U.S. patent number 3,842,904 [Application Number 05/263,201] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-22 for heat exchanger.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Aronetics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Hugh E. Gardenier.
United States Patent |
3,842,904 |
Gardenier |
October 22, 1974 |
HEAT EXCHANGER
Abstract
An improved heat exchanger for transferring heat between a gas
containing solid contaminant particles and a secondary fluid. The
heat exchanger is composed of a plurality of substantially
parallel, uniformly spaced flat pieces and a surrounding shell. The
interior of each plate is provided with a passage for the flow of
the secondary fluid. Moreover, the surrounding shell is so sized
and shaped that the solid particle-containing gas is made to flow
past the flat plates in a direction parallel thereto. Consequently,
gas side fouling is substantially eliminated. The plates are
preferably arranged vertically and, in one embodiment, are provided
with a mechanism for removing small quantities of contaminant
particles.
Inventors: |
Gardenier; Hugh E. (Tullahoma,
TN) |
Assignee: |
Aronetics, Inc. (Tullahoma,
TN)
|
Family
ID: |
23000810 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/263,201 |
Filed: |
June 15, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/145; 165/157;
165/DIG.431; 122/7R; 165/119 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28F
19/00 (20130101); B01D 51/10 (20130101); F28F
9/26 (20130101); F28G 7/00 (20130101); F28D
9/0031 (20130101); F28F 2250/102 (20130101); Y10S
165/431 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01D
51/00 (20060101); B01D 51/10 (20060101); F28D
9/00 (20060101); F28F 9/26 (20060101); F28G
7/00 (20060101); F28F 19/00 (20060101); F28f
007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;165/140,143,145,157,164,5,69,119 ;122/7R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Myhre; Charles J.
Assistant Examiner: Streule, Jr.; Theophil W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fleit, Gipple & Jacobson
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A heat exchanger module for transferring heat from a hot solid
particle-containing gas to a secondary liquid, the heat exchanger
module comprising: a plurality of vertically oriented substantially
parallel flat rectangular plates, each plate having first and
second substantially flat surfaces, a passage for the flow of said
secondary liquid between said surfaces and a substantially smooth
exterior to permit the unobstructed passage of said solid
particle-containing gas thereby, said passage comprising an array
of at least one liquid-conducting tubular conduit having a diameter
confined within the boundaries of said first and second surfaces
and a length substantially in excess of the perimeter of its flat
rectangular plate, lying in a pattern extending substantially
through the entire area of its flat rectangular plate and having an
inlet opening and an outlet opening; shell means surrounding said
plurality of flat plates and forming a gas flow path having a gas
inlet end and a gas outlet for the passage of said solid
particle-containing gas, said gas flow path enabling said gas to
intimately flow by said plurality of flat plates in a direction
parallel thereto, and to transfer heat to said secondary liquid
flowing through said tubular conduits; supply means to supply said
secondary liquid to the inlet opening of each flat plate;
withdrawal means to convey heated secondary liquid away from the
exit opening of each flat plate; and gas supply means for supplying
said hot solid particle-containing gas to the gas inlet end of said
gas flow path.
2. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, comprising at least
three substantially parallel flat plates, the distance between each
of said adjacent flat plates being substantially uniform.
3. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein said supply means is an
inlet header adapted to distribute secondary liquid to each flat
plate for parallel flow through said plurality of flat plates; and
further wherein said withdrawal means is an outlet header for
collecting the secondary liquid from the secondary liquid outlet of
each flat plate.
4. The heat exchanger according to claim 3, wherein said secondary
liquid inlet header is located on one side of said plurality of
flat plates and wherein the outlet header is located on an opposite
side of said plurality of flat plates.
5. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, and further comprising:
means to secure the shell of said heat exchanger at the inlet end
of said gas passageway to the shell of a substantially identical
heat exchanger at the outlet end of the gas passageway in said
substantially identical heat exchanger.
6. The heat exchanger module according to claim 1, wherein said
shell is rectangular in configuration.
7. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the secondary
liquid passage in each flat plate is so positioned that liquid
flows transversely back and forth across the plate.
8. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein said solid
particle-containing gas flows vertically through said gas flow
path.
9. A heat exchanger assembly for processing a gas containing solid
particles, developed from at least two heat exchange modules, and
wherein each heat exchange module comprises: a plurality of
vertically oriented substantially parallel flat rectangular plates,
each plate having first and second substantially flat surfaces, a
passage for the flow of secondary liquid between said surface and a
substantially smooth exterior to permit the unobstructed passage of
said gas and its contained solid particles thereby, said passage
comprising an array of at least one liquid-conucting tubular
conduit having a diameter confined within the boundaries of said
first and second surfaces and a length substantially in excess of
the perimeter of its flat rectangular plate, lying in a pattern
extending substantially through the entire area of its flat
rectangular plate and having an inlet opening and an outlet
opening; shell means surrounding said plurality of flat plates and
forming a gas flow path having a gas inlet end and a gas outlet end
for the passage of said solid particle-containing gas, said gas
flow path enabling said gas to intimately flow by said plurality of
flat plates in a direction parallel thereto and to transfer heat to
said secondary liquid flowing through said tubular conduits; supply
means to supply said secondary liquid to the inlet opening of each
flat plate; withdrawal means to convey secondary liquid away from
the exit opening of each flat plate; means for connecting said
supply means to a source of secondary liquid or the withdrawal
means of a substantially identical module; means for connecting
said withdrawal means to an exhaust of secondary liquid or to the
supply means of a substantially identical module; means for
connecting said gas inlet end to a gas source or to the gas outlet
end of a substantially identical module; and means for connecting
said gas outlet end to the gas exhaust or to the inlet end of a
substantially identical module; said heat exchanger assembly
further including gas supply means fluidly connected to the gas
inlet of said gas flow path for supplying a solid
particle-containing gas to said heat exchange module.
10. The assembly of claim 9, and further comprising: support means
for supporting said heat exchange modules so that at least two
modules are in a side by side relationship on said support means;
gas conduit means for fluidly connecting the gas outlet end of one
of said heat exchange modules to the gas inlet end of the adjacent
heat exchange module so that said gas flows through said modules in
series.
11. The assembly of claim 10, wherein said gas conduit means
changes the gas flow direction by substantially 180.degree..
12. The assembly of claim 10, wherein said gas conduit means is
located below said heat exchanger modules.
13. The assembly according to claim 9, composed of at least four
heat exchange modules.
14. The assembly of claim 12 wherein said primary gas conduit means
is a trapezoidal shaped bin for collecting particles which become
disentrained from said particle-containing gas.
15. The assembly of claim 12 further including means for removing
particles which have accumulated in said primary gas conduit means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to heat exchangers for recovering waste
thermal energy from a gas stream containing solid particles.
In many industrial applications, it is often necessary or desirable
to transfer thermal energy from a high temperature gas containing
solid particles to a secondary fluid medium, either gaseous or
liquid. In the past, this has been accomplished by employing the
well-known shell and tube heat exchanger, with the secondary fluid
flowing through the tubes and the particle-containing gas flowing
through the shell outside the tubes. Other common types of heat
exchange systems have also been used for this purpose.
Unfortunately, in operation, most known heat exchanger systems are
subject to fouling on the gas side when solid particle-containing
gases are processed. Almost immediately, individual particles are
deposited from the gas on tubes, and in a short time sizeable
masses of particles are built up. As a consequence, not only is the
heat exchanger efficiency drastically reduced, but also,
eventually, the entire gas side passageway can become completely
blocked.
In the past, this gas side fouling problem has been overcome by
installing specially designed cleaning equipment in each heat
exchanger. Such cleaning equipment is not only expensive, costly to
operate and costly to maintain, but may often fail to do a
completely satisfactory job.
Another problem associated with known heat exchangers employed for
removing waste thermal energy from solid particle-containing gases
is that maintenance and repair of the heat exchanger systems are
often difficult, time-consuming and expensive. For example, when a
typical shell and tube heat exchanger develops a leak or is
otherwise inoperable, it is necessary to shut down the entire
system employing the heat exchanger for extended periods of time,
since the heat exchanger must be completely disassembled, the
broken, worn or leaking tubes replaced, and the entire heat
exchanger reassembled again. Obviously, extended periods of
downtime decrease the overall efficiency of the heat exchanger, and
hence the total system, and therefore add to the expense of using a
heat exchanger of this general design.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
heat exchanger system useful for recovering thermal energy from a
solid particle-containing gas which can operate for extended
periods of time without gas side fouling.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a heat
exchanger for solid particle laden gases which is of simple design
and easy to manufacture.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a heat
exchanger, as set forth above, which is simple to maintain and can
be quickly and easily repaired by simple replacement of some of its
parts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other objects are accomplished according to the present
invention, wherein a heat exchanger composed of an outer shell and
a series of substantially parallel flat plates is provided. The
series of parallel flat plates is arranged within the heat
exchanger outer shell so that the solid particle-containing gas
flows parallel to the flat surfaces. Each flat plate is provided
within its interior with a conduit for receiving the secondary
fluid so that transfer of heat can occur between the interior
conduit and exterior of the flat plates.
Because the solid particle-containing gas flows parallel to the
flat surfaces of the flat plates, there is little or no opportunity
for the particles contained in the gas to collect in crannies or
nooks in the heat exchanger. Consequently, fouling on the gas side
of the heat exchanger with the particles contained in the gas is
substantially eliminated.
In a preferred embodiment, the inventive heat exchanger is arranged
so that the solid particle-containing gas flowing therethrough
travels vertically as it passes the series of parallel flat plates.
Such an arrangement is advantageous in that particles not
positively carried by the gas stream which would otherwise tend to
accumulate on the heat exchanger internals fall in a direction
parallel to the flat plates. Consequently, solid particle
accumulation is minimized. Moreover, since simple tapping or
vibrating of the heat exchanger causes loosely-packed accumulated
particles to be dislodged, arrangement of the heat exchanger in
this manner enables simple tapping or vibrating equipment to
effectively clean the gas side of the heat exchanger when and if
necessary.
In another preferred embodiment, the inventive heat exchanger
employs a modular concept, each module being composed of its own
shell and flat plate system. A number of modules are connected end
to end so that solid particle-containing gas flows in series
relationship through the assembled modules. Because the heat
exchanger of this embodiment is composed of a series of individual
heat exchange modules, a breakdown of the heat exchanger in any one
area can be quickly remedied by simply replacing the malfunctioning
heat exchange module. Moreover, if the heat transfer requirements
of a heat exchanger employing the modular concept should increase
or decrease, the capacity of the heat exchanger can be increased or
decreased by simply adding additional modules or removing modules
already in the system. This arrangement of modules also permits the
heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger to approach
that of a counterflow heat exchanger rather than a crossflow and
therefore improves the heat transfer efficiency. Finally, when and
if special cleaning of the heat exchanger is required, easy
disassembly and reassembly of the modular heat exchanger make such
maintenance a comparatively simple task.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention may be more readily understood by reference
to the following drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the internals of the inventive heat
exchanger system including a plurality of uniformly spaced flat
plates, an inlet header and an outlet header.
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the inventive heat exchanger when
the internals of the system as shown in FIG. 1 are assembled in an
appropriately shaped shell.
FIG. 3 is an isometric view illustrating the modular concept of the
invention wherein four of the heat exchange modules shown in FIG. 2
are assembled together to form a single heat exchanger unit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The inventive heat exchanger employs a series of uniformly spaced
flat plates as the heat exchange surfaces. These heat exchange
plates take the form of flat plates or sheets with essentially two
uniformly flat and parallel large area surfaces. Each plate is
provided with a secondary fluid passageway which usually extends
transversely back and forth across the plate body from one end to
the other so that heat transfer is maximized between a fluid
flowing through the passageway and the heat exchange plate itself.
The fluid passageway of each plate is provided with an inlet
opening and an outlet opening so that fluid can be introduced into
one side of the plate, flow entirely through the plate where heat
transfer occurs, and flow out the other side of the plate.
Heat exchange plates as above described are known in the art and
any type heat exchange plate of this general construction can be
used. In this regard, it has been found that heat exchange plates
known in the art as "embossed panel bundles" can advantageously be
used to construct the heat exchanger assembly according to the
present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, the individual heat exchange plates 10 are
assembled parallel to one another and are spaced uniformly apart by
a predetermined distance. In this position, the plates are secured
together by suitable means (not shown) conventional in the art.
Located on one side of the system of flat plates is the secondary
fluid inlet supply means which is composed of an inlet pipe 12 and
an inlet header 14. Communicating with inlet header 14 are a
plurality of inlet tubes 16, each inlet tube 16 fluidly connecting
inlet header 14 and the inlet opening 18 of each heat exchanger
plate 10.
Located on the other side of the uniformly spaced heat exchange
plates 10 is the secondary fluid outlet means which is constructed
basically of the same components as the secondary fluid inlet
means. The secondary fluid outlet means is composed of a plurality
of outlet tubes 20, each of which fluidly connects the secondary
fluid outlet opening 22 of a respective heat exchange plate 10 with
the outlet header 24. The outlet header 24 is in turn connected to
outlet pipe 26 for providing a means for the secondary fluid to
exit from the internals of the system.
As shown in FIG. 1, the inlet pipe 12 and the outlet pipe 26 can,
if desired, be provided with a circular flange 28 to facilitate the
attachment of inlet and outlet conduits thereto.
As further shown in FIG. 1, the junction between each inlet tube 16
and its inlet opening 18, and likewise the junction between each
exit tube 20 and its outlet opening 22, is preferably made as
streamlined as possible with respect to the gas flow in the gas
side of the heat exchanger. This is done to minimize the number of
nooks, crannies, cracks an crevices encountered by the gas as it
flows through the heat exchanger. This construction minimizes the
risk of gas side fouling.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the inventive heat exchanger assembly is
generally indicated at 30. The assembly 30 is composed of system
internals 32 such as those described with reference to FIG. 1 and
an exterior shell 34 secured to the system internals 32 by
conventional means (not shown). The shell 34 has a rectangular main
body portion 36 which is so sized and shaped that it conveniently
fits around the outside of the assembled heat exchange plates 10.
As shown in FIG. 2, the uppermost portion of the shell body 36 is
made wider than the remaining portion of the body so that upper
extensions 38 and 40 are formed making the overall shell 34
substantially T-shaped. Upper extensions 38 and 40 are sized and
shaped to accommodate inlet header 14 and exit header 24 of the
system internals.
As further shown in FIG. 2, a horizontal flange 42 extends
outwardly from the bottom edge of the shell body 36 around its
entire periphery. Flange 42 is secured in place by means of a
plurality of triangular supports 44, which are welded or otherwise
secured between main body 36 and flange 42. Moreover, flange 42 is
provided with a number of holes 46 adapted to receive bolts (not
shown) to secure the heat exchange module to a suitable support or
onto another heat exchanger of the same design.
As further shown in FIG. 2, the upper edge of the heat exchanger
shell 34 is also provided with a horizontal flange 48 extending
outwardly from the shell body. This flange is also secured in
position by means of a plurality of triangular supports 49 and is
provided with a number of holes 50 positioned to align with the
holes 46 in lower flange 42. Because holes 50 are positioned in
flange 48 in this manner, two identical modules can be easily
stacked and secured together by means of bolts extending through
holes 46 and 50.
Located on one T-shaped face of shell 34 is an optional cleaning
device 51. This device is adapted to either impart a vibrating
motion to or simply rap the heat exchange plates 10 so that
particles tending to accumulate and/or loosely packed particles
already accumulated between the plates are dislodged.
In operation, a secondary fluid supply line is connected to the
fluid inlet pipe 12 so that a secondary fluid flows into and
through heat exchange plates 10 and out of exit pipe 26. Gas
containing solid particles is made to flow through the shell 34 of
the heat exchanger either from bottom to top or top to bottom so as
to flow in a direction substantially parallel to the plurality of
heat exchange plates 10. As a result, heat is transferred between
the gas and the secondary fluid according to well known heat
transfer phenomena.
As indicated above, a significant feature of the inventive heat
exchanger is that it can process a solid particle-containing gas
with substantially no gas side fouling. While not wishing to be
bound to any theory, it is believed that this result is due to the
fact that a laminar boundary layer of gas is formed on the surfaces
of the heat exchange plates 10 as the gas flows through the heat
exchanger. This laminar boundary layer, it is believed, acts as a
barrier preventing solid particles from coming into contact with
the heat exchange plate surfaces. As a result, solid particles are
unable to readily lodge on the internals of the system and, hence,
fouling of the heat exchanger is prevented, or at least
delayed.
Moreover, a further advantage of the inventive heat exchanger
design is that the resultant gas pressure drop or resistance to gas
flow is substantially lower than that experienced by conventional
tube type heat exchanger designs.
As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the inventive
heat exchanger transfers heat between a solid particle-containing
gas and a secondary fluid according to well known heat transfer
phenomena. Accordingly, the exact specifications of an inventive
heat exchanger to be designed for a particular application should
be determined with regard to those factors known in the art
affecting heat exchanger performance. Thus the thermoconductivity
of the solid particle-containing gas, the inlet temperature of the
solid particle-containing gas, the thermoconductivity of the
secondary fluid, the inlet temperature of the secondary fluid, the
desired exit temperature of the gas, the desired exit temperature
of the fluid, the flow rate of the gas, the flow rate of the fluid,
the desired pressure drop of the gas, and the desired pressure drop
of the fluid are all factors to be taken into account in
determining the length, number, width and spacing between heat
exchange plates.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 3,
a number of the heat exchange modules shown in FIG. 2 are assembled
together so that a heat exchanger of substantially larger size is
formed. As illustrated, the composite heat exchanger assembly is
composed of heat exchange modules 52,54, 56 and 58, all of which
are supported on a steel I-beam structure 60. Heat exchanger
modules 52 and 54 are secured together so that gas can serially
flow through both modules in a straight line. Heat exchange modules
56 and 58 are similarly secured together.
In order to provide a continuous flow path through the heat
exchanger assembly for secondary fluid, inlet pipe 62 of heat
exchange module 52 is fluidly connected to exit pipe 64 of heat
exchange module 54 by means of connecting pipe 65. Likewise, the
inlet pipe of heat exchange module 54 is connected to the outlet
pipe of heat exchange module 56 and the inlet pipe of heat exchange
module 56 is connected to the outlet pipe of heat exchange module
58 by suitable connecting pipes (not shown). Accordingly, secondary
fluid introduced into the heat exchanger assembly at inlet pipe 66
of heat exchange module 58 flows in order through heat exchange
modules 58, 56, 54 and 52, and then out of the assembly through
exit pipe 68 of heat exchange module 52.
As shown in FIG. 3, gas inlet duct 74 is attached to the upper end
of heat exchange module 52 for transporting solid
particle-containing gas to the gas side of the heat exchanger
assembly. Similarly, gas exit duct 76 is attached to the upper end
of heat exchange module 58 for transporting solid
particle-containing gas away from the gas side of the heat
exchanger assembly. Moreover, located underneath the rectangular
portion 70 of I-beam structure 60 is a trapezodial shaped bin 72.
This bin is adapted to place the gas side of heat exchange module
54 in fluid communication with the gas side of heat exchange module
56 so that solid particle-containing gas flowing downwardly through
heat exchange module 54 is forced to flow upwardly through heat
exchange module 56.
In operation, solid particle-containing gas is introduced into gas
inlet duct 74 so that it flows, in the direction of arrows 76,
through heat exchange modules 52, 54, 56 and 58, respectively, and
out of gas exit duct 76. Secondary fluid is introduced through
secondary fluid supply line 78, an flows countercurrently to the
solid particle-containing gas through heat exchange modules 58, 56,
54 and 52, respectively, for the desired heat transfer and then out
of secondary fluid exit line 80.
The composite heat exchanger system shown in FIG. 3 has numerous
advantages which make it useful in a number of varied and different
applications. First, because the direction of gas flow is reversed
from heat exchange module 54 to heat exchange module 56, the entire
heat exchanger assembly is more compact than if the four heat
exchange modules were assembled in a straight line configuration.
Moreover, turning of the gas 180.degree. as shown also allows the
larger and heavier particles in the solid particle-containing gas
to fall to the bottom of hopper 72 and thus be removed from the
system. In this regard, an optional door 82 can be provided at the
lower portion of the hopper 72 to remove any particles which have
accumulated.
Finally because the gas vertically flows through the heat exchange
modules, deposition of any solid particles on the heat exchange
surfaces and the sides of each heat exchange module shell are
minimized.
While only two specific embodiments of the inventive heat exchanger
have been illustrated and described, it should be appreciated that
many changes and modifications of the specifically disclosed heat
exchanger can be made without departing from the spirit and scope
of the present invention. For example, the location of the inlet
and outlet headers can be varied at will. Alternately, inlet and
outlet headers can be completely eliminated, with connecting tubes
being employed between the various heat exchange plates so that the
secondary fluid flows through the plates of each module in
series.
In addition, the size and shape of the shell 34 of the inventive
heat exchanger can be varied to any shape desired, although it is
preferably that the shell have flat sides generally positioned
parallel to the uniformly spaced heat exchanger plates.
Furthermore, any suitable securing means can be employed to attach
respective heat exchange modules to adjacent modules or to
appropriate ducting and piping. Finally, it should be understood
that the heat exchanger composite shown in FIG. 3 can be run
concurrently as well as countercurrently as desired.
The foregoing description and the drawings associated therewith
have been provided for illustrative purposes only and are not
intended to limit the invention in any way. All reasonable
modifications not specifically set forth are intended to be
included within the scope of the invention which is to be limited
only by the appended claims.
* * * * *