U.S. patent number 3,837,741 [Application Number 05/429,249] was granted by the patent office on 1974-09-24 for control arrangement for transfer roll power supply.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Paul R. Spencer.
United States Patent |
3,837,741 |
Spencer |
September 24, 1974 |
CONTROL ARRANGEMENT FOR TRANSFER ROLL POWER SUPPLY
Abstract
An arrangement for controlling the electrical bias applied to a
bias transfer roller comprising a voltage source coupled to the
transfer roller which is variable in response to a control signal,
the control signal being generated by sensing the voltage across a
sample of the roller material connected in series with a constant
current source. Since the resistivity of the sample material varies
with changes in humidity, the voltage and the control signal
likewise vary with humidity to change the voltage applied to the
transfer roller.
Inventors: |
Spencer; Paul R. (Webster,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
23702446 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/429,249 |
Filed: |
December 28, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/44; 118/638;
399/313; 399/66; 430/125.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/1675 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/16 (20060101); G03g 015/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;355/3R ;96/1.4
;117/17.5 ;118/637 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Greiner; Robert P.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An arrangement for changing the voltage applied to a bias
transfer roll in a xerographic copy mechanism comprising:
a housing in which said mechanism is located,
a source of voltage, said source coupled to said roll and variable
in response to a control signal, and
a piece of material similar in construction to said bias roll,
located apart from said roll but within said housing, means for
generating a constant current through said material, and means
responsive to the voltage across said material for controlling the
magnitude of said voltage source.
2. An arrangement for compensating for changes in resistivity on a
bias transfer roll due to changing humidity conditions
comprising,
a xerographic copy machine including a bias transfer roll mounted
for rotation on a shaft, a second smaller roll of similar
construction mounted on an extension of said shaft and insulated
therefrom, means for connecting a constant current source in series
with said second roll, a voltage source coupled to said transfer
roll and means responsive to changes in voltage across said second
roll for altering the voltage applied by said source to said
transfer roll.
3. The combination recited in claim 2 wherein said means for
connecting includes an auxiliary conductive roller mounted for
rotation in contact with the periphery of said second roll.
4. A humidity compensated apparatus for transferring charged
particles from a support surface to a sheet of support material,
comprising:
a transfer member, said transfer member cooperating electrically
with the support surface to attract the charged particles therefrom
to the sheet of support material;
bias means for electrically biasing said transfer member to a
potential of sufficient magnitude to attract the charged particles
from the support surface to the sheet of support material, means
for adjusting the magnitude of the biasing potential applied to
said transfer member to correct automatically for changes in the
resistivity of said transfer member.
5. The combination recited in claim 4 wherein said means for
adjusting includes a constant current source connected in series
with said transfer member, and means responsive to changes in the
voltage across said transfer member to vary the magnitude of the
biasing potential applied by said bias means to said transfer
member.
6. The combination recited in claim 4 wherein said means for
adjusting is operative intermittently to vary said applied
potential.
7. The combination recited in claim 4 wherein said means for
adjusting comprises a piece of material similar in construction to
said transfer member located remote therefrom, means for generating
a constant current through said piece, and means responsive to the
voltage across said piece to vary the magnitude of the bias
potential applied to said transfer member, whereby changes in
humidity result in voltage variations across said piece, said
voltage variations operating to control said bias means.
8. The combination recited in claim 4 wherein said means for
adjusting comprises contact means intermittently movable into
contact with the surface of said transfer means for a preselected
time, means actuated concurrently with the movement of said contact
means for generating a constant current through said transfer
member, current means for determining the average value of the
voltage across said transfer member over said preselected time, and
means for adjusting said bias means in accordance with the average
voltage.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to electrostatic transfer apparatus and,
more particularly, to the transfer of electrostatically charged
particles between supports.
In reproduction processes, such as in the process of xerography,
wherein a latent image is first formed on an electrostatic member
and then made visible, or developed, with a powderous material, the
electrostatic member can be used repeatedly to form additional
powder images in successive cycles if the developed image is
transferred from it to another substrate such as a copy sheet
during each cycle. When the xerographic process is employed, the
electrostatic member can take the form of a photoconductive layer
over a conductive backing material. The photoconductive layer is
given a uniform electrostatic charge and then exposed to a light
image conforming to the information to be reproduced to form a
latent electrostatic image on the member. The member is then
developed with a finely divided, pigmented, electroscopic, resinous
powder called toner and the toner image is then electrostatically
transferred to a copy sheet. After transfer is complete, the
surface of the electrostatic member can be cleaned and then used
for another latent image which is developed with toner and the
toner image transferred in a similar manner.
If more than one copy of given information is to be made by the
process described above, the latent image formation steps can be
eliminated by using an electrostatic member having good latent
image preservation characteristics. In this mode of operation, a
latent image is formed on the electrostatic member by placing a
uniform charge on it and then exposing it to a light image of the
formation to be reproduced during the formation of the first copy.
The latent image is then developed, the toner image transferred
from the electrostatic member to a copy sheet and the surface of
the eletrostatic member cleaned. Then, when the second copy and all
succeeding copies are to be made, the charging and exposing steps
can be eliminated since the latent image retention qualities of the
electrostatic member maintain the latent image intact. As a result,
the image preservation mode of operation, the second and all
subsequent copy cycles include only the steps of developing the
latent image, transferring the toner image from the electrostatic
member to a copy sheet and cleaning the electrostatic member. It is
obvious that this type of reproduction mode is faster than the more
conventional xerographic process described beforehand since two
steps, the steps of charging and exposing, are eliminated during
making of all copies after the first copy.
When a reproducing system is used in the image preservation mode,
special attention must be given to the technique and apparatus
utilized in transferring the toner image from the electrostatic
member to the copy sheet to assure that the latent image on the
member does not deteriorate. A common apparatus used for the
transfer step is a corona charging device. This device is widely
used in electrostatic copiers, but has serious disadvantages when a
copier functions in the image preservation mode. The non-image
device tends to electrostatically tack the copy sheet to the
electrostatic member during transfer since the copy sheet acquires
a charge during the transfer step. In addition, when the copy sheet
is stripped from the electrostatic member afer transfer has take
place, charges on the copy sheet tend to be conducted to nonimage
areas of the member due to air breakdown between it and the copy
sheet. Both types of charging either add or substract charge from
the electrostatic member leaving a distorted latent image thereon
which is reflected in sub-image areas of the electrostatic member,
they are consequently developed with toner in succeeding cycles and
result in background in all subsequent copies. This situation is
undesirable since distorted toner images and background toner cause
noticeable degradation to copy quality.
Another transfer device used with better success than the corona
device in the image preservation mode is a biased roller. This
device consists of a rotatable conductive core having a relatively
non-conductive surface layer. Although adequate transfer occurs
when approximately 2,000 volts is placed on the roller, the roller
does not efficiently effect transfer of the toner image at
significantly lower voltages due to back transfer. At low voltages
toner which is transferred to the copy sheet at the transfer area
is retransferred back to the photosensitive member when the copy
sheet is separated from the member. Th transfer of the toner to a
transfer member by a roller electrode is illustrated in Fitch U.S.
Pat. No. 2,807,233. In this reference the bias supplied to the
transfer roller is indicated as a constant voltage energy
source.
For maximum efficiency, therefore, the transfer field profile as a
function of time generated by the transfer roller at any given
point on the paper must be kept the same under varying conditions
within the machine housing, for example, changes in humidity result
in resistivity changes in the bias roller material resulting in
undesirable changes in the fields generated thereby.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to improve apparatus
for transferring toner images from an electrostatic member to a
copy sheet.
It is a further object of the invention to improve transfer
apparatus so that degradation of the latent image on an
electrostatic member is prevented during the transfer step and the
latent image remains suitable to be reused to form another toner
image.
It is a further object of the invention to improve transfer
apparatus so that transfer of toner images from an electrostatic
member to a copy sheet can be carried out more efficiently than
known previously.
These and other objects are accomplished according to the invention
by an arrangement for controlling the electrical bias applied to a
transfer roller in response to changes in humidity affecting the
resistivity of the roller. The arrangement includes a voltage
source coupled to the transfer roller, this source being variable
in response to a control signal. The control signal is developed,
in one embodiment, by sensing the voltage changes across a sample
of the roller located remote of the roller itself but within the
machine housing. The sample is placed in series with a constant
current source, whereby changes in humidity result in changes in
resistivity of the sample and voltage variations thereacross. These
latter variations are utilized to control the magnitude of the
voltage applied by the voltage source to the transfer roller.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an illustrative side view of one embodiment of the
invention utilizing a continuous sensing of voltage across a sample
material;
FIG. 2 is an illustrative side view of another embodiment using an
extension of the transfer roller; and
FIG. 3 is an illustrative view of another embodiment of the
invention utilizing an intermittent sensing and energizing
technique.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention can be adapted to any reproduction apparatus
wherein an electroscopic, pigmented powder used to develop an
electrostatic latent image on an electrostatic member is
transferred from the member to a copy sheet. For the purpose of
this disclosure, however, the invention will be described within
the environment of a xerographic reproduction apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a continuous xerographic copier
having a photosensitive member in the shape of drum 13 on which a
latent electrostatic image of the information to be reproduced is
formed. The rotatable drum 13 is driven by shaft 14 by any suitable
drive means (not shown). The peripheral surface of the drum is
covered by layer 12, an electrically conductive material, which, in
turn, is covered on its outer surface with layer 11, a conducting
material such as vitreous selenium. The drum has five processing
stations located about its periphery which carry out the steps of
the xerographic process. These stations include charging station A,
exposing station B, developing station C, transfer station D, and
cleaning station E.
A latent electrostatic image is formed on the drum by passing its
surface through charging station A and exposing station B. The
charging station includes any suitable means for placing a uniform
charge on layer 11 such as a corona charging device. Exposing
station B can include any suitable device which projects and
focuses a light pattern on the drum conforming to the image to be
reproduced by the xerographic system. The light image projected
onto the charge conductive layer of the drum is synchronized with
the movement of the drum and causes selective charge dissipation on
elemental areas of layer 11 to form a latent electrostatic image
thereon.
After the formation of the latent electrostatic image by passing
the drum through stations A and B, the drum carrier the latent
image to developing station a pigmented, resinous, electroscopic
powder called toner is deposited on the drum in imagewise
configuration in any suitable manner to develop, or make visible,
the latent image. Following the development step, the drum carrier
the toner image through a transer station D where the toner image
is transferred from the drum surface to any suitable support
material such as copy sheet 15 which can be made of paper. In
addition to sheets, a continuous web or any other form of substrate
may be used to receive the toner image.
Transfer of the toner image onto the copy sheet is carried out by
roller 20. The copy sheet 15 is fed to the transfer station D by
any suitable device such as feeding device 30 which may include
tray 31 to hold a supply of copy sheets and feed roller 32 which
feeds the sheets one at a time as needed toward the transfer
station. The roller 20 is driven by a shaft 23 in the direction
shown by the arrow and has an inner layer 22 of any suitable
conductive material and an outer layer 21 of any suitable
relatively nonconductive material. An electrical potential is
placed on layer 22 via the shaft 23 which is also made of a
conductive material.
A sheet is fed onto a conveyor 24 by feeding device 30 and is
carried through transfer station D adjacent photosensitive drum 10.
As it passes through the transfer station, a toner image on the
drum surface adjacent the copy sheet is transferred to the copy
sheet due to the electrical field created between the copy sheet
and drum by the bias on layer 22 of the roller.
After the toner image has been transferred to the copy sheet and
the copy sheet has passed through the transfer station, the copy
sheet passes onto belt 40, which is supported by rollers 41 and 42
and driven by motor (not shown). Any suitable fixing device 43
makes the toner image permanent on the copy sheet. The copy sheet
then moves off the belt 40 as the belt turns about roller 42 and
falls into collection device 50 where it is stored in tray 51.
The final station shown in the drawing is cleaning station E which
can include any suitable cleaning device such as a fur brush which
contacts the photoconductive surface of the drum. The cleaning
station is utilized to remove any residue toner particles from the
photosensitive surface after transfer occurs and before another
cycle is begun. It is intended that the various moving elements
mentioned above be driven by any suitable means to allow the copier
to function as described; for instance, a single motor can drive
drum 10 and the other moving elements in the copier as well as the
belts 24 and 40 and roller 20.
According to one embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 1,
an electrical bias is applied to the transfer roller 20 via the
shaft 23 by a voltage source 52. As discussed above, the transfer
field profile generated in the nip between the photosensitive drum
and the transfer roller should remain constant over a prolonged
period of machine operation. Assuming a constant voltage source is
being used, if the resistivity of the transfer roller changes for
any reason, since the voltage applied thereacross remains the same,
a variation in the transfer field results. A prime cause of changes
in the resistivity of the transfer roller is changing humidity
conditions to which the roller is subjected.
One solution to counteract this type of variation is shown in FIG.
1 wherein a sample piece of the material 55 from which the transfer
roller is made is sandwiched between two electrodes 56 and
connected in series with a constant current source 57. This sample
55 may be located with the machine housing remote from the transfer
roller 20 as long as it is subjected to the same humidity
conditions as the transfer roller.
Th power supply 52 is selected to be of a type which is variable in
response to a control voltage input 58 which input is connected to
vary in response to changes in voltage across the sample 55.
In operation, the power supply 52 is set to provide an appropriate
voltage to the roller 20. During the operation of the machine, if
the humidity rises within the machine housing roller 20 decreases
in resistivity tending to vary the transfer fields at the transfer
station D due to increased currents drawn thereacross. Concurrently
however, the resistivity of the sample 55 decreases resulting in a
drop in the voltage thereacross. This drop is fed to the input 58
of the power supply 52 reducing the voltage applied to roller 20,
to thereby compensate for the change in roller resistivity to
maintain the transfer fields constant at the transfer station.
In a similar fashion, a decrease in humidity results in an increase
in resistivity of roller 20 and this is compensated for by an
increase in voltage applied to the roller 20 in response to the
corresponding rise in voltage across the sample 55 which is fed to
the control input of the power supply 52.
A second embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2 in which an
extra section 65 of the transfer roll 20 is mounted on the same
shaft 23 as the roller, but insulated therefrom by means of an
insulator length 68. The portion of the shaft 23 on which the extra
section 65 rotates is connected via conductor 63 to one side of the
constant current source 57. A roller contact 61 mounted on a shaft
62 and suitably grounded is also provided.
In operation, if humidity changes occur they are accompanied by
changes in the resistivity of the extra section 65 and
corresponding changes in the voltage thereacross, which voltage is
detected on line 66 and used to control a compensating change in
voltage applied by source 52, as explained hereinbefore in
connection with FIG. 1.
A third embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 in
which intermittent testing is used. In FIG. 3 a contact roll 79 is
mounted on an arm 80, the arm 80 being pivoted on a pin 81. The
contact roller 79 is suitably grounded but insulated from the pin
81 by means of an insulating section 82. The arm 80 is movable
during the test period so that the contact roller 79 rides on the
peripheral surface of the roller 20. The shaft of the roller 20 is
connected via line 83 and contact arm 72 to one side of the power
supply 52, the other side of the supply being grounded. The shaft
23 is also coupled via conductor 84 and contact arm 71 to a test
unit 79 comprising in succession an integrator unit 75, an analog
to digital converter unit 76, a digital storage register 77, and a
digital to analog converter unit 78. The output of the D-A
converter 78 is fed to the input of the variable supply 52 to
control it in response to resistivity changes on the roller 20. A
constant current generator 57 is connected so as to be brought into
electrical series with the roller 20 and the power supply upon the
appropriate movement of the roller 79 and the contact arm 72. The
contact arms 72 and 71 may be controlled by any conventional means
which may be a solenoid 73 actuated by a test signal generator
74.
Using the arrangement of FIG. 3, under normal conditions the
contact arms 71 and 72 are in the positions shown by said lines and
the contact roller is retracted away from the roller 20. Under
these circumstances a preselected voltage is applied to the roller
20 from the power supply 52. However, periodically for example,
after the completion of one or several copy cycles when the machine
is not processing any paper, a test signal is generated in some
appropriate fashion to actuate the solenoid 73 thereby moving
contact arms 71 and 72 to the positions shown in the dotted lines.
In addition, the roller contact 79 is moved against the roller 20.
Under these conditions, current from the constant current source
generates a current through the roller 20 and the voltage across
the roller 20 is fed to the test arrangement 79.
The voltage across the roller 20 over the test period is averaged
by the integrator 75, this average value being connected to a
binary code by the A. D. converter 76 for storage in the register
77. At the end of the test period the storage register 77 is
interrogated to provide an analog voltage which is fed to the power
supply 52 to reset the voltage applied to the roller 20 in
accordance with any changes in resistivity of the roller which may
have occurred since the previous test period.
Details of the bias roll transfer system of the type used in the
arrangement of this invention are outlined in detail in commonly
assigned application Ser. No. 309,562, filed Nov. 24, 1972 and
allowed July 11, 1973 and the disclosure of this latter application
are incorporated hereinto by reference.
In addition to the apparatus outlined above, many other
modifications and/or additions to this invention will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure,
and these are intended to be encompassed within the invention
disclosed and claimed herein.
* * * * *