U.S. patent number 3,840,920 [Application Number 05/220,125] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-15 for adjustable mattress for pregnant mothers.
Invention is credited to Walter Daniel Voelker.
United States Patent |
3,840,920 |
Voelker |
October 15, 1974 |
ADJUSTABLE MATTRESS FOR PREGNANT MOTHERS
Abstract
A body resting on a mattress is uniformly supported because a
layer of substantially non-resilient but flowable material below
the top resilient layer of the mattress distributes itself to
conform to the general contour of the body. The flowability of the
non-resilient material is controlled. The mattress may have the
envelope that contains the non-resilient flowable material divided
into compartments with means to alter the support given by each
compartment, and said means may be programmed so the mattress
massages the body.
Inventors: |
Voelker; Walter Daniel (Elkins
Park, PA) |
Family
ID: |
22822171 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/220,125 |
Filed: |
January 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
5/702; 297/284.3;
5/727 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47C
27/086 (20130101); A47C 20/025 (20130101); A47C
27/148 (20130101); A47C 27/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A47C
27/10 (20060101); A47C 27/08 (20060101); A47c
027/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;5/91,345,348R
;297/348WB,284 ;206/46FC |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Nunberg; Casmir A.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A structure consisting essentially of the combination of:
a. a flexible envelope having walls of a sheet material of
relatively slight stretchability that are sufficiently free of
pores as to retain the contents of the envelope, said envelope
comprising at least one compartment
b. a flowable substantially non-resilient material having
thixotropic properties filling the envelope
c. a means for controlling the flowability of the flowable material
whereby the flowable material locks in position and does not flow
when the desired shape of the flowable material has been
obtained
d. a sheet of resilient material interposed between the flowable
material and the body to be supported by the structure.
2. The structure of claim 1 in which there are a plurality of
compartments in each of which separately a predetermined
flowability of the flowable material may be established.
3. The structure of claim 1 in which the flowable material is
composed primarily of sphere-like pieces of a substantially
non-resilient material.
4. The structure of claim 1 in which the flowable material is
lubricated by the particles of the flowable material having a thin
coating oa an elastomer or materials yielding lower coefficient of
friction than that of the flowable material on itself.
5. The structure of claim 1 in which the flowable material is
lubricated by a liquid that fills or partially fills the voids
between the particles of the flowable substantially non-resilient
material.
6. The structure of claim 1 in which the sheet of resilient
material is flexible urethane foam.
7. The structure of claim 1 in which the sheet of resilient
material is inside the flexible envelope.
8. The structure of claim 1 in which all surfaces of the envelope
are covered with resilient flexible material on either the outer
surfaces of the envelope or on the inner surfaces of the envelope.
Description
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
The human body is of irregular contour, and this is particularly
true of pregnant mothers. When the body lays on a relatively hard
flat surface those surfaces of the body that are farthest from its
head-to-foot axis make contact and bear the full load of the body,
and the unit load on these areas being relatively high the blood
circulation near these areas is impaired so that the body becomes
distressed and must change position frequently to obtain some
temporary relief. This problem is particularly acute for pregnant
mothers who in advanced pregnancy cannot comfortably lay on their
stomach or sides. Mattress materials of plant fibers, animal hair
and feathers have been used since ancient times and some modern
mattresses combine similar materials with metal springs in various
configurations to attempt to achieve a more comfortable sleeping
posture for the body but these spring arrangements are generally
expensive, unadjustable and are so large that they do not
effectively conform to the sharp irregularities of the body's
contour. A mattress in which the support to the body is
unadjustable is seldom satisfactory because when it is too soft the
heavy parts of the body sink deep into the mattress which distorts
the body, obstructs easy movement and in summer time can be
unbearably hot. When a mattress is too hard it defeats its
purpose.
SUMMARY
In accordance with the present invention a structure is made of an
envelope, at least part of which is flexible and of low
stretchability, in which is confined a substantially non-resilient
flowable material, the flowability of which is controlled by
controlling the force with which the structure, and envelope,
resist the further motion of the flowable material, and a resilient
material on which the body to be supported rests, covering at least
one flexible surface of the envelope. The structure may be
sub-divided into separate compartments in which different
flowability characteristics of the flowable material may be
maintained, or, alternately, in which the flowability of the
flowable material in each compartment may be continuously or
intermittently altered by altering the volume of the envelope
either mechanically or by altering gas pressure or liquid pressure
in the envelope compartment thus causing the slightly elastic
envelope to increase in volume or decrease. This altering of the
flowability of the flowable material by altering the volume of the
envelope wherein the flowable material is contained may be done by
programming means to provide the desired conformability of the
structure to an irregularly contoured externally applied load. The
programmed altering of the external mechanical pressure on the
envelope or the altering of gas pressure or liquid pressure in the
envelope causes motion of the structure and massages the body.
Mattresses, pillows, furniture, body braces, shipping containers
and other items can be made in accordance with this invention.
IDENTIFICATION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic showing a bed mattress consisting of an
envelope containing non-resilient flowable material and a layer of
resilient material.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a portion of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of an arrangement of non-resilient rounded
particles and the forces acting on them.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a portion of FIG. 1 with an
irregularly contoured body reclining on the mattress.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a mattress in which a predetermined
volume of a resilient material is included in the envelope.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a mattress having a plurality of
compartments.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a mattress in which the envelope is
in a container.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a mattress with mechanical means for
adjusting the flowability of the non-resilient material.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
A mattress of FIG. 1 includes an envelope 10, at least one surface
of which is flexible and of low stretchability, containing
substantially non-resilient flowable material and a layer of
resilient material 12.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of FIG. 1 showing the envelope 10, the
layer of resilient material 12 and the non-resilient flowable
material 11. The shape of the envelope, the elasticity of the
material from which the envelope is made, and the quantity of
non-resilient flowable material in the envelope may be selected to
obtain the desired flowability of the flowable material for a
predetermined load to be supported by the mattress.
It has been discovered that a substantially non-resilient flowable
material of discrete particles having rounded contours has the
property of flowing readily when a pressure at one part of the mass
of flowable material is higher than another part up to the point
where there is only a small difference between the force with which
one particle tries to move in a given direction and the force with
which another particle lying in its path resists that motion and
under these conditions these particles lock into position and cease
to flow. This is illustrated and explained in the diagram of FIG. 3
where an arrangement of five spherical substantially non-resilient
particles in a single plane are illustrative of what occurs in a
large mass. Although spherical particles are used in the
illustration the phenomena is similar with particles that are not
spherical but are well rounded. When a force F1 is applied B tends
to move A in the direction of the force but the motion of A is
resisted by the force F2 transmitted through D. A does not move
when F1 and F2 are equal as the particles are then in a fluid-like
situation where the " pressure" is uniformly distributed throughout
the mass. When a force, such as the weight of a reclining body, is
applied in one part of an envelope containing a mass of
non-resilient spherical particles the particles adjacent to where
the weight is applied are subjected to a much higher force tending
to move them than the forces tending to resist such motion, and for
example, F1 in the illustration would be much higher than F2 and A
would move, and push D ahead of it, in the direction of force F1
until further motion of D is restrained with a greater force than
previously, as would occur for example when D was forced deeper
into a resilient material, until finally the force resisting the
further motion of D would approach in magnitude the force impelling
A towards D and further motion of D and of A would cease. As
described above the action is consistent with that of a perfect
fluid, that is one in which there are no shearing forces. To
understand the functioning of this invention it is very important
to note that in FIG. 3 there are other forces that give unique
characteristics to the flowability of the substantially
non-resilient flowable material and these are the forces, similar
in magnitude to F2 which press spheres E and C respectively against
A and consequently tend by static friction at the interface to
prevent the motion of A in the direction of D even when the force
F1 is greater than F2. Consequently in an extended system of
spheres each subject to the same force F2 at all interfaces there
can be no motion of a sphere such as A due to increasing the force
on a sphere such as B from F2 to F1 until F1 is greater than F2
plus four k F2 where k is the static coefficient of friction
between spheres such as E and A and where this coefficient k is
about 0.5, a common value of the coefficient of friction for dry
wood on dry wood, F1 must be substantially greater than 3 times F2
before there will be motion of A, and for values of F1 between F2
and 3 times F2 there will be no motion and the position of the
spheres will be stationary and in effect locked. If the spheres are
wood and they are wet with water or oil k is about 0.25 and F1 must
substantially exceed 2 times F2 before there will be motion. This
action resembles that of thixotropic materials. Although FIG. 3
shows a symetrical arrangement of spheres which would not
ordinarily occur in a mass of spheres the principles that determine
action in a random mass of spheres are the same. In accordance with
this invention the force resisting motion of the spheres,
corresponding to F2, is the inverse of the property herein referred
to as "flowability," and is controlled in various ways including,
but not limited to (1) using an envelope of predetermined
stretchability and predetermined shape, or alternately (2)
including in the envelope a predetermined quantity of a material of
predetermined resiliency, or alternately (3) the combination of (1)
and (2), or alternately (4) in combination with (1), (2) or (3)
applying to the envelope an external mechanical force, either
constant or varying, sufficient to control the flowability of the
flowable material or (5) which may be used in combination with (1),
(2), (3) or (4) altering the coefficient of friction between the
particles constituting the non-resilient flowable material.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a portion of FIG. 1 with an
irregularly contoured body 13 reclining on the mattress
illustrating how the non-resilient flowable material 11 flows to
take the general contour of the body resting upon the mattress
before the flowable material 11 locks up and maintains its position
and illustrating how, after this has occurred the resilient
material 12 provides a substantially uniform support to all parts
of the reclining body 13.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a mattress in which a predetermined
volume of a resilient material 14, such as but not limitqd to a
volume of flexible open cell urethane foam or a gas impervious
envelope filled with pressurized gas, is included in the envelope
10 that contains the non-resilient flowable material 11 and a layer
of resilient material 12. In a preferred embodiment of this
invention by proper selection of the stretchability of the envelope
and proper selection of the volume and the resiliency of resilient
material 14 enclosed inside the envelope, and by proper
distribution of this resilient material 14 inside the envelope 10
along the top inside surface of the envelope 10 the resilient
material also performs the function of the layer of resilient
material 12 which is normally outside of the envelope 10 and in
this case the layer of resilient material 12 outside of the
envelope may be reduced in thickness or even eliminated.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a mattress having an envelope 10 with
partitions 15 and 16 of flexible substantially non-stretchable
material bonded to the inside of the envelope 10 and dividing it
into separate compartments 17, 18 and 19, each compartment
containing non-resilient flowable material 11, and predetermined
volumes 20, 21 and 22 of resilient materials which are selected in
combination with the shape and elasticity of the envelope and the
volume of non-resilient flowable material in each compartment to
give in each of the compartments separately the desired flowability
of the flowable material for that compartment and the desired
support by that compartment to the reclining body.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a mattress in which the envelope
containing the non-resilient flowable material 11 is composed of a
rigid frame 23 to which is secured along the top edge of the rigid
frame a sheet of flexible material 24 which may be thick enough to
have significant resilient properties and thus achieve the combined
functions of (a) an envelope surface, (b) a volume of resilient
material included in the envelope, and (c) a layer of resilient
material on top of the envelope. In a variation of this arrangement
the frame 23 may be of a relatively thick resilient flexible
material having substantially the same thickness, flexibility and
resiliency as the sheet of flexible material 24. For some
applications it may be advantageous in the arrangement of FIG. 7 to
also use a flexible envelope to enclose the flowable material 11,
or, alternately, to enclose all of the structure shown in FIG.
7.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a mattress in which an envelope 10
containing non-resilient flowable material 11 is itself contained
in a rigid frame 23 to the top edge of which is affixed a layer of
resilient material 12, a plunger 25 is arranged so that it can be
adjustably advanced into a part of the volume occupied by the
envelope 10 so that the particles of flowable material in the
envelope are forced to move upward against the constraining action
of the envelope 10 and the constraining action of the layer of
resilient material 12, this constraining action increasing the
pressure between the flowable particles and reducing their
flowability by the desired amount.
An example of a mattress similar to FIG. 2 has a 2 inch thick
resilient layer of open cell urethane foam of 3 pounds per cubic
foot density on the top surface of an envelope of 0.050 inch butyl
rubber. Instead of urethane foam it is feasable to use foam rubber,
sisal fibers, cotton, wool, horse hair, feathers or other
cushioning materials. Instead of butyl rubber, it is feasable to
use any textile or flexible sheet material of plastic, rubber,
leather or similar products. The envelopes dimensions when filled
are, for a single mattress, about seven feet long, four feet wide
and six inches thick. The envelope is filled to these dimensions
with a non-resilient flowable material which is hard-wood spheres
having a diameter of three-eighths inch. Instead of hard-wood
spheres it is feasable to use hollow or solid rounded particles of
any organic, metal, ceramic, glass or plastic material having a
load bearing capacity of at least about 3 pounds per square inch,
and of any size from about one-sixteenth inch to about 1 inch. To
enhance the flowability of the particles of flowable material it
may be advantageous to at least partially coat the particles of
flowable material with; a thin film of an elastomer such as, but
not limited to, tetrafluoroethylene or neoprene rubber; graphite
flakes; molybdenum disulphide flakes; or grease.
An example of a mattress similar to FIG. 6 has a 1 inch thick layer
of open-cell urethane foam of 3 pounds per cubic foot density on
the top surface of an envelope of nylon textile. The overall
envelope dimensions when filled are 7 feet long, 4 feet wide and 7
inches thick. The partitions are parallel to the four foot
dimension, are bonded to the top sides and bottom of the envelope
so that the flowable material cannot readily pass from one
compartment to another. The partitions are located so that the
center compartment is 4 feet wide by 1 foot long and 7 inches deep.
Each of the other compartments are 4 feet wide by 3 feet long by 7
inches deep. Inside the center compartment and adjacent to the
inside top surface of the envelope is a pad of open-cell flexible
urethane foam having a density of 4 pounds per cubic foot and
normal dimensions of 4 feet by 1 foot by 2 inches thick. This
center compartment is filled with hollow cellulose acetate balls
one half inch in diameter in such quantity that with all the
surfaces of the envelope and the partitions held flat at their
nominal dimensions the pad of urethane foam in the compartment is
compressed to half its normal thickness, or one inch. Inside each
of the two other compartments is a pad of open cell flexible
urethane foam adjacent to the inside top surface of the envelope
having a density of 2 pounds per cubic foot and normal dimensions
of 4 feet by 3 feet by 3 inches thick. Each of these compartments
is filled with hollow cellulose acetate balls three eighths of an
inch in diameter in such quantity that with all the surfaces of the
envelope and the partitions held flat at their nominal dimensions
the pad of urethane foam in each compartment is compressed to two
thirds of its normal thickness, or two inches.
An example of a mattress similar to FIG. 7 has a supporting frame
that is an open top box made of 2 inch thick plywood and having
internal dimensions of 7 feet long by 4 feet wide by 8 inches deep.
The inner surfaces of the box are lined with a sheet of one eighth
inch thick flexible urethane foam to reduce the noise from movement
of the plastic balls. The box is filled with balls of acetate that
have been coated with tetrafluoroethylene to reduce the friction
between the balls. Instead of coating the balls with
tetrafluoroethylene they may be lubricated with flake molybdenum
disulphite or a liquid such as oil or water. Across the top of the
box and secured to the top edges of the box so that the plastic
balls cannot leak out is a layer of open-cell flexible urethane
having a density of 3 pounds per cubic foot a length of 7 feet and
4 inches, a width of 4 feet, 4 inches and a thickness of 2 inches.
In a variation of this example the wooden box may be replaced by
open-cell flexible urethane foam having a density of three pounds
per cubic foot and the same dimensions as the wooden box and a
flexible envelope may enclose the complete structure.
An example of a mattress similar to FIG. 9 has a supporting frame
that is an open top box made of 11/2 inch plywood having internal
dimensions of 7 feet long by 4 feet wide and 8 inches in height in
which are set three separate flexible envelopes made of 0.030 inch
neoprene-rubber, each having a width of 4 feet and a height of 8
inches and the center envelope having a length of 11/2 feet and the
two outer envelopes each having a length of 23/4 feet so that the
combined length of the three envelopes is 7 feet. Across the top of
the three envelopes is a layer of open-cell flexible urethane foam
of 2 pounds per cubic foot density 7 feet long by 4 feet wide by 2
inches thick. In the center envelope adjacent to the inner top
surface is a piece of 2 pound per cubic foot density open-cell
flexible urethane foam which has been sealed in a gas and liquid
impermeable flexible cover of 0.020 inch neoprene rubber and having
the overall dimensions of 4 feet wide by 11/2 feet long and 3
inches thick. In the other two envelopes are similar units except
each having the dimensions of 4 feet wide by 23/4 feet long by 3
inches thick. Each of the envelopes is filled with a flowable
material in sufficient quantity so that with all exterior surfaces
of the envelope held flat at its nominal dimensions the 3 inch
thickness of urethane foam in the envelope is compressed to 11/2
inches. In the bottom of each of the envelopes is sealed a liquid
or gas entry means that is connected by pipes to a reversible
hydraulic pump that draws liquid from a reservoir and forces it
under pressure into the envelope, or alternately, removes liquid
from the envelope and returns it to the reservoirs. A pressure
indicating means is connected to the piping adjacent to the liquid
entry means of the envelope to indicate the pressure in the
envelope and signal it to the control box which then actuates to
control the electric motor that drives the hydraulic pump so as to
increase or decrease the gas pressure in the envelope in accordance
with a predetermined program. With the air removed from the voids
between the particles of flowable material in each envelope, the
voids are filled with liquid to make the system operational. When
the liquid in an envelope or envelopes is to be maintained at the
same pressure for long periods, the liquid serving principally as a
lubricant for the flowable particles, the pumping and programming
means are not required.
* * * * *