U.S. patent number 3,838,727 [Application Number 05/379,796] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-01 for normalized optical input level control in continuous casting process and apparatus.
Invention is credited to Israel Levi, Marek Sucharczuk.
United States Patent |
3,838,727 |
Levi , et al. |
October 1, 1974 |
NORMALIZED OPTICAL INPUT LEVEL CONTROL IN CONTINUOUS CASTING
PROCESS AND APPARATUS
Abstract
Method and apparatus for the detection and control of the molton
metal level in the mold of a continuous casting machine by means of
an optoelectronic sensor are disclosed. Level variations are
detected by measuring the radiant light energy emitted from the
upper surface of the molten metal. An electrical signal which is
proportional to the emitted energy is normalized using an
electrical normalizing energy signal derived independently from a
small portion of the radiating surface. The normalized signal is
directly proportional to the molten metal level and is independent
of molten metal temperature variations, slag accumulation and
flames of burning lubricants on the surface. This signal can be
used to regulate the molten metal level in the mold by operating
either on the solidified bar withdrawal speed or the tundish
stopper actuating mechanism which controls the flow from the
tundish into the mold.
Inventors: |
Levi; Israel (Ottawa,
CA), Sucharczuk; Marek (Ottawa, CA) |
Family
ID: |
23498722 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/379,796 |
Filed: |
July 16, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
164/453; 164/454;
250/215; 250/237R; 164/413; 239/293; 250/222.1; 250/577;
164/450.4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01F
23/292 (20130101); B22D 11/204 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01F
23/292 (20060101); B22D 11/20 (20060101); G01F
23/284 (20060101); B22d 011/10 (); B22d
011/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;164/4,82,154,155
;73/293 ;250/222R,237R,574 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Annear; R. Spencer
Claims
I claim:
1. Method of determining and controlling the level of molten metal
in a mold in a continuous metal casting apparatus which includes
means for adjusting the volume of molten metal poured into the mold
and means for adjusting the speed of withdrawal of a solidified
metal bar from the mold, comprising detecting light radiated from a
first area on the surface of molten metal in the mold, and
detecting light radiated from a second area within the first area,
and normalizing the radiated light received from said first and
second areas and passing the resultant normalized electrical signal
to controller means to maintain desired metal level.
2. Method according to claim 1, comprising detecting light
radiation from first and second areas on the surface of metal in
the mold to provide first and second light paths respectively to a
first detector and detecting radiated light from first and second
areas from a different area on the surface of the metal in the mold
to provide first and second light paths respectively to a second
detector, and normalizing light intensity of the first and second
light paths in each detector to provide first and second normalized
electrical signals respectively, and selecting the greater of the
normalized signals and utilizing the selected signal as a level of
metal in the mold to control at least one of volume of molten metal
supplied to the mold withdrawal of metal bar from the mold.
3. Apparatus for determining and controlling the level of molten
metal in a mold in a continuous metal casting apparatus which
includes means for adjusting the volume of molten metal added to
the mold and means for adjusting speed of withdrawal of a
solidified metal bar from the mold, consisting of a condenser lens
positioned obliquely above the vertical axis of the mold and an
apertured screen positioned between the lens and the surface of
metal in the mold, the screen having a first aperture for the
passage therethrough of a first path of light and a second aperture
for the passage therethrough of a second path of light, and a
detector receiving the first and second paths of radiated light
passing through the lens, and a normalizer for normalizing the
intensities of the first and second paths of light to provide an
electrical signal indicative of molten metal level in the mold, and
controller means responsive to the electrical signal to maintain
desired metal level.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the apertured screen is
provided with two pairs of first and second apertures to provide a
pair of first and second paths of radiated light, and detectors and
a normalizer for each pair of paths of light to provide first and
second normalized electrical signals respectively, and selector
means to select the greater of the normalized electrical signals,
and controller means receiving the selected normalized electrical
signal to control at least one of volume of molten metal supplied
to the mold withdrawal of metal bar from the mold.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, each detector consisting of a
phototransistor and amplifier for each of the first and second
paths of light; the normalizer including a four quadrant analog
multiplier and an operational amplifier.
Description
The present invention relates to detection and control method and
apparatus for use in a continuous casting process which involves
pouring molten metal from a tundish into one end of a water cooled
mold while solidified metal is continuously withdrawn from the
other end of the mold in the form of a bar. During such a casting
process, it is essential to maintain the level of metal
substantially constant in the mold, and this can be achieved by
varying the withdrawal speed of the solidified bar or by varying
the flow rate of the molten steel into the mold.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
It is a common practice to employ an operator whose duties include
continuous manual adjustment of the withdrawal speed in order to
keep the molten metal in the mold at a preferred level. In attempts
to minimize the possibility of human error as well as dependency on
skilled personnel, a number of methods have been proposed for the
detection of level variations for the purpose of automatic level
control. The basic difference between known methods lies in the
sensing devices, i.e., the concepts employed and thus the apparatus
used for detecting the level of the metal in the mold.
The output signal of the level sensing device is usually an
electrical signal which is further processed and conditioned to
drive an industrial controller which in turn controls the speed of
a direct current motor which drives the solidified bar withdrawal
mechanism or a tundish stopper actuating mechanism.
Various prior art methods which have been found practical
implementation are described below:
1. Radiation pyrometers located above the mold which measure the
amount of heat radiated from the top surface. Canadian Patent No.
834,370, issued Feb. 10, 1970, to A. Thalmann et al. is
representative of apparatuses utilizing a heat radiation detector
to detect and control the level of molten metal. The basic
disadvantage of such a method is that heat radiation from other
sources (not related to the level of metal in the mold) as well as
temperature variations of the molten metal itself cannot
successfully be compensated for.
2. Thermocouples embedded in the wall of the mold which measure the
level of the metal by means of temperature gradient measurement
along the mold. Canadian Patent No. 520,745 issued Jan. 17, 1956,
to Ratcliffe etal discloses this concept but since the molds must
be replaced periodically the disadvantage of this approach is one
of prohibitive cost.
3. A radioactive source located on one side of the mold and a
radiation detector on the opposite side. Canadian Patent No.
717,446 issued Sept. 7, 1965, to M.S. Boitchenko et al. is
representative. The amount of radioactive radiation detected is
inversely proportional to the level of the metal in the mold and
although this method has found relatively wide use in the industry
there is a reluctancy on the part of foundry and mill personnel to
use apparatus which employs hazardous radioactive radiation and
high tension voltages. Additionally, the installation and
maintenance costs are high and strict control and supervision by
experienced personnel is required.
4. Pierre Poncet in U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949 issued Aug. 5, 1969,
and entitled "Detection of the Level of the Metal Bath in the Molds
for Continuous Casting" discloses the use of at least one detecting
photoelectric cell to provide molten metal level control with the
cell detecting degree of light radiation. In other embodiments U.S.
Pat. No. 3,459,949 discloses the use of pairs of detecting cells
with the responses of these detecting cells being additive. While
U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949 makes a valuable contribution to the art
the inherent problem of such apparatus is that each detecting cell
views a different portion of the surface of the molten metal in the
mold and while this arrangement is satisfactory when the depth of
slag on the surface is constant, the formation of slag in one
viewed area to a depth greater than in another viewed area (with
resultant light loss due to slag cover) will result in distorted
"additive" readings in the pair of cells. While it is the
responsibility of employees in the mill to maintain slag formation
at a minimum the possibility of one viewed surface area having a
greater depth of slag formation is very difficult indeed to avoid.
Of course, with the apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949, the
accumulation of slag (even if to a constant depth over all viewing
areas) will reduce the degree of radiation from the metal and the
detecting cells will indicate a lower level than is actually
present. Thus, the accuracy of the apparatus in U.S. Pat. No.
3,459,949 is dependent upon slag accumulation depth in the
particular viewed areas with varying depths resulting in
inconsistent and erroneous level readings. The basic differences
between U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949 and the present invention is in the
method (and apparatus) of obtaining a signal which is proportional
to the level of the molten metal in the mold. The patentee employs
an objective lens for obtaining an optical image of the complete
surface of the metal and then a photosensitive device (photocell)
is placed in the plane of the image. Since the active area of the
photocell is small compared to the size of the image it is effected
only by a very small portion of the light creating the image. The
response of the photocell resembles an ON-OFF type system since
small variations in liquid level will change the illumination of
the cell from very weak to very intense.
Unlike U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949 the present method (and apparatus)
provides a continuous signal which increases proportionally with
the level of metal in the mold with the signal being achieved by
collecting light from a selected area on the surface of the molten
metal. A cylindrical condenser lens and a photosensitive device
(phototransistor) located at the focal point of the lens are used.
No image formation of any kind is used but rather the total amount
of light from the selected area is collected by the
phototransistor.
Various embodiments of U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,949 employ auxiliary
reference cells in order to account for temperature variations in
the molten metal with photocells detecting the temperature of the
molten metal stream entering the mold. However, the temperature of
the metal stream is not necessarily related to the temperature of
the particular surface area under observation due to variable
amounts of surface slag, etc. In the present invention, a
normalizing signal derived from a surface area within a larger
surface area viewed by the measuring channel is used with the
normalizing signal automatically compensating for variations in the
temperature of the molten metal and/or presence of slag to provide
a clean level dependent signal.
DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTS OF INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the inherent disadvantages of the
various methods described above. The level detector is positioned a
distance from and obliquely above the mold and hence does not
effect normal mold maintenance routine, and the principle of
operation is such that the output signal which is proportional to
the metal level in the mold, is independent of steel temperature
variations, radiation of the inflowing molten metal stream and
other external radiationg sources, slag accumulation and flames due
to burning lubricants on the surface. No radioactive sources or
high tension voltages are used.
In the present invention by providing at least one detector
consisting of a pair of light viewing channels, one being a light
measuring channel (first path of light) and the other a light
normalizing channel (second path of light) and by positioning the
viewing channels in overlapping relationship with the normalizing
channel viewing a defined second area within a larger first area
viewed by the measuring channel, it is possible to obtain a precise
level measurement by normalizing the light radiations received by
both channels to provide an electric control signal for regulating
the level of the molten metal in the mold which is completely
independent of the intensity of light rays being emitted by the
molten metal. While one detector will provide a satisfactory signal
of metal level, it is preferred to use two detectors with each
detector viewing a surface area on each side of the inflowing
molten metal stream to enable normal foundry and mill procedures
without interference to the level signals.
In the present apparatus and method the signal from a first path of
light and the signal from a second path of light are normalized to
provide a normalized electrical signal, which signal is
proportional solely to the level of the metal in the mold and is
not influenced by the degree or brightness of radiated light, nor
the accumulation of slag on the surface of the liquid in the mold
(which will result in lessening radiation brightness) nor upon the
temperature of the molten metal in the mold or other factors
influencing temperature, nor upon flames on the surface of the
mold.
It is the object of the present invention then to provide method
and apparatus for determining accurately and rapidly the level of
molten metal in a mold.
It is another object of the invention to provide apparatus for
determining molten metal level in a mold with the apparatus being
sufficiently rugged to meet and withstand severe high temperature
conditions in a foundry or mill.
It is another object of the invention to provide an automatic level
control system whwch is reliable and simple in operation.
It is another object of the invention to provide two detectors in
one system for the purpose of allowing an operator a slag removal
function other other normal mill operations without effecting the
normal operation of the control system.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a
method of determining and controlling the level of molten metal in
a mold in a continuous metal casting apparatus which includes means
for adjusting the volume of molten metal being poured into the mold
and means for adjusting the means of withdrawal of a solidified
metal bar from the mold, the method comprising detecting light
radiated from a first area (measuring) on the surface of molten
metal in the mold, and detecting light radiated from a second area
(normalizing) within the first area, and normalizing the light
received from the first and second areas and passing the resultant
normalized electrical signal to controller means to maintain
desired metal level.
It is a further and preferred object of the present invention to
provide a method of determining and controlling the level of molten
metal in a mold in a continuous metal casting apparatus which
includes means for adjusting the volume of molten metal poured into
the mold and means for adjusting speed of withdrawal of a
solidified metal bar from the mold, and comprising detecting light
radiated from first and second areas on the surface of metal in the
mold to provide first (measuring) and second (normalizing) light
paths respectively to a first detector, and detecting light
radiated from first and second areas from a different area than
received by the first detector on the surface of the metal in the
mold to provide first (measuring) and second (normalizing) light
paths respectively to a second detector, and normalizing light
intensity of the first and second light paths in each detector to
provide first and second normalized electrical signals
respectively, and selecting the greater of the normalized signals
and utilizing the selected signal as a level of metal in the mold
to control volume of molten metal supplied to the mold and/or
withdrawal of metal bars from the mold.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide
apparatus for determining and controlling the level of molten metal
in a mold in a continuous metal casting apparatus which includes
means for adjusting the volume of molten metal added to the mold
and means for adjusting speed of withdrawal of a solidified metal
bar from the mold, and consisting of a condenser lens positioned
obliquely above the vertical axis of the mold and an apertured
screen positioned between the lens and the surface of metal in the
mold, the screen having a first aperture for the passage
therethrough of a first path of light (measuring) and a second
aperture for the passage therethrough of a second path of light
(normalizing) and a detector receiving the first and second paths
of radiated light passing through the lens, and a normalizer for
normalizing the intensities of the first and second paths of light
to provide an electrical signal indicative of molten metal level in
the mold, and controller means responsive to the electrical signal
to maintain the desired metal level.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide
apparatus as described wherein the apertured screen is provided
with two pairs of first and second apertures to provide a pair of
first and second paths of radiated light (measuring and
normalizing), and the detectors and a normalizer for each pair of
paths of light to provide first and second normalized electrical
signals, respectively, and selector means to select the greater of
the normalized electrical signals, and controller means receiving
the selected normalized electrical signals to control volume of
molten metal supplied to the mold and/or withdrawal of metal bars
from the mold.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by measuring
the amount of radiated light energy from the molten metal surface
which enters the viewing window of a detector. A suitable form of
device for measuring the amount of incident light in a light
sensitive transistor (phototransistor) placed at the facal point of
a cylindrical condenser lens with both transistor and lens being
positioned such that their sensing axes are disposed above and
obliquely with respect to the vertical axis of the mold. The
phototransistor provides an electrical output signal which is
directly proportional to the detected light intensity.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The invention will now be more fully described with reference to
the accompanying drawings (not drawn to scale) wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of apparatus suitable for
continuous metal casting illustrating a portion of the inventive
level control apparatus;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged front view of a viewing window or apertued
screen which defines the respective viewing areas of the
detectors;
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are enlarged perspective views of the top of
the level of the molten metal in the mold taken generally along
arrow 2--2 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3A shows the viewed area when the level
is high; FIG. 3B when the level is normal; and FIG. 3C when the
level in the mold is low;
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of the level detector
components and circuitry according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of the processor portion of the
detector circuitry shown in FIG. 4 in more detail; and
FIGS. 6A1, 6A2, 6B2, 6C1 and 6C2 are a series of graphs
illustrating measuring signal, normalizing signal and normalized
output signal versus time and molten metal level.
With reference now to the attached drawings, and particularly FIG.
1, molten metal 2 is poured from a tundish 4 by actuating stopper
rod 6 which controls stopper valve 8. The opening and closing and
controlling of stopper valve 8 is actuated by any suitable means
such as by an electric motor 10 through cable 12. When the valve 8
is open molten metal in the form of a stream 14 fills the mold 16
and solidifies around the walls of the mold which are water cooled
(not shown). A fully solidified metal bar 18 is continuously
withdrawn from the mold by means of support and withdrawn rolls 20
at least some of which are positively driven in rotation by motor
22.
The level 24 of the molten metal in the mold can be controlled
either by regulating the volume of stream 14 (by stopper 8 and
motor 10) or by regulating withdrawal speed of the solidified bar
(by driven rollers 20 and motor 22) or by a selective combination
of both.
According to the present invention level control is achieved by at
least one detector assembly shown at 30 in FIG. 1, with each
detector consisting of a measuring channel viewing a first path of
radiated light from a selected first area on the surface of the
molten metal in the mold, and a normalizing channel which views a
second path of light from a smaller selected second area within the
first area viewed by the measuring channel; the signals from the
two detectors are then normalized to provide a correct level
reading signal which is fed to an industrial controller to regulate
the stopper plug and/or withdrawal motor to maintain proper surface
level.
The inventive detection and control apparatus is shown in FIG. 1 as
consisting of apertured screen 26, condenser lens 28 and
phototransistor detector device 30, with the aperture screen being
shown in enlarged front view in FIG. 2. The screen 26 shown in FIG.
2 provides for the viewing of two separate detectors (A & B in
FIGS. 4 and 5). Aperture or slot 32 permits the passage of light to
one measuring channel (first path of light) and aperture or slot 34
permits the passage therethrough of light to one normalizing
channel (second path of light) of one detector (A), while apertures
36 and 38 provide light for the measuring and normalizing channels
respectively of a second detector (B).
Light emitted from the molten surface 24 passes through the
apertures in screen 26 to activate detectors A and B in a manner
which will be described in more detail below.
Each level detector consists of a pair of separate light detecting
channels (first and second paths of light) situated side by side;
with each detector detecting light only from a narrow strip on the
surface on one side of the inflowing metal stream. Both channels
are generally similar in construction with the only difference
being that the measuring channel has a much larger and longer
viewing window. The viewing window of the normalizing channel is
arranged such that its viewing area is always fully illuminated by
parallel light rays emitted from the surface of the metal
regardless of the level of the metal. On the other hand, the
viewing window of the measuring channel is arranged such that its
viewing area which is illuminated by the parallel light rays
emitted from the surface of the metal is unique to a distinct level
in the mold.
This will be appreciated from a review of FIG. 3 wherein the
measuring channel or one detector A views an area represented by
shaded area 32' on the surface 24 of metal in the mold 16 whereas
the normalizing channel views an area represented by more heavily
shaded area 34' which is smaller than and within area 32'. FIG. 3B
represents the areas viewed when the level is considered normal,
FIG. 3A when the metal level is high, and FIG. 3C when the level is
low. The areas viewed by the second detector B are shown at 36' and
38'.
In FIG. 3, the inflowing molten metal stream 14 has been omitted
for clarity. Also while two detector viewing areas are shown it is
possible that one detector only could be employed.
FIG. 4 illustrates in block diagram form a level control assembly
consisting of two detectors A and B. Light passing through lens 40
is received by measuring channel phototransistor 42 and normalizing
channel phototransistor 44 of detector A, the signals are amplified
by amplifiers 46 and 48 respectively, and passed to detector A
normalizer 50. The normalized signal from normalizer detector A
then passes to selector 52 where it is processed against the signal
from normalizer 54 in detector B, and the resultant signal then
passes to industrial controller 56 for level control purposes. The
circuitry in detector B is identical with that of detector A, and
the reference numbers in detector B have simply been primed for
easy reference.
FIG. 5 is a more detailed view of the processor unit shown in FIG.
4 and the interconnection between normalizer detectors A (50) and B
(54) and the selector circuit 52. Each normalizer or processor 50,
54 consists of a four quadrant analog multiplier 56, 56' connected
in the feedback path of an operational amplifier 58, 58' which
provides the arithmetic divide function. The signal at the output
of the amplifiers 58, 58' is the ratio of the two input signals
(normalizing and measuring). The selector circuit 52 consists of
two diodes 60 and 60' connected back to back, and the output signal
from the selector circuit 52 will follow the largest of the two
input signals to control the industrial controller 56 accordingly.
The processor automatically selects the signal of the detector
which operates without interference.
FIG. 6 is a series of graphs depicting the measuring signal (FIG.
6A2); the normalizing signal (FIG. 6B2) and the normalized output
signals (FIG. 6C2) versus the level of molten metal. Graphs 6A1,
6B1 and 6C1 illustrate the measuring signal, the normalizing
signal, and the normalized output signals, respectively, versus
time in the presence of external interference. It will be noted
that the normalized output signal is not effected by the
interference.
The electrical signals from the phototransistors 42, 42' of the
normalizing channel as well as the signals from the
phototransistors 44, 44' of the measuring channel are both effected
in the same manner by disturbances such as light intensity
fluctuations due to slag or fumes above the molten metal surface.
Therefore, by electronically normalizing the signal from the
measuring channels (44, 44') using the signals of the normalizing
channels (42, 42') it is possible to obtain a normalized electrical
signal which is proportional solely to the level of the molten
metal in the mold but is independent of the disturbing effects
mentioned above. The normalization process takes place in a
processor unit (50, 52, 54) which is an integral part of the
apparatus. In order to give the operator freedom for slag removal
without disturbing the two separate and spaced apart detectors A
and B are preferably employed. During the slag removal function it
is conceivable that the operator's hand or the slag removing rod
may interfere with the viewing field of one of the detectors. Under
normal working conditions it is impossible for the operator to
block the viewing fields of two detectors simultaneously and
accordingly, two detectors are preferably employed in one
system.
While the foregoing disclosure relates to level control in the mold
itself it will be appreciated that the apparatus is equally
applicable to controlling the level of molten metal in the tundish,
and has equal application in billet casting processes. Also, the
apparatus can be used to determine and/or control the level of any
material which radiates light apart from molten metal itself.
* * * * *