U.S. patent number 3,844,344 [Application Number 05/392,040] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-29 for cooling tower.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Balcke-Durr Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Siegfried Kliemann, Vladimir Vodicka.
United States Patent |
3,844,344 |
Kliemann , et al. |
October 29, 1974 |
COOLING TOWER
Abstract
A cooling tower, especially for condensing of vaporous media and
for cooling liquid media, which is provided with air inlet means in
the lower zone of the cooling tower mantle and is also provided
with air discharge means in the upper portion of the cooling tower
mantle. The cooling tower comprises a plurality of heat exchanging
components arranged radially over the cross section of the cooling
tower above the air inlet means to form circular rings of
components. The height of the rings decreases in the radial
direction from the outer periphery of the cooling to the center
thereof, and the heat exchanging components are respectively in the
form of roof-type structures having a gas impermeable guide wall
for the cooling air and a heat exchange wall to be contacted by the
cooling air.
Inventors: |
Kliemann; Siegfried (Bochum,
DT), Vodicka; Vladimir (Bochum, DT) |
Assignee: |
Balcke-Durr Aktiengesellschaft
(Ratingen, DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5854636 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/392,040 |
Filed: |
August 27, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Aug 26, 1972 [DT] |
|
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2242058 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
165/110;
261/DIG.77; 165/125; 165/129; 165/900; 261/DIG.11; 165/DIG.182 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28C
1/14 (20130101); F28B 1/06 (20130101); Y10S
261/77 (20130101); Y02B 30/70 (20130101); Y10S
165/90 (20130101); Y10S 165/182 (20130101); Y10S
261/11 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F28C
1/14 (20060101); F28B 1/00 (20060101); F28C
1/00 (20060101); F28B 1/06 (20060101); F28b
001/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;165/110,128,129,125
;261/DIG.11 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Davis, Jr.; Albert W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Becker; Walter
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A cooling tower, especially for condensing vaporous media and
for cooling liquid media, which includes: a mantle having a lower
section provided with intake passage means for admitting a gaseous
cooling medium into the interior of said mantle, said mantle also
having an upper section provided with discharge means for
discharging the heated up gaseous cooling medium after it has
performed its cooling action, and a plurality of heat-exchanging
elements distributed over the cross section of said cooling tower
and located in radial arrangement at a level higher than the level
of said intake passages and considerably closer to the latter than
to said discharge means, said heat exchanging elements including
roof-shaped bodies arranged along concentric circles and including
tubes adapted to be connected to and to convey the medium to be
cooled, the height of said heat exchanging elements decreasing in
radial direction from the outer periphery of said cooling tower to
the central axis thereof, said roof-shaped bodies having a
gas-impermeable guide wall forming one surface and having a heat
exchange wall of said tubes forming the other surface.
2. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the heat exchange
wall comprises tubes provided with cooling fins between which a
heat exchange medium may pass.
3. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the heat exchange
wall comprises tubes having an outer smooth surface.
4. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which said guide wall
of each heat exchanging element forms the upper edge of the heat
exchange wall to the base of the neighboring heat exchange element
along the same circle.
5. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the height of the
heat exchanging elements decreases in a continuous manner on a
gradient from the outer periphery of the cooling tower towards the
center.
6. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the height of the
heat exchanging elements decreases in steps from the outer
periphery of the cooling tower to the center thereof, the group of
heat exchanging elements arranged along one and the same circle
having the same height.
7. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the guide wall of
said roof-shaped bodies is substantially vertical, and in which the
heat exchange wall of said roof-shaped bodies is arranged at an
angle with regard to the pertaining guide wall.
8. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the heat exchange
wall of said roof-shaped bodies is arranged vertically, and in
which the guide wall of said roof-shaped bodies is arranged at an
incline with regard to the respective pertaining heat exchange
wall.
9. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the guide wall of
said roof-shaped bodies consists of any of the materials of the
group consisting of sheet metal, asbestos, cement and plastic
material.
10. A cooling tower according to claim 1, in which the heat
exchange walls and the guide walls are along the radii of the
cooling tower arranged on alternating sides so that the heat
exchange walls and guide walls of the roof-shaped bodies arranged
along the same circle are located on opposite sides.
11. A cooling tower according to claim 1, which includes supporting
means for supporting said roof-shaped bodies, said supporting means
respectively being arranged so as to support adjacent ends of
roof-shaped bodies located along the respective radii of the
cooling tower.
12. A cooling tower according to claim 1, according to which the
heat exchanging elements extend over the entire cross-sectional
area of the tower.
13. A cooling tower according to claim 1, which includes trickle
units for wet cooling which are distributed over the cross section
of the cooling tower and are arranged between at least one radially
extending row of heat exchange elements so that sector-shaped
portions of dry cooling heat exchange elements and trickle units
alternately follow each other.
Description
This invention relates to a natural or forced draft cooling tower
of circular design, in which the elements for the heat exchange are
arranged in the lower zone of the mantle wall just above the air
inlet apertures, while being distrubuted over the cross-section of
the cooling tower.
As a rule the heat exchange elements or components of such cooling
towers consist of fin equipped or plain tubes through which flows
the medium to be cooled, which medium conveys the heat to be
discharged to the cooling air flowing around the outer surfaces of
the tubes. This air enters radially through the air inlet
apertures, and, after being heated up on the heat exchange
surfaces, is with ventilator cooling towers discharged through the
diffuser mouth, or with towers cooled by natural draft is through
the upper outlet opening of the cooling tower mantle discharged
into the environment.
It is well known that in such cooling towers, with simultaneous
distribution of the flow resistance of the heat exchange components
over the cross-section of the cooling tower, a flow profile is
established with rates of flow which rise towards the middle of the
cooling tower. This flow profile is brought about by the fact that
the diversion losses of the cooling air towards the middle of the
cooling tower decrease in relation to the losses on the periphery
of the mantle or shell, since the currents of air rising at the
edge of the cooling tower are diverted by about 90.degree.. As a
result of the different supply of cooling air for the heat exchange
components on the individual cooling tower radii, there is
automatically produced a differential cooling effect, which fact is
detrimental with regard to the optimum heat exchange of the
installation as a whole.
Designs have been proposed for making the flow profile of the
cooling air more uniform. Where guiding surfaces with low flow
resistance have been used to equalize the flow profile of the
cooling air over the cross-section of the cooling tower, the outlay
with regard to the design has not been found economially feasible.
Another proposal aims at reducing the level of supply of the
cooling air to the components in the middle of the cooling tower.
In this connection the heat exchange components are arranged deeper
towards the middle of the cooling tower than on the edge of the
latter, either continuously or in a stepped manner. Another
arrangement provides for reducing the height of draft of a dry
cooling tower, which height of draft in addition to heating up has
a definite influence on the buoyancy of the cooling air in natural
draft cooling towers. To this end the heat exchange components are
arranged higher in the middle of the cooling tower than at the
edge.
Although through both methods improvements in the flow profile are
obtained to a certain extent, the very mutual contrast of the
constructional proposals permits of concluding that oppositely
directed results to those desired must be obtained, and this is in
fact the case. If the heat exchange components are arranged in the
middle of the cooling tower lower than at the outside, the
conditions of flow to the cooling components are impaired, but at
the same time the draft level is increased, which fact must in its
turn result in an increase in the rate of flow. If the heat
exchange components are arranged, as in the case of the second
proposal, higher in the middle of the cooling tower than at the
edge of the tower, the draft level is indeed reduced, but at the
same time the conditions of flow of the cooling air to the
components are improved so that the intended effect, viz. the
reduction in the rate of flow in the middle of the cooling tower,
cannot be fully attained.
Further drawbacks of the heretofore known cooling towers in which
the heat exchange components are arranged lower in the middle than
at the edge, arise through the greater liability to wind action,
which is to be attributed to the fact that the components in the
middle of the cooling tower lie in the zone of the air inlet
orifices, so that the components arranged on the weather side, in
the event of wind, receive a greater impact of air than the
components on the lee side. Furthermore, the existing
cross-sections of flow are poorly utilized in the case of the
heretofore known cooling towers because the heat exchange
components, which have a rectangular area of projection, are
arranged in a circular cross-section, so that if the components are
rather long, wedges or gussets are formed which have to be covered
and are useless as flow and heat exchange surfaces.
In the case of the wellknown form of construction, in which the
exchange components in the middle of the cooling tower are arranged
higher than at the edge, it will be appreciated that in the central
region of the tower, height of draft is lost, which, with otherwise
the same conditions of heat exchange and air-flow, make it
necessary to increase the height of the cooling tower. Moreover,
the outlay for supporting the heat exchange components is
greater.
Another problem underlying the present invention consists in
equalising the differing supplies of cooling air for the heat
exchange components distributed over the surface of the cooling
tower in such a way as to obtain a possibly uniform cooling action
over the cross-section of the tower. Whereas according to the
proposals heretofore knowh the attempt is made to equalise the flow
profile of the cooling air by reducing the level of the supply to
the components, or the height of draft, the invention adopts a
fundamentally different way according to which the different flow
profiles in the cooling tower are equalised over the radius of the
cooling tower by adapting the specific heat exchange surface to the
flow profile of the cooling air. The specific exchange surface is
defined as the ratio between the heat exchange surface and the
inflow surface, the latter being deemed to be the horizontal cross
section of the cooling tower on a level with the heat exchange
components.
With a cooling tower of circular design, especially for condensing
vaporous media or for cooling liquid media, with intake openings
for the cooling air in the lower region of the mantle wall and with
an upper outlet opening provided with heat exchange elements
distributed over the cross section of the cooling tower in radial
arrangement and located above the air discharge openings, while the
exchange elements which consist of finned tubes or plain tubes and
which are located in roof-shaped structures and on circular rings
the diameter of which decreases in the direction from the outside
toward the inside, the invention is seen in the following features.
The height of exchange elements decreases in radial direction from
the outer edge of the cooling tower to the center thereof.
Furthermore, a surface of the roof-shaped design is designed as air
guiding wall inasmuch as the upper edge of each element located on
a circular ring is connected to the foot of the respective adjacent
element by a non-air-permeable partition, whereas the other surface
forms the exchange surface.
Preferably, the heat exchange wall comprises plain tubes and tubes
with fins through which a heat exchange medium may pass. It is also
preferred that the guide wall of each component forms the upper
edge of the heat exchange wall to the base of the neighboring
component in the same ring.
The invention furthermore provides that the height of the heat
exchange components decreases continuously on a gradient from the
outer edge of the cooling tower towards the center. According to a
preferred embodiment of the invention, the height of the heat
exchange components decreases in steps from the edge to the middle
of the cooling tower, the group of heat exchange components resting
on the same circular ring always having the same height, which
height decreases from group to group from the outer area to the
inner area.
It has surprisingly been found that by such a design, the heat
exchange surface can for all practical purposes under optimal
conditions be adapted to the existing flow profile of the cooling
air, which results in equal heat exchange conditions throughout the
whole cross section of the cooling tower. The width and length of
the individual components are optional and are derived from the
heat exchange conditions and the data of the medium to be cooled.
Accordingly, the number of groups of components arranged over the
radius of the cooling tower, and their dimensions, as well as the
number of components arranged within a group, can vary.
It is, furthermore, provided according to the invention that the
heat exchange surface of the roof-type structure, which surface is
provided with heat exchanging elements, may be arranged
perpendicularly, i.e. at right angles to the inflow surface, and
the pertaining air guiding wall is arranged obliquely, or that the
surface equipped with the exchange elements is at an air incline,
in which instance the air guiding wall will then extend
approximately vertically. The air guiding walls may consist of
sheet metal, asbestos, cement, or plastics material, or the
like.
Ideally, the specific heat exchange surface rises over the length
of a component with constant width or height in inverse proportion
to the square of the cooling tower radius. Inasmuch as the rise in
the rate of flow towards the middle of the cooling tower is
generally less intense, a preferred form of the invention makes
provision for the specific heat exchange surface to be adapted
continuously or step by step to the flow profile of the cooling
air, or to be superimposed thereon. This can be done by reducing
the height of the components, in the case of a central arrangement,
towards the middle of the cooling tower, or else with an inclined
arrangement of the components, the angle of incidence of the
components with the inflow surface is reduced continuously or in
steps, with a simultaneous reduction in the width of the component.
The arrangement of the components over the radius of the cooling
tower is, as a rule, horizontal if liquid media are to be cooled.
Merely for the sake of better emptying, the components may be given
a slight slant. A similar arrangement can be provided in the case
of condensation processes for the better discharge of the
condensate.
The air guiding walls arranged between the upper edge of a
component and the base of a neighboring component act at the same
time as wind interception walls. Additional wind breaks, such as
are arranged in known structures to avoid the blowing through of
individual components, below or between the individual components,
may not therefore be necessary.
To compensate for the possible influence of wind, the invention
provides that the heat exchange surfaces and the partitions may be
arranged on alternate sides over the radius of the cooling tower,
while the heat exchange surfaces and the partitions are on opposite
sides in the individual groups.
The individual groups can either be operated separately or else be
interconnected. Accordingly, the medium to be cooled may be
supplied either through an external circular pipe, or through
several circular pipes over the radius of the cooling tower. The
medium being cooled, or the condensate, is then discharged through
circular pipes which are arranged either in the middle of the
cooling tower only, or approximately on the inner radius of circles
in which the groups of components are located.
A further advantage is obtained due to the fact that the whole of
the cross section of the cooling tower is utilized in an optimum
manner; only in the middle of the cooling tower is there a dead
space which can be utilized for the arrangement of pipes and as a
transport lock.
If the cooling tower is to be used as a pure dry cooling tower,
according to the invention, the entire cross-sectional surface of
the tower may be covered with the heat exchange components. It is,
however, also possible to design the cooling tower in the
well-known manner as a combined wet-dry cooling tower in order to
derive the advantages arising therefrom, namely the prevention of
vapor emerging from wet cooling towers and the improvement of the
steep characteristic of dry cooling towers, and to reduce the
additional water requirement of wet cooling towers by the basic
load being taken over by the dry cooling part and the peak load by
the wet cooling part. To this end, the cooling tower may be so
constructed that components for wet cooling, such as trickle units,
are distributed over the cross section of the cooling tower between
one or more rows of heat exchange components extending in the
radial direction, so that sector-shaped portions of dry cooling
components and wet cooling components follow one another
alternately.
The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1 and 1a show a partly cut-away side view through the lower
part of a natural draft circular cooling tower in the form of a dry
cooling tower only.
FIGS. 2 and 2a respectively represent two diagrammatic
representations seen from above the heat exchange components, which
are shown arranged in a semi-cross-section of the cooling
tower.
FIG. 3 is an isometric representation of heat exchange components
arranged one after the other in a radial direction.
FIG. 4 shows an enlarged isometric representation of a heat
exchange component with an inclined arrangement.
FIG. 5 shows four heat exchange components placed one behind the
other in a radial direction, while being arranged vertically.
FIG. 6 is an isometric illustration similar to FIG. 4, of a heat
exchange component in a vertical arrangement.
FIG. 7 is a top view of the exchange components and trickle devices
shown arranged in semi-cross section in a combined wet-dry cooling
tower.
FIG. 8 is a cross section taken along the line VIII--VIII of FIG.
7.
The circular cooling tower of FIG. 1 comprises a shell or mantle 1,
which has passage means 1a in the lower zone to form air inlets,
through which air enters radially in the direction of the arrows 2.
Above the intake orifices 1a there are arranged the heat exchange
components 3, which occupy almost the whole cross section of the
cooling tower except for a central free area, so that the cooling
tower acts solely as a dry cooling tower. The air entering
radially, flows, as denoted by the arrows 4, through the individual
components 3 and emerges through an upper discharge orifice from
the cooling tower.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the heat exchange elements, which are
arranged in the cooling tower; these heat exchange components are
combined to form the groups I, II, III and IV which are located
along circles. Struts 5 act as the supporting means for the heat
exchange elements. In FIG. 1, the height of the components 3
decreases from group to group in steps and is constant within each
group, while in FIG. 1a a form of embodiment of the invention is
represented in which the height of the components of a group, and
from group to group, decreases continuously from outside to
inside.
FIG. 3 shows several groups of heat exchange components 3, one
behind the other in a radial direction, those of each group being
placed side by side. The illustrated components or heat exchange
elements form a sector-shaped portion of the whole installation.
The heat exchange components are accommodated in a roof-type
structure, one surface 6 of which contains heat exchange tubes 7,
which run horizontally in the illustrated example while the other
surface 8 is an airtight partition serving as air guiding wall. As
is apparent in particular from FIG. 4, the roof-type structure is
open at the bottom, so that air entering in the direction of the
arrows 9 is able to pass through the individual heat exchange
components. The front and rear ends of the roof-type structure are
likewise closed by sealing walls in order to compel the cooling air
to pass through the heat exchange components.
In the case of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the exchange
surface 6 of the roof-type structure is arranged obliquely, while
the respective air guiding wall 8 is vertical, or approximately
vertical. The air guiding wall 8 runs from the upper edge of the
roof-type structure to the base of the adjoining component and thus
compensates for the widening of the cooling tower towards the outer
edge, produced by the radial arrangement in the circular base
area.
Whereas in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the heat exchange surface is oblique
and the partition mainly vertical, in the embodiment represented in
FIGS. 2a, 5 and 6 the exchange surface 6 is vertical or
substantially vertical, and the air guide wall 8 is arranged
obliquely.
In all the embodiments, the height of the exchange components
varies in steps from group to group, the components of group 1
having the least height and the components of the group on the
outer edge of the cooling tower having the greatest height.
In a preferred practical form of the invention, provision is made
for the heat exchange surfaces and the partitions in the individual
groups to be arranged on alternate sides, as is shown in FIG. 3,
the air guide walls of groups I and III being on the opposide side,
as compared with those of groups II and IV. The same holds good for
the groups in the embodiment of FIG. 5.
It is apparent from FIG. 1 that the components are arranged
substantially horizontally. For condensation processes and for
cooling liquids they are given a slight gradient towards the center
of the cooling tower, in order to improve the drainage conditions
for the condensate, or to make complete emptying feasible.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show a so-called wet-dry cooling tower also of
circular design, which not only contains the roof-type exchange
components 3 for dry heat exchange, the medium to be cooled flowing
through the exchange tubes and being cooled by the cooling air
flowing past, but also is fitted with a wet cooling part as well,
which contains trickle plates 10. The water being cooled trickles
down said plates 10 from top to bottom, while it is cooled by the
rising cooling air. As is apparent in particular from FIG. 7, in
this embodiment, rows of exchange components 3 and parallel trickle
plates 10 suspended one behind the other are with the pertaining
water distributing system and drip collectors arranged alternately
side by side, so that sector-shaped wet and dry lanes or ducts are
created which fill up the cross section of the tower. The exchange
components 3 are formed and arranged in the same way as has been
explained in conjunction with FIGS. 1 to 6.
It is, of course, to be understood that the present invention is,
by no means, limited to the specific showing in the drawings, but
also comprises any modifications within the scope of the appended
claims.
* * * * *