U.S. patent number 3,836,846 [Application Number 05/178,871] was granted by the patent office on 1974-09-17 for ice detection apparatus employing microwave reflectance.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Monsanto Company. Invention is credited to Joseph G. DEKoning, Wilson W. Overall.
United States Patent |
3,836,846 |
Overall , et al. |
September 17, 1974 |
ICE DETECTION APPARATUS EMPLOYING MICROWAVE REFLECTANCE
Abstract
Apparatus and method for detecting the presence of ice or water
on a road or other surface by means of reflected microwaves wherein
microwave energy is directed through a window installed in the
surface to be monitored and the condition of the surface is
indicated by the level of microwave energy reflected.
Inventors: |
Overall; Wilson W. (Warson
Woods, MO), DEKoning; Joseph G. (San Jose, CA) |
Assignee: |
Monsanto Company (St. Louis,
MO)
|
Family
ID: |
22654248 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/178,871 |
Filed: |
September 9, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
324/643;
340/580 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25D
21/02 (20130101); G08B 19/02 (20130101); G01N
22/00 (20130101); G01W 1/14 (20130101); F25B
2700/111 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F25D
21/00 (20060101); F25D 21/02 (20060101); G08B
19/00 (20060101); G08B 19/02 (20060101); G01W
1/14 (20060101); G01N 22/00 (20060101); G01r
027/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/58.5A,58.5B,58.5C
;340/234,235 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
S Summerhill, Microwaves as an Industrial Tool, Meas. & Inst.
Review, Feb. 1969, pp. 79-81. .
Nicolis, J., The Wavelength Dependence of Back Reflected Energy
from Small Ice etc., Proceed of IEEE, May 1965, Vol. 53, pp.
551-552. .
Ciemochowski, M. F., Simple Detector Predicts...Ice, SAE Journal,
Aug. 1968, pp. 60-61..
|
Primary Examiner: Corcoran; Robert J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Duffey; William E. Eberhardt; Wayne
R.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property is
claimed are defined as follows:
1. A system for detecting the presence of ice on a surface
comprising in combination
A. a microwave generator adapted to produce signal energy,
B. a window in said surface substantially transparent to said
signal energy,
C. heating means cooperating with said window and adapted to heat
said window above about 32.degree.F.,
D. means for monitoring the temperature of said window in response
to the action of said heating means,
E. guide means adapted to convey said signal energy from said
generator to said window,
F. isolator means in said guide means intermediate said window and
said generator, and
G. reflected power detector means adapted to detect the difference
between the signal energy reflected from said window at ambient
temperature and that reflected from said window when heated to
above about 32.degree.F., a significant difference in reflected
energy indicating that ice was initially present on said
surface.
2. A method for determining the presence of ice on a surface which
comprises directing microwave signal energy through a window in
said surface, heating said window to above about 32.degree.F.,
monitoring the window temperature during the heating step,
detecting the signal energy reflected from said window at ambient
temperature and that reflected from said window when heated to
above about 32.degree.F., a significant difference in reflected
energy indicating that ice was initially present on said surface.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining
the presence of ice, water or slush on a surface, particularly a
ground surface, wherein signal energies having wavelengths in the
microwave region are employed.
2. Description of Prior Art
The safety of ground transportation and air transportation is
dependent to a great extent upon the condition of road and runway
surfaces, and upon the driver's or pilot's awareness of that
condition. Thin layers of ice present a particular hazard in that
they are not readily detectable by visual means and may form and
disappear quickly with fluctuations in temperature. Highway bridges
present a localized problem in that they may become coated with
frost or ice sooner and more often than their approach
pavement.
It is essential that airport runways be kept free of ice at all
times during use. Airport maintenance engineers are required to
make frequency inspections of runways during cold, inclement
weather to apply ice melting chemicals when ice is detected or
there is a danger of ice formation. In extremely cold weather, ice
melted by chemicals may refreeze as the temperature drops, thereby
recreating the original hazard and requiring additional inspection
and action by the maintenance crews.
The highway engineer is constantly plagued by a lack of information
on road conditions since visual inspection of a vast road network
is impossible, and he must accordingly rely on general warning
signs to alert drivers to potentially slick bridge decks and
overpasses. Studies have shown that such general warnings are
ignored by the majority of drivers, and that some specific warning
with a high level of confidence is needed to effectively alert the
passing motorist.
The need for instrumentation to positively detect the presence of
ice on a road surface and either activate a warning sign or signal
maintenance crews to apply ice-melting chemicals has been generally
recognized, and several approaches to the creation of such an
instrument have been suggested. A common approach has been to make
direct measurements of environmental conditions such as pavement
temperature, surface moisture, air temperature, and air humidity,
and to predict whether or not ice is or might be present on the
surface. More sophisticated techniques suggested for determining
surface conditions have involved direct measurement of the surface
friction coefficient; change in heat transfer rate associated with
phase changes of water; change in resonant frequency of a vibrating
element when its mass is increased by ice formation; change of
capacitance and dissipation factor when the air dielectric of a
capacitor changes from air to air containing snow or water
droplets; and light or gamma radiation scatter from a roadway
surface by water, ice, or snow present on the surface.
Most of the devices suggested by the prior art are inherently
unsuitable for general use on roads and runways because of poor
performance or reliability, lack of ruggedness for maintenance free
outdoor installation, or relatively high cost. For general highway
or airport use, the device must be capable of installation in
isolated areas, be relatively maintenance free, and not be affected
by hostile environment or elements which may include all weather
conditions, vibrations and stresses caused by passing vehicles, and
contact with sand, dust, dirt, salt, and special ice-melting
chemicals which are commonly found or used on road and runway
surfaces.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide
device suitable for general use on roads and runways to detect the
presence of ice, sluch, or moisture and to predict the formation of
ice. It is a further object of this invention to provide a method
for detecting the presence of ice and moisture on a road or other
surface by utilizing a signal energy which has wavelengths in the
microwave region. Other additional objects of this invention will
be apparent from the following description of the apparatus and
method.
SUMMARY
In accordance with the method of the present invention, microwaves
are directed via a wave guide to the underside of a window
substantially transparent to the microwaves and installed
substantially flush with the surface of the road or other surface
to be monitored. The presence and thickness within reasonable
limits of any coating of ice or water present on the surface of the
window is determined by measuring the amount of microwave energy
reflected by the window. The reflected energy can be used to
trigger a signal device such as a warning sign or to activate
ice-melting means.
The basic detector apparatus employed in accordance with the
present invention comprises a sensor constructed of conventional
microwave hardware including a microwave generator and isolator, a
wave guide coupler, a reflected power detector, and a window of a
material substantially transparent to microwave energy, and a
signal means for converting the reflected power signal generated by
the sensor to a surface condition signal.
The sensor can be assembled in a small package suitable for
installation directly in the road surface and is unaffected by the
environment or by the passage of vehicles. The power supply and
signal means may be remote from the sensor assembly.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic representation of a preferred form of the
basic detector apparatus illustrating the essential elements
therein.
FIG. 2 is a diagramatic representation of one alternative form of
the basic apparatus of FIG. 1 illustrating different means for
measuring the power of the reflected signal.
FIG. 3 is a diagramatic representation of a further modification of
the basic apparatus of FIG. 1 wherein the ratio of reflected power
to incident power is used to indicate the condition of the
surface.
FIG. 4 is a diagramatic representation of one alternative form of
the apparatus of FIG. 3 illustrating a different means for
measuring the power of the generated signal.
FIG. 5 is a diagramatic representation of a further modification of
the basic apparatus wherein the temperature of the surface is
measured, and means for heating the window above the freezing point
of water are provided.
FIG. 6 is a diagramatic representation of a modification of the
apparatus of FIG. 5 wherein two windows are used, one heated and
one unheated, and a magic tee is employed to determine the
difference between and the sum of the signals reflected from each
window.
FIG. 7 is a diagramatic representation of the packaged sensor
installed in a roadway and connected by electrical cables to a
power source and output signal means remote from the sensor.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of a typical calibration curve showing
the relationship between the nature and thickness of the coating on
the window and the level reflected microwave energy.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In accordance with one preferred method of the present invention,
microwaves are directed through a direction coupler to a
transparent window installed substantially flush with the surface
to be monitored. The microwaves are partially transmitted through
the window and lost to the atmosphere, and partially reflected. The
extent to which the microwave energy is reflected is dependent upon
the condition of the surface of the window: if the window is clear,
substantially all the energy will be transmitted, while if the
window is covered by a coating of ice or water, a substantial
amount of the incident energy will be reflected, the proportion of
energy reflected depending upon the thickness and nature of the
coating.
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic illustration of the basic elements of the
apparatus which serves to define the principle of operation.
Microwaves generated at 11 are coupled to a ferrite isolater 12
which functions to protect the generator from reflected waves and
to keep the power level and frequency of the generated signal
constant in spite of variations in reflected signal and drastic
load changes. Wave guide 13 couples the ferrite isolater to window
14 which can be constructed of any dielectric material which is
substantially transparent to microwave energy, as for example
polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, copolymers of hexafluoropropylene
and tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, and Rexolite, a cross-linded
styrene copolymer having a dielectric constant of about 2.5 at a
frequency of 10,000 GH.sub.z which is a product of American Enka
Corporation, Brand-Rex Dividion, Willimantic, Connecticut and is
offered for use in microwave systems. The wave guide is depicted in
the Figure as a straight member but it is not necessarily so
limited and may include elbows or other curved members if necessary
or desirable for purposes of construction.
The microwave energy reflected at the window travels back along the
hollow wave guide 13 and meets directional coupler 15 which bleeds
from the main guide a small proportion of the reflected energy. A
crystal rectifier 16 positioned in directional coupler 15 is
actuated by the reflected energy, and the output from the crystal
is amplified by amplifier 17 and actuates signal means 18 which may
be an ammeter to quantitatively show the level of reflected energy,
or may be a warning light, sign, or other signal means actuated
only when the reflected energy surpasses a predetermined level
indicating the presence of a dangerous surface condition.
The basic method and apparatus of FIG. 1 is subject to innumerable
modifications, alterations, refinements and even improvements for
specific applications. Examples of various mechanical and
electrical assemblies embodying the basic concept of the invention
as illustrated in FIG. 1 are illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 6. For
a better understanding of the invention, its method of operation,
and the advantages to be attained with its use, reference should be
had to the illustrations and following description of FIGS. 2
through 6. Yet other variations will be readily apparent to those
skilled in the art, and the invention is accordingly not to be
limited by the details of this description.
A modified form of the basic apparatus as shown in FIG. 2 differs
from FIG. 1 principally by using a probe and detector 19 to measure
changes in standing waves as an indication of variations in
reflected energy. In this variation of the apparatus, the reflected
signal sets up standing waves in the hollow wave guide 13, and the
phase and amplitude of these waves depends upon the extent of
reflected signal energy. A microwave detector such as a probe and
crystal rectifier can be installed in the wave guide or coupled to
it at any point where the standing waves exist. The output from the
detector is fed to an amplifier and signal means as in FIG. 1. The
probe and rectifier 19 might alternatively be any of several other
well-known devices for detecting microwaves in a hollow wave guide,
such as a loop or hole combined with any suitable type of
rectifier.
In FIG. 3 there is shown a further modification of the basic
apparatus wherein the surface condition is determined as a function
of the ratio of reflected energy to incident energy. The advantage
of this system over those of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that any variation in
the output of the microwave generator is automatically compensated
for. The apparatus also provides a fial safe warning system in the
even the generator malfunctions or the power supply is interrupted.
In FIG. 3, microwaves generated at 11 are coupled to ferrite
isolator 12 which in turn is coupled to window 14 by hollow wave
guide 13. Incident microwaves passing from the ferrite isolator to
the window pass directional coupler 20 where a small amount of the
energy is bled off and activates crystal rectifier 21. Reflected
microwave signal energy passing back down wave guide 13 passes
directional coupler 15 where a small amount of energy is bled off
and activates crystal rectifier 16. The outputs from crystal
rectifiers 16 and 21 are fed to amplifier-integrator 22 where the
respective levels of output are compared, and the ratio indicated
by signal means 18.
A modified form of the apparatus is shown in FIG. 4 which differs
from FIG. 3 principally in the means for detecting the levels of
incident and reflected power. In FIG. 4, 3-port circulator 24 is
substituted for ferrite isolator 12 of FIG. 3 and crystal detector
23 is mounted across the wave guide at a point intermediate
microwave generator 11 and the circulator. Crystal detector 23
provides a direct measurement of the microwave generator output.
The circulator functions as an isolator to protect crystal detector
23 and microwave generator 11 from reflected signal energy by
effectively directing all the reflected energy through the side
port where its intensity is measured by crystal detector 25. Output
from crystal detectors 23 and 25 is fed to amplifier-integrator 22
which actuates signal means 18 as described in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a further variation and refinement of FIG. 3 in that it
provides means for measuring the temperature of the window, and
also means for heating the window to a temperature above the normal
freezing point of water. This system provides a method for
determining whether the reflected signal is due to the presence of
ice or water upon the surface of the window. In FIG. 5, the
temperature of window 14, or of a mounting flange containing the
window, is measured by temperature detector 26 which may be a
thermistor or thermocouple. The signal from detector 26 is
amplified by amplifier 29 and fed to signal means 30 which
quantitatively indicates the level of reflected power and has the
additional facility of indicating window temperature. In the event
the window temperature is such that either ice or water could
reasonably be present, the window is heated to a temperature of
about 34.degree.F. by heating element 27 which can be adjacent to
or integral with window 14 and which is actuated by a manually
controlled power supply 28. Simple observation of the level of
reflected power during the heating cycle is sufficient to determine
whether the initially reflected energy was due to ice or water upon
the window since if ice was initially present, the heating will
result in a marked increase in reflected energy as the ice is
melted, while if water was initially present, heating will have no
appreciable effect on the level of reflected power.
The heating cycle and effect of heating on signal energy can be a
manual operation or can be instrumented to function automatically
and give a specific signal for ice, water or slush if such is
desired. Characteristically, an automatic heating cycle can be
imposed when the temperature is in a critical range, and the
reflected energy level is above a minimum value which indicates
that either ice or water is in fact present. Critical temperature
range wherein either ice or water could be present is from about
20.degree.F. to 32.degree.F., considering the effect of ice melting
chemicals on depressing the freezing point of water. The minimum
reflected energy level would be that reasonably experience with a
dry, ice-free window.
Heating the window is preferably accomplished by laminating fine
heating wires in the window itself. The wires should be parallel to
each other and cross-polarized to the microwave electric field so
as not to interfere significantly with the microwave signal.
Alternatively, the wires may be external and adjacent to the
window. It is preferable to heat the window directly to minimize
the heating power required and response time, but it is of course
possible to heat the window indirectly by, for example, heating the
holding flange, but heat loss and power requirements in such a case
are unfavorable.
FIG. 6 is a further refinement of the apparatus of FIG. 5 wherein
two windows are employed, 14a being unheated and 14b being treated
by element 27 connected to power source 28 in order to maintain the
temperature of the window at or above about 34.degree.F. to prevent
the formation of ice thereon. The signal from microwave generator
11 passes through circulator 24 and into wave guide 13. The signal
is divided into equal portions by magic tee 31 with one part
directed to window 14a and the other part to window 14b. Signals
reflected from each window return to the magic tee via their
respective wave guides. Due to the characteristics of the magic
tee, the sum of the reflected signals is directed into wave guide
13 wherein it proceeds to the three-port circulator 24 and is
finally directed to crystal detector 25. The difference in
reflected signals from windows 14a and 14b is formed in the third
arm of the magic tee terminating in crystal detector 32. Signals
from detectors 25 and 32 are fed to amplifier-integrator 22 where
they actuate the signal means to indicate the presence of ice,
slush, or water on the surface being monitored.
The advantage of the modified system of FIG. 6 resides in the
ability of the system to distinguish between the presence of ice
and water on the surface being monitored by virtue of the
differences in signal reflected from the windows. By way of
illustration, when the surface being monitored is either clear or
wet, the reflection from each window is the same, and crystal
detector 32 will register zero input. When the surface is covered
with ice, window 14a will be covered with ice while heated window
14b will be wet but remain ice free. Under these circumstances, the
energy reflected from window 14b will be substantially greater than
that reflected from window 14a, and the difference in signal energy
registered by detector 32 will indicate the difference in surface
condition of the two windows. The distinction between clear and wet
windows is made by detector 25 which registers total reflected
signal. When both windows are clear, detector 32 registers no
difference and detector 25 registers low total reflectance. When
both windows are wet, detector 32 still registers no difference but
now detector 25 registers a high value of total reflected energy.
When ice is present, detector 32 registers a high value
differential reflected energy while detector 25 registers an
intermediate level of total reflected energy. The presence of slush
on the surface rather than ice results in readings on both
detectors intermediate those for ice and water. Thus, by comparing
the absolute and relative values of the two crystal detectors, it
is possible to obtain an unambiguous indication that the surface is
clear, wet, or covered with ice or slush.
FIG. 7 illustrates one typical installation of the packaged sensor
apparatus in a road bed. In the figure, the sensor is housed in
cylindrical shell 3 with the window 14 protruding through and being
flush with the surface of upper flange 34. The cylindrical shell is
closed by lower flange 35, both upper and lower flanges being
equipped with gaskets or o-rings to provide a hermetic seal. Power
input to the unit for operation of the microwave generator and the
window heating element where utilized, and the energy output from
the crystal detectors and the window temperature detector where
utilized is accomplished via electrical cables 37 which enter the
cylindrical shell through hermetically sealed connection 36.
The details of the electrical circuits involved in transmitting the
output energy to the signal means have not been included in the
preceding description. Similar output systems are presently used in
conjunction with microwave apparatus designed for measuring for
example the thickness or dielectric constant of a given material,
and this feature of the invention is accordingly largely
conventional and within the knowledge of those skilled in the art
of instrumentation.
The invention requires that the relationship between the reflected
microwave energy and the condition of the window surface by
established. Calibration of the detection device is easily
accomplished by coating the window with well known thicknesses of
ice and water and measuring the level of microwave reflection. A
typical calibration curve is shown in FIG. 8. As illustrated by
this figure, the output from the crystal detector actuated by the
reflected microwave signal increased from 0 to about 160 mV as the
coating of ice increased from 0 to about 0.12 inches and thicker.
Likewise, the reflected power level increased from 0 to about
230-250 mV as the depth of water increased from 0 to 0.03 inches
and deeper. The actual output values will vary depending on the
nature of the apparatus and crystal detectors employed in the
sensor, and the values given in FIG. 8 have no particular
significance other than to illustrate the relative differences in
signals obtained for ice and water.
It is apparent from the data of FIG. 8 that the invention is
sensitive to extremely thin coatings of ice or water and that ice
reflects significantly less energy than water. This difference in
reflection makes it possible to distinguish between ice and water
with great reliability as discussed in relation to the operation of
the apparatus depicted in FIG. 5 to 7. In the most circumstances
where the presence of ice or water is sought to be determined, the
environmental conditions will be such that either water or ice can
be present and it becomes necessary therefore to utilize the
differences in reflected microwave energy to distinguish between
ice and water. Under some conditions, however, the environmental
conditions will determine that only ice or water but not both can
exist. For example, in measuring the surface condition of an
aircraft flying at high altitude any reflected energy would
necessarily indicate the presence of ice and call for action
accordingly, the presence of water being dismissed by the
environmental conditions. Likewise, any positive reading of
reflected energy when the ambient temperature is above freezing
would be taken as an unambiguous indication of the presence of
moisture. Under these circumstances the most basic apparatus of
FIG. 1 can be employed with good results.
A preferred microwave signal generator for use in the apparatus of
the present invention is a Gunn effect oscillator, operating at a
frequency of about 10 GHz and a power output of about 25 mW. Input
power requirements are relatively low, and typically about 450 mA
at 10V. Any other microwave signal source capable of generating a
signal of constant frequency and power over extended period of time
may also be used, as for example a low power reflex kylstron
tube.
Those elements of the above described apparatus designated as
crystal rectifiers or detectors may be of any tuned wave guide type
of detector, whether or not employing crystals, which is suitable
for quantitatively detecting or rectifying microwaves to direct
current.
Although hollow wave guides for conveying signal energy were shown
for purposes of illustration in the preceding description, the
guide means need not be restricted to this type of construction,
but guides constructed of coaxial cable for example may also be
used.
Other variations in the assembly or operation of the apparatus
which employ the basic principle of the instant invention for
detecting the presence of ice or moisture on a surface by means of
reflected microwaves can be envisioned. For example, it is
contemplated that the system may employ two or more sensors for
detection at multiple points with results indicated on one or more
remote signal means. In systems including a plurality of sensors,
one or more windows may be heated to prevent the formation of ice
thereon and to serve as a basis of comparison in determining
whether reflected energy from unheated windows is due to ice or
water according to the general method described in reference to
FIG. 6.
The method described herein may be used in conjunction with other
instruments and detectors, to determine for example air temperature
and relative humidity as well as surface temperature in order to
predict the incipient formation of moisture, frost, or ice on the
surface. The presence and concentration of salt or other ice
melting chemicals on the surface being monitored may be determined
by measuring for example conductivity or dielectric constant of
moisture on the surface as further aid to predicting the freezing
point on the surface moisture.
Other variations and combinations of the present invention will be
apparent to those skilled in the art as the invention is applied to
specific fact situations, and the scope of the present invention is
accordingly not to be limited except as defined in the claims.
* * * * *