U.S. patent number 3,846,799 [Application Number 05/387,837] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-05 for electronically step-by-step rotated directive radiation beam antenna.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Standard Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Michel Gueguen.
United States Patent |
3,846,799 |
Gueguen |
November 5, 1974 |
ELECTRONICALLY STEP-BY-STEP ROTATED DIRECTIVE RADIATION BEAM
ANTENNA
Abstract
This invention relates to an electronically rotatable antenna
which includes several radially arranged Yagi antennae having a
common drive element. Reflector and director elements of each Yagi
antenna are sequentially rendered operative by biasing suitable
diodes short-circuiting them to a ground-plate. The radiation
pattern is step-by-step rotated. Directivity is increased by
short-circuiting other elements belonging to other arrays than the
main one, those elements defining generatrices of a parabola having
the driver element as a focus and the reflector element as an
apex.
Inventors: |
Gueguen; Michel (Maurepas,
FR) |
Assignee: |
International Standard Electric
Corporation (New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
9103233 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/387,837 |
Filed: |
August 13, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Aug 16, 1972 [FR] |
|
|
72.29274 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/833;
343/837 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01S
1/02 (20130101); H01Q 19/12 (20130101); H01Q
3/446 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
19/12 (20060101); H01Q 3/44 (20060101); G01S
1/02 (20060101); H01Q 19/10 (20060101); G01S
1/00 (20060101); H01Q 3/00 (20060101); H01q
019/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/701,833-837,846 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: O'Halloran; John T. Lombardi, Jr.;
Menotti Goldberg; Edward
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A directive radiation beam antenna of the type wherein said beam
is rotated angularly in a step-by-step fashion comprising:
a plurality of S identical Yagi-type arrays having a common driven
element, each of said plurality comprising:
one reflector parasitic element; and
a plurality p of director parasitic elements D.sub.k where 1
.ltoreq. k .ltoreq. p;
wherein the array angularly ranked Q is derived from the array Q-1
by rotating it by an angle .theta. = 360.degree./S around the axis
of said common driven element;
a ground plane comprising a circular metal ground plate having a
common axis with said common driven element, the S (1+p) parasitic
elements having a height of approximately l/4 and arranged
perpendicular to said ground plate;
a source of a bias signal;
a source of RF energy mounted between the base of said common
driven element and said ground plate for feeding said common driven
element;
a plurality of unidirectional current conducting elements each
coupled to said ground plate, said source of bias signal and one of
the S (1+p) parasitic elements, the impedance of each of said
unidirectional elements being dependent upon said bias signal;
and
a logic control device for controlling the step-by-step radiation
beam rotation, said control device comprising:
an S-stage shift register having a clock frequency equivalent to
S/.tau., .tau. being the time duration required for a 360.degree.
beam rotation; and
a plurality of pS three input OR-gates, each having outputs
connected to the bias input of each unidirectional current
conducting element associated with a director element, each of the
S shift register outputs being provided with (1+3p) connections,
the first coupled from the Qth stage to the bias input of the
unidirectional element associated with the director element
angularly ranked Q, p second ones coupled from the Qth stage output
to the input of each of the OR-gates having outputs which control
unidirectional elements associated with director elements angularly
ranked Q, p third ones coupled from Qth stage output to the inputs
of each of the p OR-gates whose outputs control the unidirectional
elements associated with director elements of arrays angularly
ranked (Q+M.sub.k) or (Q+M.sub.k -S) if (Q+M.sub.k) is greater than
S, and p fourth ones coupled from the Qth stage to the input of
each of the OR-gates whose outputs control unidirectional elements
associated with director elements of arrays angularly ranked
(Q-M.sub.k) or (Q-M.sub.k +S) if (Q-M.sub.k) is less than 0, where
the k values of M.sub.k are independent of Q and are determined by
the polar coordinates of the closest director elements D.sub.k of
generatrices of a cylinder having a parabolic cross-section having
as a focuse the base of the driven element and having as an apex
the base of the reflector element of the associated array.
2. A directive radiation beam antenna according to claim 1 wherein
unidirectional elements are PIN diodes having one terminal being
connected to ground plate and the other terminal connected to the
corresponding parasitic element base and to a choke inductance
through which a suitable bias voltage is applied thereto.
Description
The present invention relates to a fixed frequency operation
antenna having directional radiation pattern with a main lobe as
narrow as possible and being electronically rotatable step-by-step.
More particularly, it relates to an electronically rotatable
antenna using Yagi-type arrays.
As it is known, a Yagi array comprises several parallel planar
dipoles including, in order, a not-fed dipole called reflector, a
fed dipole called driven dipole and a number of not-fed suitably
spaced parasitic dipoles called directors. Such an array has a
maximum radiation in the array plane toward directors.
Yagi array dipoles are typically constituted by antennas in the
form of rods or wires having a height close to the spatial
half-wave of the RF radiated signal, at frequency F (F =
c/.lambda.), the feeding point being the driven dipole middle
point.
It is easily conceivable that such a Yagi array is rotatable round
the driven dipole, selected as an axis, so as to scan an area
located in a predetermined angle, by the radiation beam.
However, when scanning velocity is relatively high and when scanned
angle is so large as 360.degree., mechanical rotation is difficult
to perform, and it is preferable to rotate the beam by electronic
means, either in a continuous manner or step-by-step.
Known art includes a number of electronic control embodiments for
rotating fixed-antenna radiation beam. Particularly, it is known to
use aerials made of a cylindrical reflector illuminated by a
plurality of linear sources, wherein scanning is produced by either
continuous or step-by-step electronic controlled varaible phase
shifts applied to linear sources (ferrite phase shifters, varactor
phase shifters). Such aerials are difficult to operate and the
produced rotating beam is distorted in the course of the
rotation.
Thus, a purpose of this invention is to provide a simple
operational aerial having a directional radiation pattern which is
step-by-step rotatable under electronic control without beam
distortion.
According to this invention, the provided aerial is derived from a
system including an assembly of S identical Yagi arrays having a
common driven dipole and each comprising a reflector wire and p
director wires, the array ranked Q being possibly considered as
produced by rotating array ranked (Q-1) by an angle .theta. round
the axis constituted by the driven dipole common to all arrays and
rotation angle .theta. being 360.degree./S.
According to a feature of this invention, the driven dipole and the
S (1+p) wires have a height close to .lambda./4 and are normal to a
ground plane made of a metal plate. The S (1+p) wires are connected
to the said ground plane by unidirectional elements such PIN diodes
which may have either a high impedance or a very low impedance
depending on the bias voltage applied thereto.
Due to the image principle, a so constituted antenna roughly has --
with respect to the horizontal radiation beam over the said ground
plane and taking into account hereafter mentioned considerations --
the same properties as an antenna without ground plane wherein
driven dipole and the S (1+p) wires would have twice this height,
thus would be close to .lambda./2. In a so designed antenna, the
driven dipole is fed from an RF source, at frequency F, mounted
between its base and the ground plane. As a result thereof, wires
associated to diodes operating at very low impedance may be
considered as equivalent to dipoles tuned at the RF frequency F =
c/.lambda. while wires associated to diodes operating at very high
impedance are considered as elements of height l/4, free in space,
which do not substantially contribute to the synthesis of the
radiation beam.
In the following of this specification, "short-circuited wire"
means every wire, when it is associated to a diode operating at
very low impedance and "insulated wire" means every wire, when it
is associated to a diode operating at very high impedance.
The above considerations show that the radiation beam aligned with
angular coordinate (Q-1) .theta. is produced by utilizing the (p+1)
short-circuited wires of the array ranked Q while the (S-1) (1+p)
other wires are insulated wires.
In that case, the step-by-step beam rotation is produced by biasing
each of the diodes of the (1+p) wires ranked Q = 1 by logic
signals, at level "1" for instance, then each of the diodes of the
(1+p) wires ranked Q = 2, and so on up to Q = S.
For conveniency, each director wire will be considered as
determined by its "angular" rank Q [1.ltoreq.Q.ltoreq.S] and by its
"radial" rank k [1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.p], and will be defined by the
symbol D.sub.k.
Any director wire D.sub.k.sup.Q will have as Rho-Theta coordinates
in the ground plane:
Rho: (Q-1) .theta.
Theta: d.sub.k d.sub.k being the radius of a circle centered on
driven dipole base and which includes on its circumference all the
director wires of "radial" rank k.
To be noted that, in a known Yagi array, the beam directivity --
directed from driven dipole to directors -- would be substantially
improved by setting, behind the driven dipole at a distance of
about .lambda./4, a reflecting surface constituted by a parabolic
cross-section cylinder. Typically, such a reflecting surface could
be simulated by its "skeleton" constituted by the reflector wire
and some additional parasitic wires suitably arranged with their
axes confused with some generatrices of the said parabolic
reflecting surface.
To be noted that, in the device according to this invention, there
are, for each radiation beam position, only (p+1) short-circuited
wires while the other (S-1) (p+1) wires are not used to produce the
radiation beam "synthesis" since they are insulated wires.
But, amongst those unused wires belonging to arrays of radial rank
(Q+M.sub.k) or (Q-M.sub.k), .+-. S, some of them are very close to
a genaratrix of the fictive parabolic reflecting surface which
might accompany the Yagi array of radial rank Q.
As a consequence, according to another feature of this invention,
each time the (p+1) wires of radial rank Q are short-circuited,
each of the p director wires of radial rank k and of angular rank
(Q+M.sub.k) [or (Q+M.sub.k -S), if (Q+M.sub.k)>S]9 and each of
the p director wires of radil rank k and of angular rank
(Q-M.sub.k) [or (Q-M.sub.k +S), if (Q-M.sub.k <0] are
simultaneously short-circuited. The numbers M.sub.k are independent
of Q and there is only one M.sub.k for a value of k. The k values
of M.sub.k are determined by the Rho-Theta coordinates of the
D.sub.k closer director wires to the generatrices of a parabolic
cross-section cylinder having as a focus the driven dipole base and
as an apex the base of the reflector wire R.sub.1 in the array
ranked 1.
Thus, it is to be noted that, in that device, at each time, (1+3p)
wires are short-circuited and that, in a complete radiation pattern
rotation, a director wire is used three times, i.e., once as a
properly said director and twice as an additional reflector
wire.
According to another feature of this invention, the logic control
device controlling the radiation beam step-by-step rotation is
constituted by a S-stage shift-register fed by a clock having a
frequency equal to S/.tau. (.tau. being the duration of the
radiation beam rotation by 360.degree.) and an assembly of pS
three-input OR gates whose outputs are each connected to the bias
input of the PIN diode associated to one of the pS director
wires.
Each of the S shift-register outputs is provided with (1+3p)
connections. A first connection connects the output of the Q.sup.th
stage to the bias input of the PIN diode associated to reflector
wire ranked Q. p second connections connect the output of the
Q.sup.th stage to one input of each of the OR gates whose outputs
control the diodes associated to director wires of angular rank Q.
p third connections connect the output of the Q.sup.th stage to one
input of each of the p OR gates whose outputs control the diodes
associated to the director wires of arrays of angular rank
(Q+M.sub.k) or (Q+M.sub.k -S). p fourth connections connect the
output of the Q.sup.th stage to one input of each of the p OR gates
whose outputs control the diodes associated to the director wires
of arrays of angular rank (Q-M.sub.k) or (Q-M.sub.k +S).
Other features of the present invention will appear more clearly
from the following description of an embodiment, the said
description being made in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1a shows a Yagi array on a ground plane
FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the radiation pattern along
the ground plane,
FIG. 2 shows schematically the projections of the ground plane of
the various parasitic wires or elements consituting the antenna
according to this invention, in the case of p = 3,
FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode associated to a wire is mounted,
FIGS. 4-6 explain the antenna operation when utilizing additional
reflector wires, and
FIG. 7 is a diagram of a logic control device, according to this
invention, for step-by-step rotating the radiation beam.
FIG. 1 shows (in 1a) a driven dipole and four parasitic wires,
i.e., a reflector R and three directors D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and
D.sub.3, normal to a ground plane, forming a Yagi array (in this
embodiment, p = 3).
The driven elements and the four parasitic elements are metal wires
having a height of about .lambda./4, .lambda. being the free-space
wave length corresponding to the frequency F of an RF source
feeding the base of the driven element.
If the ground plane is infinite and perfectly conductor, the array
radiation pattern is, when applying the image principle, identical
-- with respect to the portion located above the ground plane -- to
that which would be produced by use of a Yagi array comprising a
driven element having a middle feeding point and four parasitic
elements having a height of about .lambda./2. With such an
assumption, there is no radiation under the ground plane since it
is infinite.
1b shows the cross-section of the radiation pattern by the ground
plane. It is to be noted the presence of a main lobe toward the
three director wires and three subsidiary lobes on the other
side.
Typically, the ground plane is not infinite and is constitued by a
metal circular plate whose center is on the driven element and
radius is r.sub.o. In such conditions, due to diffraction effect at
plate rim, electromagnetic radiation is no longer null under ground
plane and the radiation pattern shape is, above ground plane,
lightly modified with respect to its horizontal structure, more
substantially modified with respect to its vertical structure, the
shorter is r.sub.o, the more oblique is the maximum radiation axis
with respect to ground plane.
Still typically, ground plate conductance has a finite value,
tangential electric field is thus not null, and "surface waves" may
appear at the plate level, particularly when conductance thereof is
rather bad. Reflections may occur due to plate rims and generate a
stationary wave system which may disturb Yagi array operation if
the junction point of one of the parasitic elements to ground plane
is at a current node, since, in that case, electric charges flowing
through the concerned wire flow with difficulty into ground plane.
This drawback is overcome by providing a very good conductance to
ground plate through a suitable surface processing.
FIG. 2 show projections of an assembly of Yagi arrays on ground
plane, according to this invention.
Several Yagi arrays are shown which have a driven element as a
common axis. Those arrays having a similar structure, directors
D.sub.1.sup.N, D.sub.2.sup.N and D.sub.3.sup.N, and reflectors
R.sub.N are respectively located on circles having the driven
element as a center and radii d.sub.1, d.sub.2, d.sub.3 and r,
respectively.
The beam rotation angular step depends on the number of arrays
selected to scan 360.degree..
Thus, the step is: .theta. = 360.degree./S, S being the number of
Yagi arrays. For instance, with S = 72, .theta. is of
5.degree..
Thus, the arrays are angularly shifted by 5.degree.. However, for
reason of conveniency in the specification, but only for that
reason, a privileged role has been, in the drawings, given to the
Yagi array of angular rank Q = 1, with its four wires R.sub.1,
D.sub.1.sup.1, D.sub.2.sup.1 and D.sub.3.sup.1.
Either director or reflector wires are identical, but their
heights, close to .lambda./4, are different, all wires located on
the same circle have the same height. Those wires are usually
constituted by good conductance metal rods whose diameter is of
about .lambda./100.
The ground plate having a radius r.sub.o is not shown in FIG.
2.
FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode 2 connected to a parasitic element 1
is mounted. Diode 2 has one of its terminals connected to the
ground plate 4. The other terminal is connected, through a choke
inductance 3, to a bias source, not shown, but located under ground
plate 4.
When a positive signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3,
diode 2 passes a current I. Direct resistance of diode 2 depends on
I, and, for a current of about 20 mA, resistance thereof is less
than 1 ohm. The condition is the same as the element I was directly
connected to ground plate 4. Then, applying the image principle,
element 1 has the same behaviour as a wire insulated in free space,
having a height close to .lambda./2 and then capable to ring.
When a negative signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3,
diode 2 remains blocked, to such an extent that the negative signal
is high enough to preclude RF signal peak to switch diode 2 on. In
that case, impedance of wire 1 with respect to ground plate 4 is
high and only limited by the diode capacitance (about 0.25 pF),
which represents, with F = 1 GHz, an insulation of about 600 ohms.
In such conditions, it is the same as the wire, having a height
close to .lambda./4, was insulated in free space. It cannot then
ring at frequency F and does not contribute to the radiation beam
synthesis.
Electronic beam rotation results from the fact that the four
parasitic elements of array angularly ranked Q = 1, are first
short-circuited by applying a positive signal to the four
associated diodes, then a positive signal is applied to the four
parasitic elements of array angularly ranked Q = 2, and so on to
angular rank Q = S.
To improve the directivity of the antenna according to this
invention, as shown in FIG. 4, other elements have to be
considered. In FIG. 4, the four wires R.sub.1, D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and
D.sub.3 of array angularly ranked Q = 1 are located on axis R.sub.1
x as well as driven element P. Axis R.sub.1 y is normal to axis
R.sub.1 x. Dotted line parabola is determined by apex R.sub.1,
focus P and directrix H.sub.o z.sup.. H.sub.o R.sub.1 = R.sub.1 P =
r. Circles of radii d.sub.1, d.sub.2 and d.sub.3 intersect the said
parabola at points A and A', B and B', C and C', respectively.
In the coordinate system xR.sub.1 y, parabola equation is
y.sup.2 = 4 rx
or in Rho-Theta coordinates ##SPC1##
.rho. being modulus PA and .phi. argument xPA of vector PA from P
to any point A of the parabola.
If additional parasitic wires are located on that parabola and are
normal thereto, antenna directivity is emphasized toward axis
R.sub.1 x, according to this invention.
To make it clear, reference may be made to FIG. 5 wherein parabola
is indicated in solid line. Considering a parasitic wire which
projects on ground plane at A on parabola, it appears that, in
ground plane, projection T of P on axis Ax' parallel to R.sub.1 x
is such that AP + AT = 2r, according to well known parabola
characteristics.
The parasitic wire, normal to ground plane at A, is responsive to
electric field radiated by driven element with a delay due to
distance PA and to Lentz law effect relating to the field induced
into a parasitic wire.
Be F.sub.o e.sup.j.sup..omega.t, the field at P created by driven
element (.omega. = 2.pi.F). The field close to point A is: E =
KE.sub.o e.sup.j(.sup..omega.t .sup.- (2.sup..pi.AP)/.sup..lambda.)
(0<K.ltoreq.1)
The field in the parasitic wire is out of phase by 180.degree. and
is
E' = KK' E.sub.o e.sup.j(.sup..omega.t
.sup.-(2.sup..pi.AP/.sup..lambda.) .sup.- .sup..pi.)
(0<K'.ltoreq.1)
The field radiated by the parasitic wire at point T is:
E" = KK'K" E.sub.o e.sup.j(.sup..omega.t .sup.- 2.sup..pi.(AP
.sup.+ AT/306 .sup.- .sup..pi.) (0<K".ltoreq.1)
or, if (AP + AT) = 2r = .lambda./2,
E" = KK'K" E.sub.o e.sup.j(.sup..omega.t .sup.- 2.sup..pi.) = KK'K"
E.sub.o e.sup.j.sup..omega.t
Then, the field at T is phased with the field radiated by driven
element. As a result, directivity toward R.sub.1 x is emphasized.
The importance of that emphasis will depend on product KK'K",
factors K and K" depending on distances PA and AT, and factor K' on
lenght of parasitic wire at A. Any way, even if product KK'K" has
not the optimum value, it is always over zero, and there is a more
or less important directivity emphasis. The same considerations
would be valuable for other points of FIG. 4 (A', B and B', C and
C').
According to this invention, it will be noted that there are always
amongst director elements, which are not used and belong to arrays
angularly ranked (M.sub.k +1) or (S+1-M.sub.k), certain ones which
are very close to the hereabove determined parasitic reflector
wires. There will be two such director wires per circle of radius
d.sub.k (k = 1, 2 or 3), M.sub.k having the values M.sub.1, M.sub.2
and M.sub.3. Those six director wires will be, according to this
invention, utilized as additional reflector wires.
Using polar coordinates of the parabola, it is to be noted that
cross-points A, B and C of that parabola and circles of radii
d.sub.k have arguments:
.phi..sub.k = 2 arc sin .sqroot.r/d.sub.k, (k = 1, 2 or 3)
The rank M.sub.k of the closest director wires to cross-points will
be determined by the double inequality:
M.sub.k /S .theta. .ltoreq. 2 arc sin .sqroot.r/d.sub.k .ltoreq.
M.sub.k + 1/s .theta.
Among the two possible values for M.sub.k, obviously that which is
selected will result in the smallest deviation
.DELTA..phi..sub.k.
By way of example, it will be considered a Yagi array, wherein:
r = 0.25.lambda.
d.sub.1 = 0.34.lambda.
d.sub.2 = 0.68.lambda.
d.sub.3 = 1.02.lambda.
.theta. = 5.degree. (S = 72)
The resulting values for M.sub.1, M.sub.2 and M.sub.3 (see FIG. 6)
are:
M.sub.1 = 24, i.e., (M.sub.1 + 1) = 25
M.sub.2 = 15, i.e., (M.sub.2 + 1) = 16
M.sub.3 = 12, i.e., (M.sub.3 + 1) = 13
Angular deviations .DELTA..phi..sub.k are respectively:
.DELTA..phi..sub.1 = 2.degree.
.DELTA..phi..sub.2 = 0.4.degree.
.DELTA..phi..sub.3 = 0.6.degree.
Symmetrically, cross-points A', B' and C' of parabola and circles
of radii d.sub.k have arguments:
.phi..sub.k = 2 (180.degree. - arc sin .sqroot.r/d.sub.k
and values of M.sub.1 ', M.sub.2 ' and M.sub.3 ' determining the
closest parasitic wires are respectively by converting (M.sub.k +
1) into (S + 1 - M.sub.k):
M.sub.1 ' = (S - M.sub.1) = 48, i.e., (S + 1 - M.sub.1) = 49
M.sub.2 ' = (S - M.sub.2) = 57, i.e., (S + 1 - M.sub.2) = 58
M.sub.3 ' = (S - M.sub.3) = 60, i.e., (S + 1 - M.sub.3) = 61
Angular deviations .DELTA..phi..sub.k ' are obviously the same as
those above mentioned for points A, B and C. As a result therefrom,
the directivity of the Yagi array angularly ranked Q = 1 is
substantially improved, if at the same time as its parasitic wires
are short-circuited the six director wires belonging to arrays
ranked (M.sub.k + 1) and (S + 1 - M.sub.k) are short-circuited,
that is in this case director wires of arrays ranked 25, 16, 13,
49, 58 and 61.
As the M.sub.k are independent of Q, electronic rotation of
improved directivity beam will be obtained by sequentially
short-circuiting at the same time parasitic wires of arrays
angularly ranked 2, 3, etc., as well as director wires belonging to
arrays angularly ranked:
(M.sub.k + 2) and (S + 2 -M.sub.k)
(M.sub.k + 3) and (S + 3 - M.sub.k), etc.
Taking into account the rotation principle, which implies a period
S in the definition of the angular rank when one of the ranks
(M.sub.k + Q) or (S + Q - M.sub.k) reaches the value s, at the next
radiation beam rotation step, angular rank 1 is obtained again.
By way of a numerical example, considering the 24th rotation step,
short-circuited wires will beong to the following arrays:
for reflector wires: 24,
for director wires located on circle with radius d.sub.1 : 24, 48,
72,
for director wires located on circle with radius d.sub.2 : 24, 39,
9,
for director wires located on circle with radius d.sub.3 : 24, 36
and 12.
At the next step, the 25th, the result will be:
25,
25, 49, 1,
25, 40, 10,
25, 37, 13.
An antenna according to this invention will now be described.
Considering the basic Yagi array, it comprises:
a driven element of height close to .lambda./4,
a reflector element of height also close to .lambda./4, distance
from driven element being equal to .lambda./4,
three director wires spaced respectively by about 0.34 .lambda.,
and the first being distant from driven element also by 0.34
.lambda..
All elements are constituted by metal rods having a diameter of
about6 10.sup..sup.-3 .lambda..
Director element heights are relatively critical, since they
influence gain value and antenna impedance. Usually, those heights
are slightly less than .lambda./4 and decreasing when farther from
driven element.
Distances between director elements are less critical and
modifications might be envisaged for avoiding -- taking into
account the finite ground plate conductance -- to locate an element
at a plate point where there is no surface wave current node.
Ground plate is constituted by a metal disc of radius r.sub.o, for
instance longer than 2.lambda.. Its surface must be carefully
processed to provide a very good conductance so as to avoid too
important surface stationary waves.
As already mentioned, the S arrays are identical and their
positions on ground plate are derived from basic array position by
successive rotations, each step being .theta. = 360.degree./S.
By way of an example, an antenna according to this invention and
designed to operate at frequency F of 1 GHz will comprise a ground
plate of radius r.sub.o 350 mm long.
Roughly, antenna performances are the following:
Radiation power higher than 2 kW, peak
Band width from 2 to 5 percent of center frequency
Input impedance close to 50 ohms
Maximum main lobe gain with respect to isotropic antenna: from 8 to
10 dB
secondary lobe level: - 10 dB under main lobe.
Horizontal plane radiation beam total aperture: .+-. 15.degree. at
3 dB
Vertical plane aperture: larger than 30.degree. with maximum
between 15.degree. and 25.degree..
That vertical plane radiation beam dissymmetry is produced by the
finite dimension ground plate.
Beam rotation period: 1/15 s
Number of steps: 72
Time duration of each step: about 1 ms.
The logic device, as shown in FIG. 7, for rotating step-by-step the
radiation beam will now be described.
S-stage shift register 5, with pulse inputs t.sub.1, t.sub.2, . . .
, t.sub.q, . . . , t.sub.S and pulse outputs S.sub.1, S.sub.2, . .
. , S.sub.Q, . . . , S.sub.S, is controlled from a clock 6. Pulse
frequency from 6 is equal to S/.tau., .tau. being the time duration
of radiation beam rotation by 360.degree..
First stage of 5 is constituted by a delay-flip-flop having a
specific input d. Output S.sub.S of 5 is connected to set input of
a dissymmetric flip-flop 7. Output of 7 is connected to specific
input d of 5. Reset input e.sub.2 of 7 is connected from output
S.sub.1 of 5.
When pulse, at frequency S/.tau., shifted in register 5, reaches
the last stage, output S.sub.S goes up to level "1". That level is,
through flip-flop 7, applied to input d of the first stage of 5
and, at the next pulse from clock 6, the same level "1" is present
on output S.sub.1 of 5. 7 is turned off, d goes to level "0" and,
at the second pulse from 6, S.sub.1 is reset to "0".
Thus, pulses shifted along 5 have a width of about S/.tau. and, at
a time, only one output is at level "1".
Pulses from outputs S.sub.1, S.sub.2, . . . , S.sub.Q, . . . ,
S.sub.S are utilized for biasing diodes which short-circuit:
reflector wires angularly ranked 1, 2, 3, . . .
director wires angularly ranked 1, 2, 3, . . .
director wires angularly ranked (M.sub.k + 1), (M.sub.k + 2),
(M.sub.k + 3), . . .
director wires angularly ranked (S + 1 - M.sub.k), (S + 2 -
M.sub.k), (S + 3 - M.sub.k), . . .
Each output S.sub.Q of resistor 5 is thus provided with (1 + 3p)
connections, One of thos connections is coupled to the terminal of
the diode which short-circuits the reflector wire belonging to the
Yagi array angularly ranked Q and the 3p other connections are used
according the following rules.
p OR gates, such as 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 have their outputs connected
to terminals of diodes which short-circuit D.sub.1.sup.1,
D.sub.2.sup.1, D.sub.3.sup.1, D.sub.k.sup.1, D.sub.p.sup.1 of array
1. Or gates 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 are each provided with three inputs,
one of them being connected from output S.sub.1 of register 5.
Due to the fact that there are S arrays, there are Sp Or gates
similar to 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3, each group of p gates having its
outputs connected to terminals of diodes which short-circuit
director wires D.sub.1.sup.Q, D.sub.2.sup.Q, D.sub.3.sup.Q,
D.sub.k.sup.Q, D.sub.p.sup.Q of array angularly ranked Q. The said
OR gates have one of their three inputs connected from output
S.sub.Q of register 5.
Due to the fact that each director wire is used three times during
a beam rotation (once as a properly said director element and twice
as an additional reflector element) each diode associated thereto
is biased three time for a beam rotation, which explain the use of
three-input OR gates.
Considering the director wire D.sub.k.sup.Q, the Or gate,
associated thereto, has its first input connected from input
angularly ranked Q in register 5, its second input connected from
output angularly ranked (M.sub.k + Q) and its third input connected
from output angularly ranked (S + Q - M.sub.k).
By way of example, it will be assumed that S = 72 and p = 3. As
already mentioned, in this case:
M.sub.1 = 24
M.sub.2 = 15
M.sub.3 = 12
(S-M.sub.1) = 48
(S-M.sub.2) = 57
(S-M.sub.3) = 60
The three inputs of OR gates 8-1, FIG. 7; are connected from
outputs: S.sub.1, S.sub.16 and S.sub.49 of register 5.
The three inputs of OR gate 8-2 are connected from outputs:
S.sub.1, S.sub.16 and S.sub.58 of register 5.
The three inputs of OR gate 8-3 are connected from output: S.sub.1,
S.sub.13 and S.sub.61 of register 5.
While the principles of the present invention have been hereaboce
described in relation with a specific embodiment, It will be
clearly understoos that the said description has only been made by
way of example and does not limit the scope of this invention.
* * * * *