U.S. patent number 3,842,279 [Application Number 05/312,177] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-15 for method and apparatus for aligning a charged particle beam.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Berthold W. Schumacher.
United States Patent |
3,842,279 |
Schumacher |
October 15, 1974 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALIGNING A CHARGED PARTICLE BEAM
Abstract
There is disclosed apparatus for mining and excavating through
rocky terrain without a mechanical tool or machine which must be
made rugged enough to withstand the forces and impacts necessary to
break rocks. The excavation is carried out with an electron beam
which is projected against the rock. The beam is conducted from a
generator through a long tube, which may be 20 feet long or more
through one or more internal apertures, and is emitted at the end
of the tube through an exit aperture. The generator and tube may be
mounted on the turret of a vehicle so that the tube can swing in an
arc of large angle in the plane of a rocky seam or at any angle
transverse to this plane. The beam is centered in, at least, the
exit aperture by apparatus which responds to any uneven generation
of X-Rays around the periphery of the exit aperture.
Inventors: |
Schumacher; Berthold W.
(Pittsburgh, PA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
26777006 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/312,177 |
Filed: |
December 4, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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87474 |
Nov 6, 1970 |
3718367 |
Feb 27, 1973 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
250/397;
250/491.1; 250/492.3; 250/399; 250/492.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21C
41/16 (20130101); E21C 37/18 (20130101); E21C
37/16 (20130101); H01J 37/1471 (20130101); E21D
9/1073 (20130101); H01J 37/301 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21C
37/00 (20060101); E21D 9/10 (20060101); H01J
37/147 (20060101); E21C 37/16 (20060101); E21C
37/18 (20060101); H01J 37/301 (20060101); H01J
37/30 (20060101); H01j 037/00 (); G01n
023/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/121EB,121EM
;250/310,396,397,398,399,400,491,492,503,505,514 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lindquist; William F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Stoughton; J. L.
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for aligning a beam of charged particles with a
section of an elongated passageway provided with a transverse wall
having a beam aperture through which said beam passes, said wall
being effective to emit X-rays when impinged by said charged
particles, said beam alignment apparatus comprising: a set of X-ray
detectors with collimators, said collimators being so aligned as to
pass X-rays only if they come from certain portions of said wall
with which said collimators are aligned, and signal processing
means which compares the signals from the various X-ray detectors
to ascertain which edge portion of the beam aperture is impinged by
an excessive amount of said charged particles and therefore
emitting an excessive amount of X-rays, and beam deflecting means
responding to said signal processing means so as to equalize the
signal strength received by all of said X-ray detectors thereby to
align said beam in said aperture.
2. Beam alignment apparatus according to claim 1 including means
for determining the total X-ray intensity received from all of said
X-ray detectors, and beam focusing means responsive to the total
X-ray intensity so as to minimize the total X-ray intensity thereby
passing the greatest part of said beam through said beam
aperture.
3. The method of realigning a beam of charged particles said beam
being produced by a beam generator having an elongated hollow
structure provided with a transverse wall having an aperture
therethrough, said wall adjacent said aperture being effective to
emit X-rays when impinged by said charged particles, said beam
generally being aligned to pass longitudinally through said
structure, the said method comprising controlling the path of said
beam of charged particles through said aperture by sensing the
X-rays emitted from said wall when said charged particles impinge
on selected portions of said wall and adjusting the path of said
beam of charged particles to minimize the magnitude of said X-rays
thereby centering said beam of charged particles in said
aperture.
4. A charged particle beam generator comprising a body member
having an evacuated chamber and a passageway leading from said
chamber outwardly of said body member, means in said chamber
generating and projecting a beam of charged particles through said
passageway, a chamber wall member in said passageway, said wall
member being provided with first and second wall surfaces spaced
longitudinally along the path of said beam of particles, said wall
member having an aperture extending between and opening outwardly
of said first and second wall surfaces, said first wall surface
being on the side of said wall member toward said generating means
and effective to emit X-rays as a consequence of the impingement
thereon of said charged particles, beam adjusting means adjacent
said beam of particles and actuatable to alter the path of said
beam of particles, X-ray responsive means, X-ray selecting means
selectively transmitting certain of said X-rays produced by a first
portion of said first wall surface to said X-ray responsive means
and preventing transmission of X-rays produced by other portions of
said first wall surface from reaching said X-ray responsive means,
and control means operatively connecting said X-ray responsive
means with said beam adjusting means, said control means being
effective actuate said beam adjusting means to alter the path of
said beam of particles in a direction to minimize the magnitude of
said X-rays which are received by said X-ray responsive means.
5. The combination of claim 4 including a plurality of said X-ray
responsive means and a plurality of said X-ray selecting means
individually associated with said X-ray responsive means, said
X-ray selecting means selectively transmitting certain of said
X-rays produced by individual portions of said first wall surface,
said X-ray responsive means being coupled to said control means,
said control means being effective to actuate said beam adjusting
means in response to a change in the magnitude of the X-rays
produced by said individual portions of said first wall surface to
alter the path of said beam of particles to minimize the magnitude
of X-rays received from said individual portions of said first wall
and thereby center the path of said beam of particles in said
aperture.
6. The combination of claim 4 in which said beam adjusting means
alters the path of said beam by changing the direction of said path
of said beam relative to said aperture.
7. The combination of claim 4 in which said beam adjusting means
alters the path of said beam by focussing said beam of charged
particles relative to said aperture.
8. The combination of claim 4 in which said beam adjusting means
alters the path of said beam by focussing and changing the
direction of said beam to minimize the total magnitude of said
charged particles which impinge on said individual portions of said
first wall.
9. The combination of claim 4 in which said X-ray selecting means
is a collimator located in said passageway adjacent said first wall
surface, said collimator having a passageway therethrough and
positioned between said first portion of said first wall surface
and said X-ray responsive means.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The following patents and applications in the United States are
incorporated herein by reference:
Application Ser. No. 756,653 filed Aug. 30, 1968 (now U.S. Pat. No.
3,556,600 dated Jan. 19, 1971) to William E. Shoupp and Berthold W.
Schumacher for "Distribution and Cutting of Rocks, Glass and the
Like."
Application Ser. No. 756,654 filed Aug. 30, 1968, (now abandoned in
favor of continuation application Ser. No. 105,113 filed Jan. 8,
1971 which matured into U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,633 dated April 3,
1973) to Berthold W. Schumacher and Robert E. La Croix for
"Corpuscular Beam In The Atmosphere."
Application Ser. No. 79,732 filed Mar. 16, 1970 (now U.S. Pat. No.
3,589,351 dated June 29, 1971) to William E. Shoupp and Berthold W.
Schumacher for "Cutting of Rocks, Glass and the Like."
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the art of mining and/or excavating in
rocky terrain and has particular relationship to such mining or
excavating with corpuscular beams (for example electrons or ions
like He.sup.+ or H.sup.+) emitted into the atmosphere and
specifically with an electron beam of high power projected into the
atmosphere. The above-listed applications disclose the rupturing of
rocks by projecting a highpower electron beam on the rocks. The
beam penetrates into the rock breaking, spalling and/or melting the
rock.
Typical of the mining with which the invention concerns itself is
mining for gold. The gold is usually deposited in a narrow rocky
seam which must be broken to remove the material from which the
gold is derived. In accordance with some of the teachings of the
prior art, the removal of material from the seam is carried out
with the aid of a manually operated machine or tool capable of
breaking the rock by applying continuous forces of high magnitude
to the rocks. Such a tool must be rugged to withstand the high
forces and must be firmly supported or braced to apply the forces
and absorb their reactions. In practice this machine is laboriously
operated step-by-step into the seam by an attendant who sits behind
the excavating tool. After every few steps the supports for the
machine are relaxed, the machine is advanced, and then secured in
the new position and the necessary forces are impressed to make an
advanced penetration into the seam. (See the African Mining Journal
Nov. 29, 1968, page 1,245 -- One Year of Rock-Cutting Trails. Swiss
Journal TECHNICA, Birkhouser Verlag, Nov. 19, 1968 -- Gerd.
Kampf-Emden, Pgs. 1,635-1,639 -- "Stationen des vollmechanischen
Tunnelvortriebs;" Engineering and Mining Journal, McGraw-Hill,
April 1968 -- "USBM Examines Exotic Ways of Breaking Rock," pgs.
85-92.)
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with this invention the mining or excavation is
carried out by projecting a corpuscular beam on the rock face of
the mine or excavation. The beam is conducted from the corpuscular
source over a long tube of relatively small cross-sectional area
and is emitted on the rock at the end of this tube. By impingement
of the beam the rock face is fractured to a depth of 1/4 to 10
inches. The debris from the fracture may be removed progressively
as it is produced and the fracturing continued until the desired
narrow seam is mined out.
Typically, the corpuscular beam generator may be mounted so that it
can be moved in three dimensions, over a high-angle arc
longitudinal of the seam and over arcs transverse to the seam. A
slot may thus be produced in the seam which is wide enough for
penetration of the tube and for the facilities for removal of the
debris. The debris may be removed in any convenient way: by
flushing with a stream of water, by suction hoses (vacuum cleaners)
or by mechanical scrapers. After adequate thickness of rock has
been removed from the face of the mine or excavation the
corpuscular beam machine is moved up and a new cycle of fracturing
is carried out. Since the corpuscular beam machine does not
experience any reaction forces it can move on a relatively
lightweight carriage on wheels or on caterpillar tracks.
The complete machine must necessarily be of relatively large
dimensions, however, the beam itself can be thrown over very large
distances while maintained in a narrow evacuated tube. It is
possible to fire an electron beam for example through an evacuated
tube 20 to 100 feet long, with a diameter of only a few inches. To
guide the beam in the center of this tube and to keep it focused
(narrow) magnetic lenses and deflection systems and beam responsive
apparatus to control the lenses and deflection system are needed
along the tube, but the overall size of this system can be kept
below a height of about 10 inches and a width of about 20 inches.
If the corpuscular beam mining machine is equipped with such a long
boom, just 10 inches high, narrow slots can be cut out of the rock
to appreciable depths. This is particularly advantageous in mining
where the ore may be found in narrow layers embedded in the
bedrock. In the excavation for instance of a tunnel 20 feet or more
in diameter, the long narrow beam tube has the advantage that the
machinery for removal of the debris, usually called the mucking
equipment, can be brought close to the tunnel face, leaving only a
narrow passage for the beam tube. Besides the tunnel face can
readily be inspected.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention, both as to its
organization and as to its method of operation, together with
additional objects and advantages thereof, reference is made to the
following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1 and 2 are a view in side elevation and a plan view
respectively showing the vehicle with the corpuscular-beam
generator used in the practice of this invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are views generally diagrammatically showing the
control for maintaining the long corpuscular beam aligned; and,
FIG. 5 is a view in side elevation of an electron beam generator
uniquely applicable to the practice of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1 through 4 show mining or excavating apparatus for operating
in a narrow seam in rocky terrain. This apparatus includes an
assembly of a vehicle 35, a generator 37 and control mechanism. The
vehicle 35 may be a track-vehicle as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The
vehicle 35 carries the electron-beam generator 37 and is provided
with the necessary control.
The vehicle 35 includes a rotatable turret 39 which carries the
generator 37. The vehicle 35 also includes a cabinet 41 which
distributes power to the vehicle and its compenents, and to the
generator 37 and its component. The cabinet 41 receives power and
also electrical control commands through a cable 43. The cable 43
may be several miles long and is connected at its remote end to a
power-supply and control assembly which includes a console for an
operator who controls the operation of the apparatus. Alternatively
the controls or a duplicate set of them can be provided in a
control booth 900, in which the operator may ride. The power supply
may also be a nuclear or radio-active generator near the vehicle
with the control affected remotely. The turret 39 includes a drive
49 which can be commanded from the remote console (not shown) to
rotate the turret over large angle of the order of 360.degree.
about the axis 51 of the turret and over adequate angles
transversely to the horizontal plane which is at right angles to
the vertical axis 51 of the turret.
The generator 37, as far as its beam generating facilities are
concerned, may be of the type disclosed in the above listed
applications. This generator 37 differs from those of the
applications in that it includes a long tube 55 through which the
electron beam is guided. The tube may be 20 to 100 feet long and
the beam is emitted from the end of the tube. The beam is
preferably a high-power beam, for example from 150 KV and 0.05A to
1MV and 1A and higher voltages and/or currents may be used. It may
be a D.C. or a pulsed beam.
Provisions are made as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, for maintaining the
beam E aligned along the tube 55. As shown in FIG. 3 the generator
37 includes an enclosure 57 which is evacuated to a low pressure
and within which a source 59 of electrons is provided. The
electrons are accelerated and focused into the beam E by an anode
61 and focusing cap 62 and passed into tube 55 which is also
evacuated. The beam E is focused by coil 63 and passed through a
series of transversely arranged chamber wall members. One of the
wall members including an aperture 65 near the exit end of the beam
tube and which member may be comprised of copper or tungsten. To
the extent that the beam E may be misaligned as it reaches the
aperture 65, it impinges on the metal of the member at one side or
the other of the axis of the aperture 65, thereby generating
X-rays. The X-rays are detected through collimator apertures 67 and
69 on one or the other side of the axis of aperture 65 and produce
signals in an associated X-ray responsive means 71 or 73 which in
turn set a control 75. The control, triggered by either 71 or 73,
acts on refocusing coil 77 and deflecting coil 79 to realign and/or
refocus the beam so that it passes through the center of aperture
65 and aperture 81 in the other chamber wall member with minimal
current and consequently minimal impingement of the electrons on
the wall of the members having these aperatures. A plurality of
misalignment detectors and refocusing coils may be disposed along a
long tube 55. Electrostatic deflection and/or mechanical alignment
devices (not shown) may also be used in addition or instead of the
above-mentioned magnetic means. Essentially the electron beam is
under no electrical field in the tube 55 and this tube may be
regarded as a drift tube.
The generator 37 is provided with a plurality of evacuating
channels 85, 87, 89 connected to adequate pumping equipment 91 in
the turret 39. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, a plurality of
auxiliary pumps 93, 95, 97 for example Roots-pumps, may be
connected to the channels 85, 87, 89, feeding the exhaust at a
substantial pressure through a long tube 99 of relatively small
cross section. The tube 99 at its remote end, is exhausted to the
atmosphere by a suitable pump 101.
Television cameras 104 and 105 (FIG. 1), connected in closed
circuits with one or several viewers at the remote console, are
mounted at the end of tube 35 and on the turret 39. In addition a
spectral analyzer (not shown) for visable light and/or X-rays may
be mounted on or near the end of the tube 35. This analyzer feeds
back data as to the character of the light and X-rays generated by
the beam E to the remote console. From these light or X-ray spectra
the ore-bearing and other properties of the rock 33 can be
determined.
Debris removal apparatus (not shown) controlled from the turret 39
may also be provided in the seam 31.
Typically the generator 37 may have a 20 ft. long tube 55 which has
a diameter of less than 10 inches; duct 89 may have the same or a
smaller diameter. This long-nosed generator 35 could cut a 20
inches slot into the rock 33 to a depth of about 18 ft. without any
need to widen this slot. The generator 37 proper with power supply
and other parts can move on a vehicle 35 in a passage 4 ft. wide
.times. 5 ft. high. The slot 31 excavated by the beam E is of
adequate cross-sectional area to accommodate the beam tube.
Since the beam E cuts force-free, no accurate track is needed for
generator positioning; a caterpillar carriage 35 moving over the
rough rock surface is adequate. The actual positioning of the tube
35 to the spot which is to be pierced, or to a line along which a
melt-cut is to be made, is controlled by a sensor (closed circuit
TV) and servocontrol system which swings the generator 37 (with or
without the long-nose tube 55) but not the vehicle 35.
Depending upon the kind of rock the cut may be shallow but fast, or
deeper and slower. The different size of the debris requires
different removal systems. The cost of those systems affects the
economics more than the actual energy expenditure in the cutting
process (which is higher for shallow cutting). If a spalling type
of rock were present high speed beam E movements (for example, 200
inch/minute at moderate beam power would remove layers 1/4 inch at
a time).
While preferred embodiments of this invention have been disclosed
herein, many modifications thereof are feasible. This invention
then is not to be restricted except insofar as is necessitated by
the spirit of the prior art.
* * * * *