U.S. patent number 3,841,824 [Application Number 05/291,748] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-15 for combustion apparatus and process.
Invention is credited to George Frazier Bethel.
United States Patent |
3,841,824 |
Bethel |
October 15, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
COMBUSTION APPARATUS AND PROCESS
Abstract
A process for combustion comprising introducing materials for
combustion and exposing them to an electrical charge which can be
an electrostatic charge provided through a corona discharge means
or any other suitable means to charge the respective materials that
are to be combined in the combustion process. The materials for
combustion can be specifically a hydrocarbon and air which can be
respectively charged negatively or positively to effectuate a
greater attraction and mixing of the respective portions of the
combustion materials prior to combustion. Furthermore, the portions
of the combustion materials which can form radicals can be affected
by electrostatic forces to increase or decrease the reactive
electrons or formulate them in such a manner so that they will
react in a more favorable manner. For instance, hydrocarbon
materials can be at least partially cracked in order to place them
in a state closer to the actual products that reach a final state
of combustion. Apparatus is disclosed for practicing the foregoing
process by means of different combustion configurations wherein
positive and negative charges can be applied to the materials for
combustion. Specifically, a corona discharge means, as well as
electrical charging means, can be employed to apply the foregoing
charges to create radicals or more intimate mixing of the
combustion materials to a state closer to the completed combustion
process. The apparatus incorporates means for introducing both
primary and secondary materials of combustion so as to combine them
in optimum conditions depending on the nature of the hydrocarbons
to be reacted.
Inventors: |
Bethel; George Frazier (Corona
Del Mar, CA) |
Family
ID: |
23121671 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/291,748 |
Filed: |
September 25, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/8; 60/275;
60/307; 60/749; 123/536; 123/657; 261/1; 423/212; 431/2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23C
99/001 (20130101); F23G 2202/701 (20130101); F23G
2209/14 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23C
99/00 (20060101); F23b 007/00 (); F02m 027/04 ();
F01n 003/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/119E
;60/39.01,39.72,202,275,39.65 ;204/168-172 ;55/101,107,122,131,138
;423/212 ;431/2,8 ;313/63,231 ;315/111 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Jakosky, J. J., "Effects of the Corona Discharge on Petroleum,"
Tech. Paper 375, Bureau of Mines, 1926, pp. 11-21..
|
Primary Examiner: Freeh; William L.
Assistant Examiner: Garrett; Robert E.
Claims
I claim:
1. An apparatus for combustion comprising:
a combustion chamber;
means for providing a stream of air to said combustion chamber;
means for electrically charging at least one of said streams at a
first potential;
means for initiating combustion; and,
an element in said combustion chamber in distal relationship from
where said stream stream are introduced to attract the combustion
materials thereto
means for providing a second potential different from said first
potential to said element
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein:
said element comprises boiler tubes.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second
potential is ground potential.
4. A process for combustion comprising:
providing a stream of fuel;
providing a stream of air to be combusted therewith;
electrically charging said fuel and said air stream with opposite
relative respective polarities;
introducing said charged air and fuel streams to each other;
initiating combustion of said fuel and air to create a flame
front;
providing a grounded area exposed to said fuel and air streams;
attracting said fuel and air streams to said grounded area;
and,
stabilizing the flame front of said materials for combustion as
they are attracted towards the grounded area.
5. The process as claimed in claim 4 wherein: said fuel is slected
from solids, liquids and gases.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INENTION
1.Field of the Invention
The field of this invention lies within the combustion art.
2. The Prior Art
The prior art related to combustion incorporates the introduction
of combustion materials such as air and fuel into an area where
combustion is to take place. In most combustion processes air and
fuel are introduced in a favorable mixture so as to provide a
suitable amount of oxygen to react the hydrocarbons of the fuel. In
many cases, an excess amount of air above stoichiometric
proportions is required to react the hydrocarbons because of the
fact that the oxygen therein cannot reach and react with all of the
hydrocarbons. As a consequence, the reaction is not as perfect as
it might be.
The prior art has also attempted to create optimum dispersion of
the materials to be combusted by means of spray atomozing some of
the materials such as liquid or pulverized hydrocarbons.
Furthermore, vaporization techniques for vaporizing hydrocarbons
such as fuel oil and kerosene have been utilized so that a greater
dispersion of the hydrocarbons within the mixture of oxygen and
hydrocarbons can be provided. It is well known in the boiler
combustion art to provide a spraying atomizer with air around the
spraying nozzle to pick up the atomized particles for purposes of
mixing and burning. The use of such techniques generally provides
atomized particles which are either quenched, not fully reacted, or
cannot engage sufficient oxygen to fully react.
Certain spraying swirlers, diffusers, and introduction of secondary
air is sometimes utilized to control the combustion reaction.
Specifically, conical swirlers and other elements creating vortices
have been utilized to create a swirling effect on the fuel or air
being introduced. By creating such vortices and swirls, the
materials of combustion have a greater tendency to enter into a
turbulent condition for a fuller mixture thereof.
As can be appreciated, even when the above swirlers and diffusers
are utilized, they do not cause an attraction between the
respective materials or molecules that are to react with each
other. It is this close proximate relationship that is sought in
most combustion processes in order to create intimate mixing. In
some cases, even intimate mixing cannot effectuate a complete
reaction because of the fact that the materials usually do not have
a long enough residence time.
Residence time is a crucial criteria for reaction. For instance, if
the residence time of the materials is small, the reaction must
take place very quickly or else it will be incomplete. In other
words, in most cases when air providing oxygen and a hydrocarbon
are introduced for purposes of combustion, they should be
intimately mixed. For intimate mixing, of course, there must be a
certain amount of residence time before a complete mixture thereof
is provided. As a consequence, many combustion processes do not use
the residence time required in the given reaction.
As materials for combustion are introduced into a chamber where
they are to be reacted for combustion purposes, they go through the
process of mixing as well as reacting. For instance, it is known
that the materials for combustion generally go through certain
steps in a chemical breakdown which is analogous to cracking. In
other words, the materials pass from long chain molecules to
shorter chain molecules so that they will be able to react more
favorably. As they move through the combustion reaction cycle, the
materials of combustion are at the same time being intimately
mixed. Also, the process of combustion is one where the short chain
molecules are in part created by the heat of reaction. However, it
is thought that the heat of reaction cannot be fully utilized in
many cases because of quenching and intimate mixture requirements
not being met prior to the complete reaction.
It is thought that this invention overcomes the deficiencies of the
prior art by creating an intimate mixture. The intimate mixture is
created by electrostatic or electrical forces which help to mix he
materials. The air, in one example, can be positively charged while
the fuel is negatively charged through a corona discharge means. In
such a situation, it is thought that the air is closely drawn to
the hydrocarbons. As a consequence of the foregoing, the intimate
mixture problems is resolved at least in part by bringing the
materials for combustion closely together to have them react with
each other.
In addition to the foregoing increased mixing provided by this
invention, the electrical or electrostatic charge can help to
create radicals or cause cracking of the molecules. In this manner,
the long chain molecules which eventually have to be cracked to
shorter chain molecules is enhanced. Specifically, it is thought
that the electrical or electrostatic forces can crack the materials
for combustion to cause a reaction which is closer to completion.
In other words, if the materials of combustion can be advanced
during the entire cycle of combustion, the reaction should be more
complete.
In addition to the foregoing advantages, it is thought that this
invention can be utilized to control the different portions of the
combustion process. This invention enables secondary air to be
introduced for reacting those unreacted portions of the combustion
materials by intimately mixing them at a second stage in the
reaction. For instance, it is known that certain products of
combustion remain in the emissions from the combustion process as
residue. This residue is usually either emitted as a pollutant or
is sought to be combusted in an afterburning process. Some
afterburning processes require an introduction of air. However, it
is thought that this invention, by utilizing the introduction of
secondary air that is electrically charged with respect to the
materials in the afterburner, can provide a more complete
reaction.
It s thought that a more complete reaction on a sustained basis can
be effectuated by this invention in a manner whereby noxious
emissions such as nitrous oxides can be decreased. As a
consequence, this invention is thought to be a substantial step
over the state of the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In summation, this invention is a new and novel process and
apparatus employing electrical and electrostatic charges to effect
more complete combustion.
More specifically, this invention incorporates a process utilizing
means for positively or negatively charging the respective
materials of combustion so that they can be attracted to each other
for more intimate mixing. In addition to mixing, this invention can
incorporate means for creating a series of relatively shorter chain
molecules which have been cracked from the longer chain molecules,
so as to place them at a more advantageous level for combustion.
The process can also create radicals that are desirably utilized
for combustion. Additionally, the process can incorporate the
introduction of secondary materials for combustion to create a more
desirable afterburner reaction, so that any products which are not
completely combusted can be carried closer to a more complete
combustion process.
The apparatus of this invention can incoporate various mixers,
swirlers atomizers, vaporizers and other means for introducing
fuels in various forms. The fuel can be charged to intimately react
with other materials of combustion such as air. The apparatus can
be housed in any suitable container and the electrical or
electrostatic forces applied by any suitable means. However, in
many cases, a corona discharge means can be utilized to cause a
charging of the respective materials of combustion because of its
capability and economy of operation. The invention can utilize the
placement of electrical charging means to promote cracking and more
intimate mixing in various zones as well as the initial zone of
introduction, depending upon the configuration and type of
combuster utilized.
As a final summation of this invention, it can be considered a
means and apparatus for intermixing the materials of conbustion,
causing them to initially react to a greater degree through
electrostatic or electrical forces, and controlling the reaction to
a more favorable degree at secondary levels of combustion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the
description below taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of a combustor of this invention;
FIG. 2 shows a fragmented sectional view of a combustor utilizing
this invention incorporating a control of the secondary products of
combustion;
FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of this invention using an
alternative form of the combustor;
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a swirler utilized with this
invention as seen along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of this
invention;
FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of this
invention for creating a corona effect with a fuel and air mixture
for heating boiler tubes;
FIG. 7 shows a fragmented sectional view of an alternative
embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of this invention for use with an
internal combustion engine to control the intake and afterburning
effects thereof; and,
FIG. 9 shows another embodiment for use with an internal combustion
engine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The General Configuration and Process
Looking specifically at FIGS. 6 and 7, and more particularly FIG.
7, a burner 10 having an outer case 12 is shown. The outer casing
12 provides a conduit 14 for the conduction of air. The air can be
introduced by any system such as is known in naval boilers and
utility boilers of the type having a forced draft blower. The air
in the conduit 14 can be preheated and premixed with any other
suitable gas source for purposes of enhancing combustion. The air
in the conduit 14 can be provided by taking it from a preheater or
from an outside source, or other suitable means for providing air
which is clean and suitable for combustion.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the air in conduit 14 has been
charged with a positive charge. However, it is not necessary that
the air be purposefully charged. In many embodiments the air after
having been driven through a conduit gathers a positive charge. It
is thought that this is due to the electrons in the air tending to
become dislodged and seeking the ground potential of the generally
conductive network of the ducts. As a consequence, in some
applications of this invention, it is not necessary to positively
charge the air as it is introduced.
Suffice it to say a positive charge has been provided the air by
means of positive potential or at E.M.F. point 16 delivered to a
conductor 18, having parallel conductors 20 and 22. The conductors
20 and 22 can b provided with discharge areas 24 and 26.
The fuel is introduced through a conduit 28 surrounded by a wall,
which tapers down to a nozzle 32. The nozzle 32 can be in the form
of any suitable atomizer nozzle, or in the form known in the boiler
art. An insulated electrical conductor 34 passes through the
conduit 28. The insulated conductor 34 terminates at a corona
discharge point 36. The corona discharge point is extrinsic in this
instance to the fuel nozzle 32 so that a constant charge of
negative electrons is provided at the corona discharge point 36.
The electrostatic discharge point 36 connected to the conductor 34,
can be protected from corona dicharge behind point 36 and the
conduit 28 by means of an insulator 38 which serves the function of
a conical nozzle center.
The corona discharge point 36 emits electrons that create a
generally negative field shown by lines of electrostatic and
mechanical flow 40. the areas adjacent the lines of flow 40 provide
negatively charged fuel particles 42 which can be in the form of
atomized or vaporized fuel as small as a molecule. The fuel
particles 42 retain at least a partial negative charge and are
attracted to air particles 44 having oxygen molecules which are at
a more positive charge than the fuel.
Thus, more intimate mixing is provided between the oxygen molecules
and fuel 42. As a consequence, each respective portion of the
materials for combustion are drawn to each other to provide greater
molecular attraction above that normally provided in an uncharged
mass of fuel and air.
It is thought that not only do the fuel molecules 42 link with the
oxygen of the air particles 42 in a more intimate manner, but are
also brought to a higher level of reaction. In other words, the
fuel particles 42 upon receiving a negative charge are placed in a
more active relationship than they would have been, but for the
charge. This is due in part, it is thought, to the production of
radicals and cracking.
BOILER EMBODIMENT
Looking more specifically at FIG. 6, an outer casing 50 is shown
containing an air conduit 52. The air conduit 52 is in
circumferential relationship to an inner fuel conduit 54 having
inner side walls 56. The outer conduit 52 having wall 50 provides
delivery of air to an outlet 58. Although the air has not been
purposefully charged, it has a relative positive charge by virtue
of its movement.
Internally of the fuel conduit 54, an insulated conduit 60 is
provided having a conductive lead 62 connected to a power souce 63
to provide a corona discharge at point 64. The corona discharge
point 64 can be insulated by an insulator 66 in the form of a
conical discharge nozzle.
As can be seen, a number of fuel particles 66 are circulating in
the general environment of the corona discharge points 64. The fuel
particles 66 tend to pick up the negative charge provided by the
corona discharge point 64 so that they will be negatively charged
and attracted to air moving through conduit 52.
A series of boiler tubes 70 are shown connected to a ground 72.
Thus, the negatively charged fuel 66 is drawn toward the grounded
boiler tubes 70. Although it is not necessary to discretely ground
the boiler tubes 70 in any specific manner, because oftentimes they
are grounded by their natural physical environment, this embodiment
shows a ground for purposes of explanation.
The negative charge provided the fuel 66 can be of sufficient
magnitude that the total mixture of air and fuel is at a potential
above ground. As a consequence, a distinct flame front can be more
discretely established by virtue of the fact that the materials of
combustion travel toward the boiler tubes 70. Also, it is possible
to create a situation wherein the flame front can at least
partially envelope the tubes 70. In other words, it is thought that
as the particles 66 which have been negatively charged, pick up air
having a relatively positive charge, they will tend to envelope the
tubes 70. This is substantially different from materials of
combustion dispersed in an interfacial realtionship toward the
exposed side of the tubes 70 where the fuel is initially
introduced. In this manner, the fuel will tend to envelope the
boiler tubes 70 and create a flame front around the boiler tubes 70
due to the attraction of the negatively charged particles 66
thereto. Also, a flame front can be established in a more refined
relationship to the boiler tubes 70, providing a more even heating
thereof.
As can be appreciated, the air can be charged to a limited degree
as it is introduced through the conduit 52. In this manner, a more
discrete mixing can take place, Furthermore, in some instances it
would be desirable to create a partial cracking of the fuel
molecules 66 or create radicals thereof. In other words, the fuel
molecules 66 can be electrostatically broken down from longer chain
molecules to shorter chain molecules, thereby creating more
combustible materials. These more combustible materials are of
course more completely reacted in their time frame reference and
can eliminate many of the problems attendant with obnoxious
emissions of combustion products.
As in the previous embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the electrical
charge can be provided to the air or the fuel in opposite
relationship. In other words, the fuel can be positively charged
and the air negatively charged, or vice versa, depending upon the
nature of the overall process. Furthermore, in some cases it might
be desirable to provide a dielectric surface or interior to the
conduits so as to prevent a grounding of the materials for
combustion. Thus, the reaction chamber and conduits can be coated
with a ceramic or any other suitable dielectric of a high
temperature strength to prevent a grounding of the charged
materials.
A particular characteristic of this invention worth noting is the
fact that the fuel particles generally bear a like charge. This
like charge causes the particles to mutually repel each other. The
repulsion of course spreads the fuel particles apart and causes
them to more rapidly assume a reactive nature by not only greater
combination with the oxygen, but also greater general activity.
alternative burners
Looking more specifically at FIG. 1, a burner configuration is
shown having an outer shell 80. The outer shell 80 has a series of
burners 82, 84, and 86 therein. The burners 82, 84 and 86 are
surrounded by air from a conduit 88. The air 88 is spread outwardly
by spreaders 90 and 92 for mixture with the fuel from the burners
82, 84 and 86. The burners 82, 84 and 86 each have a probe 98, 100
and 102 therein for purposes of creating an electrostatic charge on
the fuel. As the fuel is delivered in parallel to the burners 82,
84 and 86 through the conduit 104, it is mixed with the air being
delivered through the conduit 88. The air and fuel mixture are
combusted by means of a spark plug 110 which has a lead 112
therefrom for purposes of providing electrical energy.
Air direction veins 114 and 116 are provided in order to bring the
air and fuel mixture into more intimate relationship for burning.
As can be appreciated, the utput at conduit 118 is of a
substantially burned nature.
The interior of the chamber can be provided with a dielectric
material such as a ceramic, to prevent grounding of the charged
fuel. Also, each respective burner 82, 84 and 86 can be insulated
in its support to prevent grounding out of the fuel particles to
the burner walls 80. Additionally, the air can be charged as well
as the fuel in any suitable manner either positively or negatively,
or vice versa.
It should be understood that the burner configurations disclosed
above or hereinafter can be utilized with boilers, gas turbines,
jet engines and other heating apparatus.
FIG. 2
Looking at FIG. 2, a burner is seen having an outer casing 120. The
burner casing 120 is supported at its rear end by a frame 122 and
at its front end by a frame 124. The casing 120 serves to support a
conduit 126 for the delivery of air. The air is delivered to a
space 128, which is provided between an inner casing 130 and the
outer casing 120. The inner casing 130 and the outer casing 120
provide a pressurized air plenum in the chamber 128 so that air can
be delivered through the ports provided for mixture of the air with
the fuel.
Fuel is provided by means of a fuel delivery conduit 132 which
delivers fuel through a jet 134 that can be in the form of any
suitable jet for purposes of creating an adequate mixture of the
fuel with the air. The air is delivered by means of a conduit 136
into a major combustion area 138. The major combustion area 138 is
provided with a spark plug 140. The major combustion area 138 is
generally surrounded by a tubular member 142.
The internal chamber 130 can be made of, or have a dielectric
material interior coating. An outer shell 144 is provided for
covering the inner upright supports 122. The ceramic material or
dielectric of the inner conduit 130 can be made of any suitable
high temperature insulator to prevent grounding of the combustion
materials that are being combusted within a generally elongated
chamber 146 within the inner conduit 130.
A power source connected to a lead 150 is provided for purposes of
creating a corona discharged at a point 152. The corona 152 serves
to negatively charge the air generally for combustion so that it
will be effectively charged to mix with the uncharged fuel coming
in through the conduit or nozzle 134. Since mixing and combustion
take place in an insulated combustion chamber, there is an
attraction between the charged air and uncharged fuel because of
the potential difference existing between them. That is, the
charged air is attracted to the uncharged fuel as to ground. The
mixture takes place and can be ignited by way of the spark plug
140.
As the mixture moves down through tube 130, it tends to be fairly
well combusted. However, in order to achieve a greater degree of
afterburning, air is delivered through the ports 154. The air from
ports 154 is negatively charged by a conductor 156 delivering
current to corona discharge points 158 within the ports 154. This
serves to cause an attraction of the fuel to the air by reason of
the difference in potential for further combustion of the hot gases
which have not completely burned at the point where the air is
delivered to ports 154.
It should be understood that the reverse charging action can take
place, wherein the fuel is charged through jet 138 and the air
delivered for initial combustion is not charged. As previously
alluded to, oftentimes air has a positive charge on it by having
been passed through a grounded conduit. As a consequence, the air
having the positive charge will be attracted to fuel which has a
negative charge.
It should also be understood that the fuel can be introduced in a
spray, mist, or in a gaseous form. It is oftentimes necessary to
vaporize a liquid fuel into the gaseous state before it is
delivered. In many cases, in the use of this entire invention it is
desirable to vaporize fuel to place the reacting molecules more
fully in a position to be reacted with the othermaterials to be
combusted, namely the oxygen. Thus, any suitable vaporizers for
vaporizing liquid fuel can be utilized with this invention, such as
circuitous paths in adjacent relationship to heat exchangers, or
any other suitable means. It is also thought that the fuel when
charged even in its vaporized state, will tend to disperse more
readily due to the like charged fuel particles repelling each
other.
Figure 3
Looking more specifically at FIG. 3, a fuel burner 160 having walls
161 is shown having a fuel conduit 162 for the delivery of fuel
through fuel inlets 164 and 166. The fuel inlets 164 and 166
deliver fuel to the respective nozzles 168 and 170. An air conduit
172 delivers air, and has an interior surface 174 or coating which
is insulated from ground by having ceramic or dielectric
properties. The dielectric material 174 or inner coating prevents
the charge from being grounded.
Air is introduced through conduit 172 and charged by a grid 176, as
well as a corona dischrage point 178. The corona discharge point
178 can be substituted by a corona wire. In addition thereto, the
grid 176 can be substituted by a corona discharge wire so that the
air passing thereinto receives a positive charge. As previously
alluded to, it is thought that the air can oftentimes be positively
charged by virtue of the fact that it runs through grounded
conduits in a continuous manner.
The combination of the air and fuel enter into a spiral swirler
area 180 in the general configuration shown in FIG. 4. The spiral
swirler 180 tends to swirl the materials for combustion, namely the
positively charged air and the fuel to the point where they become
turbulent in the zone immediately downstream from the swirler
180.
The swirler 180 that can be utilized for many of the embodiments of
this invention, has a plate 228 which can be bolted in place by
openings 230. The openings 230 can be utilized in any particular
manner to bolt the plate 228 in place. Furthermore, the plate 228
can be welded in place or secured in any other suitable manner. The
swirler has a series of vanes 232 which tend to swirl the fuel
and/or air in a suitable manner so that it emanates from the
openings or passages 234 to create turbulent and well mixed
materials for combustion.
A series of openings 182 and 184 can be optionally provided in a
circumferential relationship around the swirler 180. These openings
182 and 184 allow for the passage of uncharged air which has been
introduced into the minor air passages 186 and 188 so that
uncharged air can be introduced in adjacent relationship to the
fuel and charged air combination which has been injected at the
downstream portion of the swirler 180. In some situations, this
optional configuration might be desirable for purposes of providing
certain radical formations, or greater mixing.
The air and fuel combination can be combusted by means of a spark
plug 190 which is connected to a line 192 connected to any suitable
electrical source to create a spark at the tip of the plug 193.
As the combustion takes place in adjacent relationship to the spark
plug 190, there remains a certain degree of residue material that
has not been completely combusted. In order to effectuate more
substantial combustion, a negative charge is provided at a grid
194. The grid 194 can be substituted by a corona discharge source
such as a wire. The grid 194 is charged through a line 196. The
line 196 can charge the grid 194 in any suitable manner. In other
words, it can be a negative or positive charge depending upon the
nature of the molecules which have been combusted at that
particular point.
Thus, depending upon the particular type of combustion effectuated,
the charge on the grid 194 is maintained at a suitable level to
charge the residue of combustion and to orient it toward a more
volatile state, either cracking it, or creating radicals which can
be more suitably burned to completion. In some cases, the grid 194
can act in a manner to create a further attraction between the
residual fuel particles or molecules and the air molecules
optionally introduced through openings 182 and 184. This creates a
finer intermixture thereof and therefore a greater combustion and
reaction in an afterburner process wherein supplemental air is
introduced.
Figure 5
Looking more specifically at FIG. 5, a fuel supply 210 is shown
leading into a fuel nozzle 212 which disperses the fuel in a spray.
As in the other embodiments of this invention, the fuel supply 210
can be previously vaporized. The vaporization can take place by
heat exchange between the products of combustion that have burned
and the fuel coming through the heated supply line 210. Regardless
of whether the fuel is vaporized, or maintained in a gaseous state,
it is introduced into a tubular structure 214 having surrounding
side walls thereto. The tubular structure 214 confines the products
of combustion into the general area adjacent the nozzle 212. Air is
introduced into the area for combustion through the conduit 214 at
its opening 216.
As the air is brought into the general area for combustion, it is
charged by electrodes 218 and 220. Electrodes 218 and 220 have been
shown as being positively charged. However, it should be understood
that in some instances, it is desirable to negatively charge the
electrodes 218 and 220 depending upon the desired radical formation
of the fuel at that particular stage.
The fuel in the nozzle 212 is shown being emitted through the
opening thereof and charged by a corona or electrode discharge
means 224. The corona or electrode means 224 can effect substantial
charging of the fuel so that it will be attracted to the air coming
through the opening 216. However, it should be understood that it
is not necessary that the particular polarity of charges on the
fuel and the air must be in the respective manner as previously
cited. Specifically, the polarity of the charges can be reversed.
Furthermore, as state with regard to the burner generally shown in
FIG. 2, supplemental air can be introduced or supplemental fuel
appropriately charged in a negative or positive manner.
The criteria of polarity of the charges supplied for this entire
invention is dependent upon the polarity of the molecules being
charged as well as the nature of their chemical structure. In some
cases, for example when the fuel molecules are highly polar and
have a high dielectric constant, it might be advantageous to have
the fuel molecules attacked by air bearing oxygen having a
substantially positive charge. However, in other cases, depending
upon the nature of the fuel molecules, it might be more desirable
to have air bearing negative charges attack the fuel molecules.
Furthermore, it should be understood that certain charges on the
fuel tend to effectuate different characteristics on the cracking
of the fuel. Thus, it is preferable that this invention be designed
for each respective end use.
Figures 8 and 9
Looking more particularly at FIGS. 8 and 9, an internal combustion
engine having a piston 240 and a crank shaft 242 is shown, with a
crank case 244. A connecting rod 246 is shown connecting the crank
shaft 242 to the piston 240. A piston chamber 248 is shown having a
spark plug 250 in the head thereof. A valve port 251 is shown
wherein the introduction of fuel can take place.
The introduction of the fuel can be provided from a fuel conduit
source 254. Air is introduced from n air intake or air cleaner 256
as is common with internal combustion engines. The foregoing
mixture can take place by means of a carburetor 257 mixing the
respective materials for combustion.
In order to provide a mixture of air and fuel, a positively charged
corona discharge means 260 is shown so that fuel from the conduit
254 can be introduced through a nozzle 262 to be mixed with
positively charged air.
In addition thereto, the fuel through conduit 254 can be negatively
charged by a negative corona discharge means 264 generally shown as
a corona discharge point. The foregoing charging will effect a
further mixture of the air coming through the air intake 256 and
the fuel from the fuel intake 254. It is also thought that the fuel
is cracked to some degree by the corona discharge means 264, and
the fuel will tend to react more effectively.
Ine each instance for internal combustion engines, depending upon
its design, i.e., whether it will be a spark ignition, a diesel, or
a wankle style engine, the character of the negatively or
positively charged aspects must be taken into consideration. in
other words, in somce cases it is advisable to supply a charge to
only the fuel or the air, and also reverse the polarities as shown.
Furthermore, although the charging means 264 for the fuel has been
shown in the fuel line 254 for exemplary purposes, it should be
understood that a preferable position is after the nozzle 262. In
other words, after or during the time the fuel is atomized by the
nozzle 262, it can be more readily charged. Also, it should be
noted that in all the previous embodiments it is sometimes
preferable to place the charging means in a position outside or
directly adjacent the fuel introduction opening. This is
particularly true where the fuel is a liquid to be atomized.
An exhaust conduit or manifold 266 is shown in FIG. 8. It is
thought that the residue in the exhaust can be more effectively
burned if it is provided with an afterburner. In order to provide
an afterburner with appropriate characteristics utilizing this
invention, a charging means in the from of electrode 268 can be
inserted in the exhaust conduit 266. Also, an electrode 269 is
inserted in an air conduit 271 which introduces secondary air. The
secondary air in conduit 271 can be introduced from any suitable
source. Also, the charges can be reversed respectively on the
burned residue and the air respectively, or either the secondary
air in condduit 271 or the residue in the exhaust can be solely
charged. Thus, when air is introduced to the exhaust, it will mix
more favorably with the residue and react in a more compatible
manner. Also, in some cases the fuel residue will be more
compatibly oriented as to its chemical charge, to enhance further
reaction. The charging electrodes have often been shown in this
specification as corona discharge points. However, the charge can
be created through a corona discharge wire, or an electrical field
on a grid or any other suitable conductor. Also, the power supply
can be alternating or direct current of a constant or pulsating
nature of various polarities, depending on the specific combustion
conditions.
It should be understood that the foregoing embodiments of each
combustion process is only exemplary. Furthermore, many different
fuels can be used in the invention in solid, liqid or gaseous
forms. Examples of various hydrocarbon fuels which can be used
include among others: gasoline, diesel, methane, propane, ethylene,
butadiene, coke, and powdered coal. The principles of the invention
can also be applied to the burning of other types of fuel, as for
example those employed in pyrotechnic devices and rockets. As a
consequence, the foregoing specification is only to be read in
light of its coverage, scope, and spirit by means of the following
claims.
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