holographically recording and reproducing
information, comprising:
a source of pulsed coherent light of a fixed wavelength;
pickup mens for imposing photographically recordable information
upon a beam of light from said source;
projection means for training said beam, carrying such information,
in a defocused manner upon a photographic surface;
optical means for directing a first bundle of refernece light rays
of said wavelength upon said surface concurrently with said
beam;
modulating means for varying the phasing of said light rays as a
function of time;rays as a function of time;
decoding means including a generator of a second bundle of
reference light rays with a phasing varying as a function of time
identical with that of said first bundle; and
illuminating means for directing said second bundle onto an image
produced on said surface by said projection means and said optical
means;
said modulating means and said decoding means each including a
cylinder of frosted glass in the path of said first and said second
bundle, respectively, and drive means for axially advancing and
simultaneously rotating said cylinder.
15. A system as defined in claim 14 wherein said source and said
generator each comprises a laser and trigger means for periodically
activating said laser, at a cadence exceeding the highest
information frequency, in step with the associated drive means.
16. A system as defined in claim 14 wherein said pick-up means
includes electro-optic means for modulating said beam with said
information concurrently with the variation of said parameter of
said first bundle by said modulating means; further comprising
photoelectric transducer means, focusing means for directing light
from said image onto said transducer means, and demodulating means
connected to said transducer means for reproducing said
information; said demodulating means including gate means
synchronized with the trigger means of said generator and a
low-pass filter beyond said gate means.
Description
My present invention relates to a method of and means for
holographically recording and reproducing photographically
recordable information such as audio or video signals.
Various techniques are known for optically registering such signals
on a recording medium such as a tape or a disk. In the latter
instance the information is generally inscribed on the disk in the
form of a spiral track, advantageously with the aid of a laser ray;
see, for example, British Patent No. 1,038,593. As in conventional
mechanical sound-recording systems using spirally grooved disks,
such as a laser-illuminated record must also be rotated at a
predetermined speed during both recordal and playback.
A common disadvantage of both the mechanical and the optical
recording systems of this type is the fact that reproduction may be
seriously impaired by scratches and other irregularities on the
tape or disk surface. Another drawback is the need for continuously
moving the tape or disk during recording and reproduction.
It is, therefore, the general object of my present invention to
provide a method of and means for optically recording and
reproducing audio and video signals in a manner avoiding the
aforestated disadvantages.
More specifically, it is an object of my invention to provide a
novel type of video or sound record which, even when locally
damaged because of careless handling, will preserve the totality of
its information, albeit with a somewhat reduced degree of
resolution.
It is known that an image of an original or master copy illuminated
with coherent light, e.g. was produced by a laser, can be recorded
on a photosensitive surface in the form of a hologram by letting
light from the master fall upon that surface as a defocused beam of
parallel, diverging or converging rays and superimposing upon that
beam a bundle of reference light rays of the same wavelength (or
frequency), generally obtained from the same source. Such a
hologram can be reconverted into a visible image by illuminating it
with another bundle of reference light rays corresponding to the
first bundle in regard to wavelength and angle of incidence, i.e.
in the relative phasing of the light rays impinging upon different
parts of the hologram.
In accordance with my present invention, the first bundle of
reference light rays, superimposed upon the defocused beam of light
carrying the information to be recorded on a photographic surface,
is subjected to modulation by an input signal which varies as a
function of time and which may affect either the intensity or the
phase of that bundle; the second bundle of reference light rays,
trained upon the image developed on that recording surface, is
modulated in the same manner to reproduce the original
information.
More specifically, according to another feature of my invention,
the modulation of the first bundle is accompanied by a modulation
of the defocused beam (in amplitude and/or in phase) to impose the
recordable information upon it; in the subsequent reproduction of
that information, light reflected by or passing through the
developed image (as the result of its illumination by the second
reference bundle) is directed upon a photoelectric transducer whose
output is then demodulated to regenerate the modulating signal.
For stereophonic recording and similar purposes, the beam may be
subjected to dual modulation with correlated messages which are
separately detectable by a transducer. For this purpose, two
separate beam portions can be individually modulated (in amplitude
and/or phase) with the respective messages so as to provide a
composite hologram whose components can be separately reproduced by
splitting the second reference bundle into two parts and exposing
two transducers at different locations to light rays from the image
illuminated thereby.
The term "light," as used herein, is not limited to radiation
within the visible spectrum.
The record made in accordance with this invention contains the same
information throughout its image area and can therefore reproduce
that information in its entirety even if part of its surface were
marred or destroyed.
As is well known in the art of holography, a continuous shift in
the phase (or angle or incidence) of the reference bundle during
recording results in a smearing of the resulting image; thus, the
first reference bundle and the associated recording beam should be
pulsed, i.e. periodically suppressed, so as to be turned on only
for brief instances sufficiently spaced apart to provide distinct
holographic images at successive stages of modulation. A similar
pulsing of the second reference bundle, during reproduction, is
advantageous but not essential.
The modulation of the first reference bundle should be such as to
prevent recurrence of the same relative phasing of its light rays
during the entire recording period. One way of accomplishing this
is to move the virtual origin of that bundle according to a law
producing a spiral trace, i.e. with a generally circular motion of
progressively increasing or decreasing radius. Another possiblity
resides in the interposition of a transparency of nonuniform light
transmissivity in the path of this bundle, advantageously in the
form of a cylindrical member with a frosted surface rotating with
concurrent axial displacement while being traversed by these light
rays. Subject to the requirements of exact reproducibility or
availability of the same transparency for both recording or
reproduction, the light-transmissivity pattern may be random one or
may correspond to a predetermined function such as an orthogonal
matrix.
The above and other features of my present invention will be
described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying
drawing in which:
FIG. 1a is a diagram illustrating the principle of holographic
recording;
FIG. 1b is a similar diagram illustrating the principle of
holographic reproduction;
FIG. 2 is a diagram generally similar to FIG. 1b, illustrating an
important aspect of my invention in the reproduction of holographic
images;
FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates an apparatus for recording
information for reproduction in the manner generally indicated in
FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a more detailed diagrammatic view of a mobile reflector
used in the system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of reproducing apparatus complementary to the
recording apparatus of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a driving circuit for the reflector of
FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is an explanatory graph relating to the operation of the
system of FIG. 8;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram similar to that of FIG. 6 but including
additional circuitry for tracking the hologram during
reproduction;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a modified recording apparatus according to
the invention; and
FIG. 10 is a diagram of a playback apparatus complementary to the
recorder of FIG. 9.
In FIG. 1a I have shown a disk-shaped carrier 1 which may be a
photographic plate or film and on which a spiral sound or video
track 2 has been printed in conventional manner. A source of
coherent radiation, specifically a laser 5, casts a bundle B' of
monochromatic light rays upon a photographic receiving surface 4
also constituted by a film, plate or similar transparency; light of
the same wavelength, from source 5 or another emitter in step
therewith, irradiates the carrier 1 episcopically or by
translumination and thereupon traverses a lens 3 casting a
defocused beam B upon the surface 4.
A point P on track 2, in the focal plane of lens 3, emits
monochromatic light of a given amplitude combining in different
phase relationships with the rays of light from source 5 striking
different areas of the surface 4. The same applies to each of the
other points of the track 2, each point therefore contributing
significantly to the intensity of coloration (lightness or
darkness) of the holographic image produced on surface 4 by the
coincidence of an information-carrying beam B with the reference
bundle B'. Thus, a limited area of that surface contains all the
information stored in the track 2.
In order to reproduce that information, and as illustrated in FIG.
1b, a bundle B.sub.i of light rays from a laser 6, representing a
point source of coherent radiation operating on the wavelength of
source 5 (FIG. 1a), traverses (or is reflected by) the image
carrier 4 with its developed hologram. The bundle of light rays
B.sub.o coming from the transparency 4 is focused by a lens 7 upon
another photographic surface 8, projecting upon it the image of the
original track 2.
It will be apparent from FIGS. 1a and 1b that a partial removal of
surface 4 still leaves a field for the reception of some of the
rays from point P and for the subsequent focusing of some of the
rays from source 6 upon the corresponding point Q of surface 8.
Thus, even if the hologram carrier 4 is damaged, the entire
information contained in track 2 is preserved and may be retrieved
by a photoelectric scanning of the spiral trace 9 by conventional
means.
Let us consider the case where, in lieu of the entire support 1 of
FIG. 1a, only a single point P on its track 2 is illuminated by
coherent light laser 5. The image then formed on receiving surface
4 will be an elemental hologram which, upon reproduction, yields
the corresponding point Q on carrier 8 (FIG. 1b). Thus, if the
origin P of beam B were progressively displaced along the track 2
(with pulsing of the laser 5 to avoid smearing), the surface 4
would receive a succession of elemental holograms together defining
that spiral track.
In accordance with an important aspect of my invention, illustrated
in FIG. 2, such a stack of elemental holograms can be decoded with
the aid of a stationary point receiver of luminous energy, shown as
photocell 11, by displacing the reproducing point source 6' along a
corresponding spiral path which collapses the entire trace 9 of
FIG. 1b at the center of the spiral. Instead of physically moving
the laser 6', I can vary the angle of incidence of the light bundle
B.sub.i upon the record carrier 4 in an equivalent manner by
suitable light-guiding means as more fully described hereinafter.
By the same token, the origin of the information-carrying beam B in
FIG. 1a can be held stationary if its phase relationship with light
bundle B' in the plane 4 is altered, e.g. in a manner simulating a
displacement of point P along the spiral track 2, by a
corresponding variation in the angle of incidence of the light
bundle B'. More generally, the locus of the virtual origins of the
holographic beam need not be a continuous trace; as discussed below
with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, these virtual origins could also
be an array of scattered points as long as their pattern is such as
to avoid duplication.
In the system of FIG. 2, if the actual or virtual origin of the
light bundle B.sub.o is displaced according to the same law as
either of the beams B, B' in FIG. 1a, the photocell 11 will
generate an output voltage varying in amplitude according to the
luminous information picked up by the beam B.
In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the reproducing
laser 6 or 6' may also be pulsed (as indicated in FIGS. 1b and 2)
in the rhythm of the recording pulses so that the beam is briefly
turned on in the same positions of the spiral scan in which the
original holograms were generated. Two pulsing systems correlated
in this manner have been illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 described
hereinafter.
FIG. 3 illustrates the recording section of a holographic system
embodying this aspect of my invention. A pulsed laser 21 irradiates
a semireflecting mirror 22 which passes part of its radiation to a
collective lens 23 generating a beam B of coherent light which is
focused at F and defocused in the region of a photosensitive
surface 25 similar to surface 4 described above. The reflected part
B' of the beam is directed by a wobbling mirror 26 upon the same
surface 25 in superposed relationship with beam B. A modulator 24,
controlled by a time-dependent input signal M(t), varies one of the
two aforementioned parameters of the beam (here its amplitude) in
the region of the focal point F. At the same time, mirror 26
undergoes a wobbling motion of a nonrecurrent character which
continuously modifies the angle of incidence of beam B' upon
surface 25 and therefore alters the relative phase of its light
rays at the point of incidence. Another beam portion B", emitted by
laser 21, impinges upon a reflector 22' and a wobbling mirror 26'
which direct it through a focusing lens 23' onto the surface 25 by
way of another modulator 24' receiving an input signal M'(t ). In
this specific example, modulator 24' varies the phase of beam B";
in view of the physical separation of beams B and B", however, both
modulators 24 and 24' could operate either on the amplitude or on
the phase. Generally, only one of the two input signals M(t) and
M'(t) will be present so that either one or the other modulator 24,
24' will be operational.
In the embodiment here considered, the motion imparted to the
wobbling mirrors 26 and 26' follows the law of a spiral trace with
progressively increasing or decreasing radius. To this end the
mirror is rocked about two mutually orthogonal axes with conjugate
swings of increasing or decreasing amplitude. This has been
illustrated in FIG. 4 where a wobbling mirror 32 is universally
jointed to a fixed support 31 and has two mutually perpendicular
arms X and Y secured to a pair of cylindrical coils 33 and 34,
respectively, which surround a pair of fixed permanent magnets 35
and 36. Upon the energization of input terminals 37 of coil 33 and
input terminals 38 of coil 34 with alternating currents in
quadrature relationship and of progressively varying amplitude, the
mirror 32 executes the desired spiral-law motion.
The electromagnetic coils 33 and 34 are representative of a variety
of drives for varying the angular position of such a mirror. A
piezolectrically controlled mirror of this type, with an angle of
tilt of .+-.6.degree. about either axis, is being marketed by
Coherent Optics, Inc. of Fairport, N.Y. and has been described in
its literature.
FIG. 5 shows a playback apparatus complementary to the recording
apparatus of FIG. 3. A pulsed laser 41 emits two beams B.sub.o ',
B.sub.o ", of the same frequency as the output of laser 21 in FIG.
3, to a pair of wobbling mirrors 42 and 42' which redirect them
through the transparency 25 carrying the developed hologram with
the messages M(t) and M'(t). The two beams are focused by lenses 44
and 44' upon respective photocells 45 and 45' working into
detectors 46 and 46'to generate output signals S(t), S'(t)
respectively corresponding to input signals M(t), M'(t). Signals
M(t) and M'(t) may represent stereophonically picked-up sound waves
from a musical performance or the like.
FIG. 6 illustrates a circuit for the energization of the inputs 37
and 38 of a wobbling mirror 54, representative of any of the
mirrors in FIGS. 3 - 5, to generate and reproduce the
aforedescribed hologram. This circuit includes an oscillator 51
generating a signal u.sub.o.sup. . cos.OMEGA.t which passes through
an amplifier 52 of variable gain provided with a control input 53.
A progressively varying control voltage, applied to this input,
produces a signal u.sub.l = Ku.sub.o.sup. . cos.OMEGA.t, with K
representing the amplitude of the sweep and therefore the degree of
the angular excursion of the mirror. The output of amplifier 52 is
also fed through an AVC circuit 56 to a 90.degree. phase shifter 55
which derives therefrom the complementary signal u.sub.2 =
Ku.sub.o.sup. . sin.OMEGA.t impressed upon terminals 38. The
wobbling frequency .OMEGA./2.pi. may be on the order of 0.5 Hz,
corresponding approximately to the rotary speed (33 RPM) of a
conventional long-playing record.
The circuit of FIG. 6 may be used for both recording and
reproduction, yet in the latter instance it will be desirable to
include additional elements for more precisely tracking the virtual
trace of the hologram to compensate for unavoidable deviations.
This has been illustrated in FIG. 8 where elements 76 - 80
respectively correspond to elements 52, 51, 55, 56 and 54 of FIG.
6. The control signal applied to amplifier 76 is here derived from
a feedback circuit receiving the output signal S(t) (or S'(t), as
the case may be) from demodulator 46 (or 46') of FIG. 5. Signal
S(t) is amplified in a stage 71 and delivered by way of a band-pass
filter 72 to a mixer 73 also receiving a tracking oscillation
r.sub.o.sup. . sin .omega.t from a generator 74. The d-c component
of the output of the mixer 73, selected by a low-pass filter 75, is
added to the tracking oscillation from generator 74, fed through a
high-pass filter 75a, in the control input of amplifier 76.
The operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 8 will now be
explained with reference to the graph of FIG. 7 which shows, along
the ordinate, the degree of blackness of the photographic image in
the region of two adjoining turns of the virtual spiral trace
defined by the hologram, as plotted against radius r along the
abscissa. In the ideal situation, i.e. with the demodulating system
exactly "on track" (as represented by the origin O in the case of
the particular turn here considered), the individual light rays
from all the points of transparency 25 combine cophasally at the
photocell 45 so that the blackness S will have its minimum value.
On either side of the track this value increases substantially
according to a parabolic law, i.e.
S = r.sup.2 (1)
with the superposition of tracking oscillation r.sub.o.sup. . sin
.omega.t, the excursion r becomes
r = .DELTA. r + r.sub.o.sup. . sin.omega. t (2)
whence, in view of equation (1),
S(.omega.t) = (.DELTA.r + r.sub.o.sup. . sin.omega. t).sup.2 =
(.DELTA.r).sup. 2 + 2.DELTA. r.sup.. r.sub.o.sup. . sin.omega. t +
r.sub.o.sup. 2. sin.sup. 2 .omega. t = (.DELTA.r).sup.2 + 2.DELTA.
r.sup.. r.sub.o.sup. . sin.omega. t + r.sub.o.sup. 2 (1 - cos
2.omega. t)/2 (3)
Thus, the middle term
2.DELTA.r.sup.. r.sub.o .sup.. sin .omega.t presence
is the only one containing the pulsatance .omega.; this term,
however, comes into existence only if .DELTA.r .noteq. 0 so that
its indicates the existence of a deviation .DELTA.r. Since
band-pass filter 72 clears only the frequency .omega./2.pi., mixer
73 receives on the one hand the component 2.DELTA. r.sup.. r.sub.o
.sup.. sin.omega. t and on the other hand the oscillation r.sub.
o.sup.. sin.omega. t. The output of the mixer has therefore the
form 2.DELTA. r.sup.. r.sub.o.sup.. sin.omega. t = .DELTA. r.sup..
r.sub.o.sup. 2 (1- cos.sup.2 .omega. t) whose d-c component
.DELTA.r.sup.. r.sub.o.sup. 2 is passed by the filter 75 and
delivered as an error signal, together with the tracking
oscillation from generator 74, to amplifier 76.
The output signal S(t) is further delivered to a suitable load, not
shown, such as a loudspeaker in the case of audio signals or a
cathode-ray tube in the case of video signals.
The frequency of the tracking oscillation should be well above the
highest signal frequency, e.g. at 20 kHz in sound-reproducing
equipment.
A comparison of the system of FIGS. 3 and 5 with conventional
recording and playback apparatus of the longplaying type reveals
the following:
An LP record playing for a half hour and turning at 33 RPM requires
roughly 1000 grooves for a playing time of 1800 seconds,
distributed over a radius of about 70 mm. The average groove length
equals approximately 140 mm, or 440 mm, so that during one second
(corresponding to about half a revolution) 220 mm are available for
the registration of 2.sup.. 10.sup.4 points if the maximum signal
frequency is 10 kHz. This represents substantially 100 points per
millimeter of groove length, or a total of 40.sup.. 10.sup.6 for
the entire track. A photographic sound track, as utilized in my
present system, can have a point density increased by a factor of
10, orresponding to a proportionally reduced record carrier for the
same playing time.
FIG. 9 illustrates a modified recording system wherein the beam B
from a laser 81, partly deflected by a semi-reflecting mirror 82,
is modulated at 83 as previously described (advantageously with
interposition of a collective lens not shown) and trained upon a
receiving surface 84 which also receives the reference bundle B'
via a reflector 85 inside a cylinder 86. The wall of this cylinder
is nonuniformly transparent, e.g. according to a random or "white
noise" pattern, consisting in this case advantageously of frosted
glass. Such glass, as is well understood, has a roughened surface
whose unevenness introduces definite phase differences into the
light rays passing through different parts thereof. Cylinder 86 has
a stem 87 which is continuously rotated and axially advances by an
electric drive 98 actuating a pulse generator 97 in timed
relationship with the helicoidal cylinder motion, this pulse
generator intermittently triggering the laser 81 so as to quantize
the emitted light energy.
At the associated demodulator shown in FIG. 10, a similar cylinder
93 is rotated and advanced in like manner by a drive 98' also
controlling the operation of a pulse generator 97' to trigger an
associated laser 91. The beam B.sub.o emitted by this laser is
reflected inside cylinder 98 by a mirror 92 through the cylinder
wall onto the image carrier 84, thereafter traversing a lens 95
which focuses it upon a photocell 96 whose output reaches the
associated load (not shown) by way of a gate 99 and a low-pass
filter 100. GAte 99 is periodically opened by the drive 98', in
step with the operation of pulse generator 97', to pass the output
of photocell 96 only during the peak of emission of laser 91. The
operating frequency of pulse generators 97 and 97' should again be
above the highest signal frequency, e.g. 20 kHz, and is suppressed
by the low-pass filter 100.
Instead of a random pattern, cylinders 86 and 93 may carry a
pattern of transparent and nontransparent areas according to a
predetermined nonrecurrent code, such as an orthogonal matrix
conforming to a cyclic binary function of x and y. Suitable
orthogonal functions are, for example, the well-known Walsh
function (see "Transmission of Information by Orthogonal Functions"
by Harmuth, Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1970) or
Hadamard transformation (see 49 Electronics and Communication in
Japan 11.247 - 257, 1966). For a more general discussion of
orthogonal functions, indicating their nonrecurrent nature over a
predetermined range, reference may be made to 12 Journal of
Mathematical Physics 311-320 (1933), "On Orthogonal Matrices" by R.
E. A.C. Paley.
It will thus be apparent that the method according to my invention
creates a photoelectrically reproducible record of message signals
in the form of a carrier with a developed photographic image
consisting of superposed elemental holograms of different origins
that are individually detectable by bundles of incident rays of
coherent light, of a predetermined frequency, differing from one
another in the relative phasing and/or intensity of their
constituent rays.
As regards the modulation of laser beams, reference may be made to
U.S. Pat. No. 3,428,810 (describing the pulsing of laser beams) in
addition to the aforementioned British Patent No. 1,038,593.
Although the pulsing of the modulated information beam improves the
degree of resolution of the resulting hologram, I have been able to
verify on the basis of practical tests that such pulsing is not
essential and that reproducible records can also be made with
continuous beam.
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