U.S. patent number 3,840,079 [Application Number 05/280,457] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-08 for horizontal drill rig for deep drilling to remote areas and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Jacobs Associates, Katherine M. Williamson. Invention is credited to Thomas N. Williamson, deceased.
United States Patent |
3,840,079 |
Williamson, deceased |
October 8, 1974 |
HORIZONTAL DRILL RIG FOR DEEP DRILLING TO REMOTE AREAS AND
METHOD
Abstract
A ground storage rack preferably installed in a pit has
substantially horizontal pipes each initially containing an
elongated drill rod. Sequentially each rod is thrust from its
storage pipe horizontally into the ground at one end of the pit and
as it proceeds outwardly of the pit its direction is controlled so
that it bends downwardly until the drill motor on its outer end is
drilling approximately vertically. The rear remote end of each
storage pipe is capped so that drilling mud pumped into the pipe
from a mud pit travels to the remote end of the pipe, thence into
the open end of the drill rod enclosed therein and through the rod
(and also preceding rods) to the drill motor and bit. Mud is
carried back through the annulus of the drill hole to the mud pit.
The rig has particular adaptation to offshore oil drilling since
offshore platforms will not be used and the danger of contamination
from leakage of oil by the normal surface casing beneath such
platforms into the ocean floor is eliminated since the surface
casing is now on shore.
Inventors: |
Williamson, deceased; Thomas N.
(San Mateo, CA) |
Assignee: |
Jacobs Associates (San
Francisco, CA)
Williamson; Katherine M. (San Mateo, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
23073179 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/280,457 |
Filed: |
August 14, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
175/61; 175/85;
175/62 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
7/04 (20130101); E21B 7/06 (20130101); E21B
19/15 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
19/15 (20060101); E21B 19/00 (20060101); E21B
7/04 (20060101); E21B 7/06 (20060101); E21b
007/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;175/52,61,62,73,75,85 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Brown; David H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Caplan; Julian
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of drilling for deep formations comprising providing a
drilling location at the surface which is horizontally remote from
the bottom of the hole to be dug, storing at said location a
plurality of long drill rods each substantially horizontal,
thrusting a first drill rod into the earth slanted only slightly
downward from the horizontal, drilling at the remote end of said
drill rod a hole which slopes downwardly and then curves to a
substantially vertical direction as drilling progresses, and
sequentially joining additional drill rods at said drilling
location and thrusting each additional drill rod into the hole as
drilling progresses.
2. A method according to claim 1 which further comprises providing
at each drilling location a plurality of pipes in which one section
of drill rod is stored and withdrawing each section of drill rod
from its pipe as it is joined to the preceding drill rod.
3. A method according to claim 2 in which each said pipe is
sequentially moved into alignment with the upper end of the hole
being drilled prior to withdrawing the drill rod from such
pipe.
4. A method according to claim 2 in which said drill rod is hollow
and which further comprises pumping liquid into said pipe and from
said pipe into the end of the drill rod in said pipe at the
on-shore end of said pipe remote from the drilling end of said
drill rod and through said drill rod in said pipe and all preceding
drill rods.
5. A method according to claim 4 which further comprises a drill
motor on the remote end of the string of said drill rods, said
motor of the type actuated by liquid pressure in said drill rod,
and which further comprises driving said motor by liquid pumped
into said pipe, returning said liquid to said drilling location and
re-circulating said liquid.
6. A method according to claim 4 which further comprises closing
off said pipe to escape of liquid after the drill rod has been
withdrawn from aaid pipe so that said pipe remains substantially
full of liquid.
Description
This invention relates to a new and improved horizontal drill rig
for deep drilling to remote areas and method of drilling. More
particularly, the invention relates to a means and method for
drilling holes for oil wells, etc., at a considerable distance from
land without the use of the customary drilling platforms used for
such purpose.
Several restraints exist for drilling petroleum resources on the
continental shelfs under oceans and seas. Among these are: (1) the
very expensive platforms for vertical or directional drilling using
the normal drilling modes. (2) The high cost and safety hazards of
transporting and maintaining men at the platforms. (3) Weather and
tide problems. (4) The problem of disturbing the ecological balance
under the shoreline by oil spills around the surface hole casing
onto the ocean floor. With respect to the oil spills which have
occurred in platform drilling, the cause is frequently that the
drill rod, or casing, penetrates one or more oil bearing formations
which may be fairly close to the surface under the ocean. Through
many years in geological history the pressure differential between
the various formations or between any one of them and the ocean
floor surface has been well established by nature. Disruption of
this pressure balance by vertically penetrating the formation can,
and has, caused very serious oil flows to the subsea surface and
resulted in water and beach pollution.
It is, therefore, a principal purpose of the present invention to
provide a means and method to drill off-shore petroleum and other
mineral deposits without disturbing the near-surface deposits and
thereby not providing them a channel to the sea which will pollute
the ocean and beaches.
One of the major limiting factors in drilling deep vertical holes
for oil wells is the ability of the drill pipe to support its own
weight in long strings vertically. Still another limiting factor is
the time required to withdraw extremely long lines of drill rods
when each 90 feet has to be connected and handled in the standard
derricks.
A principal feature and advantage of the invention is that the
foregoing major restraints to deep oil well drilling are overcome.
Although in accordance with the present invention a greater length
of drill rod is required to be in the hole than in standard
vertical drilling, nevertheless a large percentage of this drill
rod is lying on the bottom of the hole in nearly horizontal
attitude and thus is not supporting itself. When necessary, the
drill rod is withdrawn and stored in several large storage pipes
lying on the ground in back of the drill and each of these may be
of 1,000 ft. or so in length and provides in effect a derrick which
is 1,000 ft. high (or long), whereas conventional derricks cannot
reach much more than 90 ft. in height. Loss of time in handling
relatively short segments of drill rods is reduced by practice of
the invention.
Other objects of the present invention will become apparent upon
reading the following specification and referring to the
accompanying drawings in which similar characters of reference
represent corresponding parts in each of the several views.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view showing the invention
used in off-shore deep drilling.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged top plan view partly broken away in section
to conserve space showing the on-shore portions of the
invention.
FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view taken substantially along the
line 4--4 of FIG.3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view partly in section showing one means for
maintaining the storage pipe filled with drilling compound after
the drill rod has been removed.
FIG. 5A is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing the drill rod removed
from the storage pipe.
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 of a modification.
FIG. F is a view similar to FIG. 5 of still another
modification.
FIG. 7A is a view similar to FIG. 7 showing the drill rod
removed.
Directing attention to FIGS. 1 and 2, the present invention is used
to drill into an oil bearing or other mineral formation 21 which is
quite deep and, as an illustration of an important feature of the
present invention, there is shown an upper formation 22 which is so
located that, were it not for the use of the present invention,
drilling into the formation 21 would cause oil from the formation
22 to leak to the surface of the ocean 23 through the penetrated
underwater land surface 27. In other words, a vertical drilling
through the overlying formation 22 would show water surface leaks.
The present invention employs a rig which is installed in a
preferred form of the invention on the land side of the ocean
shoreline 24. The continental shelf 26 is illustrated schemically
and it will be seen that drilling can occur either under or beyond
the continental shelf. There is a soft formation 27 near the
surface and a harder formation 28 there-beneath.
The practice of this invention is preferably performed with the
drilling mechanism installed in a pit 31 having a downwardly
sloping floor so that the drill rod penetrates the hard formation
28 or at least is not long within the soft formation 27. Thus, the
front wall 32 of pit 31 may be vertical and may be faced with
concrete to prevent flooding of the pit. A section of casing 33
(see FIG. 3) is installed through the front wall 32 and for a
sufficient distance through formation 27 to penetrate formation 28
in accordance with well accepted practices in vertical drilling.
Stuffing box 34, or blowout preventer, is installed at the outer
end of casing 33. Located within the pit 31 is the drilling rig
which is subject to some variation. In a preferred form illustrated
in the accompanying drawings and herein described the drilling rig
has a drilling carriage 36 having wheels 37 which run on tracks 38
perpendicular to face 32. Various means may be used to drive the
carriage 36. In the form here shown in a winch 39 is used and a
cable from the winch is attached to the upper end of pit 31.
Gravity moves the carriage 36 downwardly to perform the drilling
operation. It will be understood that a more positive drive or a
different drive may be employed.
Drilling is performed by hollow drill rod 41 and it is one of the
features of the present invention that the rod 41 is in very long
sections as compared with the usual 90 ft. sections of conventional
drilling rod. Thus it is contemplated that the sections of rod 41
will be approximately 1,000 feet in length. The rod extends through
stuffing box 34 and through casing 33 and out through the formation
28. The rod may be used in a rotating mode driven from the surface
or it may be used in a non-rotating mode with an in-hole rotary
motor as will be explained. When rotated, it will be ripped and
rotated by a hydraulically operated hollow spindle drills 42. The
chuck on these drills grips, rotates and advances the rod usually
by action of hydraulic cylinders. This is a well known art for
horizontal, angle and vertical drilling, particularly in mining
diamond bit exploration drilling so will not be described in detail
here. Reference is made to Pat. No. 2,768,830 illustrating one
typical chuck. Torque requirements are modest, particularly with
lubricants added to the drilling mud. The rod may be non-rotating
particularly in hole directional work where frequently a drill
motor 43 is preferably installed at the working end of the rod and
such motor may be driven by various means. A preferred means is to
drive the motor 43 in a turbine action by means of the pumping of
drilling fluid down the interior of the hollow rod 41. By
observation of FIGS. 1 and 2, it may be seen that the rod extends
outwardly from wall 32 sloping downwardly and gradually bends until
the rod is digging in a vertical position and reaches the formation
21. As best shown in FIG. 2 in the dot-and-dash lines, the drill
rod 41 not only bends downwardly but also may curve in a horizontal
component in either direction as desired. There are various
well-known techniques for controlling the direction of a drill
motor. Various whipstocks or bent subs may be used. These and other
well-known techniques in the drilling art are known and not herein
illustrated or described in detail.
As has been explained, the drill carriage 36 contains grippers 42
which close inward and grip the rod 41 and force it down the hole
as the drill bit clears the way. The drill rod 41 may be withdrawn
or reinserted when changing bits or adding direction tools much
more rapidly by the use of rod extractor 79. Two opposing wheels
which have grooves to fit the pipe are powered and drive the 1,000
foot sections of drill rod 41 into and out of their storage pipe 46
at the rate of about 100 feet per minute or faster. In feeding the
carriage 36 is moved by hoist 39 to the upper or left-hand end of
the pit 31, the grippers 42 then grip the rod 41 and then hydraulic
cylinders or a hoist, assisted by gravity move the carriage 36 to
the right, thrusting rod 41 into the hole following the clearing of
the front end of the hole by the drill motor 43 or bit.
The foregong means of advancing (and retrieving) the drill rod 41
makes it desirable to store long lengths of drill rod 41
substantially horizontally. For such purposes, there are provided a
plurality of storage pipes 46 each having an inside diameter
somewhat greater than the outside diameter of rod 41. The length of
storage pipe 46 is slightly longer than the length of each section
of drill rod 41. Cap 47 is applied to the back end of each storage
pipe 46 to close it off. Each storage pipe 46 initially contains a
drill rod 41 therein. The rods 41 are withdrawn from the pipes 46
one by one. each rod being coupled to the preceding pipe by any
well known technique as drilling continues. To facilitate handling
the drill rods in the pipes 46, a plurality of stationary fixed
racks 48 are positioned rearwardly of the pit 31 at suitable
intervals. Depending upon the number of pipes 46 which are to be
handled, compartments formed by horizontal and vertical dividers 57
are provided to space the pipes 46 apart. Closest to the pit 31 is
movable rack 49, shown in detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. Movable rack 49
is mounted on wheels 51 which run on transverse tracks 52 on the
bottom of the pit. The rack 49 may be caused to move from left to
right as viewed in FIG. 4 by various means such as the hydraulic
cylinder 53 shown. Vertically reciprocating within the frame of
movable rack 49 is a vertical pipe holder 56 having dividers 57
similar to those of stationary racks 48. Vertical holder 56 may be
caused to move upward and downward by means of vertical actuating
cylinders 58 or other means. By means of cylinders 53, 58 or other
equivalent means, each of the pipes 46 may be brought into
alignment with carriage 36 and particularly grippers 42.
The technique of pumping "mud" into drilling holes is well
understood. Preferably such a technique is used in connection with
the present invention. Thus a mud pit 61 is provided. Mud
consisting of a slurry of bentonite or other suitable additives and
water is pumped out of the pit 61 by pump 62 and through conduit 63
to tee 64 which is connected to stuffing box 66 attached to the
forward end of one of the pipes 46 from which the drill rod 41 is
being withdrawn. The mud flows in the annulus between rod 41 and
pipe 46 to the back end of pipe and, by reason of the fact that the
back end of pipe 46 is capped by cap 47 (see bottom end of FIG. 3),
the mud flows forwardly through the inside of drill rod 41 and down
to the drill motor 43. Tee 64 is connected to the forward end of
the particular pipe 46 in a version shown in FIG. 3 by a connector
67 which can be removed after the pipe 41 has been fully withdrawn
and connected to the next pipe 46 which is moved into position by
the rack 49. The mud traveling down the drill rod 41 in
non-rotating mode drives the turbine type motor 43 (although such
motor may be driven by other means or the drill rod when properly
directed may be rotated by the surface drill) and then washes the
cutting from the bottom of the hole up the annulus around the drill
rod 41 and out through the casing 33, from where it is carried back
to the pit 61 by an intake pipe 68. The cuttings are separated out
from the mud in the pit 61 and the mud is circulated.
It is desirable from time to time to withdraw the drill rod 41 from
the hole in order to change drills or to install special tools used
to changed direction, etc., as is well understood in the drilling
art. Hence, although as shown in FIG. 3, there is no means for
preserving the drilling mud inside the pipe 46 after rod 41 has
been withdrawn, nevertheless it is desirable to do so. One means of
retaining mud within the pipe 46 is shown in FIG. 5. An extension
71 which fits around the outside of the forward end of pipe 46 and
extends there-beyond has a seal 73 such as an O-ring which forms a
tight engagement with the exterior of pipe 46. the forward end of
extension 71 has a stuffing box 72 which engages the outside of rod
41. A hydraulic cylinder 74 or other means is used to reciprocate
the extension 71 relative to pipe 46. Adjacent the forward end of
extension 71 is a gate valve 76 having gate 77. In normal usage,
while the rod 41 is being withdrawn from pipe 46 the extension 71
is in right-hand position as shown in FIG. 5 and gate 77 is open.
As the rod 41 is completely withdrawn, gate 77 is closed and the
extension 71 is pulled rearwardly by cylinder 74 so that gate 77
closes off the forward end of pipe 46. Thus the drilling mud
remains inside pipe 46 for future use when a section of rod 41 is
to be reinstalled in the pipe.
FIG.6 illustrates still another means for storing drilling mud in
the storage pipe 46a after the drill rod 41a has been removed. In
this modification, valves 81 are installed in two positions in the
conduit 63a leading from pump 62a to the tee 64a and a connector 82
is positioned between the two valves 81. The rod of hydraulic
cylinder 83 is connected to cap 48a and may be used to push the
entire pipe 46a forwardly while the rod 41a is being withdrawn.
During this operation, the gate 77a is raised. After rhe rod has
reached the position shown in Fig. 6, gate 77a is closed, capturing
the mud within the pipe 46a and thereupon the pressure in the
cylinder 83 is reversed causing the pipe 46a to move to the left
while the rod 41a remains stationary and exposing the left-hand end
of the rod 41a for coupling to the next rod.
FIG. 7 shows still another modification of the structure of FIGS. 5
and 6. In this modification, the pipe 46b remains stationary.
Extension F1b is connected to the right-hand end of pipe 46b by
quick disconnect coupling 91. The gate valve 76b is to the left of
such disconnect 91. When the rod 41b has been moved to the position
shown in FIG. 7, the gate 77b is closed, capturing the mud within
the pipe 46b and thereupon the valve 81b is closed. The extension
71b may be removed and the next section of drill rod 41b
connected.
Many of the elements of FIGS. 6 and 7 resemble in structure or
function those of elements of the preceding modifications and the
same reference numerals followed by subscripts a b respectively are
used to designate corresponding parts.
* * * * *