U.S. patent number 3,836,815 [Application Number 05/256,252] was granted by the patent office on 1974-09-17 for emergency instant-start lighting system for arc discharge devices.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Rollie R. Herzog.
United States Patent |
3,836,815 |
Herzog |
September 17, 1974 |
EMERGENCY INSTANT-START LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR ARC DISCHARGE
DEVICES
Abstract
An emergency lighting system for at least one arc discharge
device, utilizing an impedance mismatch between the emergency
lighting system and a ballast provided for normal 60 Hz. power
operation. This emergency lighting system will be activated when a
normal AC voltage source falls below a predetermined level, and
operates the arc discharge devices in an instant-start lighting
system mode without the requirement for active switching between
the normal and emergency modes of operation.
Inventors: |
Herzog; Rollie R. (Danville,
IL) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(Indianapolis, IN)
|
Family
ID: |
22971554 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/256,252 |
Filed: |
May 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/86; 307/73;
315/174; 307/66; 315/171 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02J
9/065 (20130101); Y02B 70/30 (20130101); Y04S
20/20 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H02J
9/06 (20060101); H02j 009/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/86,87,160,171,174,175,DIG.7 ;307/64,66,73,DIG.7
;336/155,160,165 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wibert; Ronald L.
Assistant Examiner: Rosenberger; Richard A.
Claims
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent
of the United States is:
1. An emergency lighting system for arc discharge devices and for
use with a normal A.C. ballast having a starting capacitor
comprising:
a first and second means for electrically connecting the emergency
lighting system across at least a pair of serially connected arc
discharge devices;
means for connecting said first means to the starting
capacitor;
the starting capacitor being adapted to be connected across at
least one of the pair of arc discharge devices for providing
starting assistance during the normal and emergency modes;
circuit means for providing emergency power having an input means
for connection to an emergency power source;
said circuit means having first and second output means;
capacitance means connected between said first means and said first
output means of said circuit means for providing a high impedance
when power for the arc discharge devices is provided through the
normal A.C. ballast;
said circuit means operating at least one of the pair of arc
discharge devices at a frequency at which the normal A.C. ballast
will have a relatively high impedance; means for inhibiting
operation of said circuit means until normal A.C. voltage drops
below a predetermined level, wherein said predetermined level could
be substantially above zero.
2. The system as in claim 1 wherein said emergency power source
comprises a DC power source.
3. The system as in claim 1 wherein said DC power source is a
rechargeable power source and further including:
means for recharging the power source.
4. The system as in claim 1 including a multiple of series
connected capacitor units, each unit comprising at least one
capacitive device, connected in series with said first output of
said circuit means.
5. The system as in claim 1 wherein said circuit means is an
inverter.
6. The system as in claim 5 wherein said inverter is a tuned
secondary, two-transistor, self-oscillating inverter.
7. A system as in claim 1 wherein said emergency lighting system is
adapted for operating fluorescent lamps of the rapid start type in
an instant start mode.
8. A system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said circuit means
operates in a frequency range of 5.75 to 7.5 KHz for maximizing
ballast impedance.
9. A system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the frequency of said
circuit means is such that the starting capacitor exhibits a
relatively low impedance during the operation of said circuit means
whereby at least one of the pair of arc discharge devices is
inactivated during the emergency operation.
10. An emergency lighting system for arc discharge devices and for
use with a normal A.C. ballast comprising:
a first and second means for connecting the emergency lighting
system across at least one arc discharge device;
circuit means for providing emergency power having an input means
for connection to an emergency power source;
said circuit means having first and second output means;
means for activating said circuit means when normal power drops
below a predetermined level, wherein said predetermined level could
be substantially above zero; said circuit means being operated in
such frequency range so that the normal A.C. ballast will exhibit
substantially its highest impedance across the at least one arc
discharge device; capacitance means connected between said first
means and said first output means for providing a high impedance
when the power for the at least one arc discharge devices is
provided through the normal A.C. ballast.
11. A system as set forth in claim 10 wherein said circuit means
operates in a frequency range of 5.75 to 7.5 KHz.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an instant-start stand-by power
system which will provide emergency lighting when the normal source
of power for an arc discharge lighting system fails. This emergency
lighting system may be utilized with rapid-start lamps,
instant-start lamps, trigger-start lamps, or high intensity
discharge lamps. Typically, rapid-start lighting systems comprise
one or a plurality of serially connected arc discharge devices.
When more than one arc discharge device is used in a series
connection, a starting capacitor is included in a well-known
electrical configuration to aid starting of the discharge
devices.
Emergency lighting systems are well known in the art. Rapid-start
lighting systems utilizing serially connected arc discharge devices
with an associated starting capacitor are well known, as evidenced
by Pat. No. 2,796,554, issued to C. E. Strecker and assigned to the
assignee of the present application.
Utilizing an emergency power source for a rapid-start lighting
system provides numerous problems. One problem arises when a high
frequency inverter powered from an independent source of power is
utilized as the emergency power source. The circuitry associated
with a high frequency inverter has had an effect on starting an arc
discharge device when the normal 60 Hz. source of supply is
operatively connected to the lighting system and the converse has
likewise been true, in that the ballast utilized with the normal
source of supply has had an effect on the powering of the arc
discharge from an emergency supply, leading to the necessary
inclusion of active switching devices.
The foregoing problems have been substantially eliminated,
according to my invention, by providing an impedance mismatch
between the ballast and the emergency power system. An illustrative
embodiment of my invention as it is used in an emergency power
system for providing means for instant starting of a rapid-start
lighting system of the type utilizing a starting capacitance
connected across all but one of a plurality of serially connected
arc discharge devices is hereinafter described in detail.
Typical ballasts for rapid-start lighting systems have a
characteristic impedance when measured across the lamps. This
impedance conveniently may have a resonant frequency at
approximately 6.5 KHz. At this resonant frequency, the ballast will
present its highest impedance across the lamps a frequency range of
5.75 KHz to 7.5 KHz, which is approximately 6.5 KHz, is acceptable
for most fluorescent ballasts. By utilizing an emergency lighting
inverter to operate at this resonant frequency, the ballast will
present a high impedance to the inverter. The operating frequency
of the inverter is also sufficiently high, such that the impedance
of the starting capacitor, shunting all but one of the lamps, will
be a low impedance and prevent the shunted lamp from starting. This
insures that only the lamp or lamps which are not shunted by
starting capacitors will operate in the emergency mode. Likewise,
the output terminals of the inverter, which are across the serially
connected arc discharge devices, will provide a high impedance at
the normal operating frequency of the ballast in the rapid-start
lighting system. This impedance mismatch of ballast-to-inverter and
inverter-to-ballast allows both devices to operate the arc
discharge devices without active switching being required. Also
with a starting capacitor shunting all but one fluorescent lamp,
only one lamp is operated in the emergency mode.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of my invention to provide a new and
improved emergency power system for an arc discharge lighting
system.
It is another object of my invention to provide a new and improved
emergency power system which will have minimum effect on normal
starting of an arc discharge lighting system when a 60 Hz. source
of supply is utilized to power the arc discharge lighting
system.
It is another object of my invention to provide a new and improved
emergency power system for rapid-start arc discharge devices which
will start and operate these rapid-start lamps in an instant-start
mode regardless of whether or not the 60 Hz. ballast had recently
been operating the lamps.
It is a further object of my invention to provide a new and
improved emergency power system for rapid-start arc discharge
devices without the utilization of active switching between the
inverter and the 60 Hz. ballast usually associated with such arc
discharge devices.
Briefly stated, and according to one aspect of the invention, the
foregoing objects are achieved by utilizing an impedance mismatch
between the emergency power system and the ballast of the arc
discharge devices. The new and improved emergency instant-start
lighting system, when utilized with a rapid-start lamp system,
includes an inverter powered from a DC power source such as a
battery. The inverter provides a high impedance to the normal 60
Hz. power source and is held off until the normal 60 Hz. power
source falls below a predetermined level. When activated, the high
frequency output of the inverter is applied across the serially
connected arc discharge devices at a frequency at which a starting
capacitor utilized in the lighting system presents a low impedance
path to the emergency power current, and the AC ballast acts as a
high impedance, thus powering the arc discharge devices, which are
not shunted by a starting capacitor, from the high frequency
inverter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention, both as to its organization and principle of
operation together with further objects and advantages thereof, may
better be understood by reference to the following detailed
description of an embodiment of the invention when taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the basic components of an
emergency lighting system.
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating the basic concepts of an
emergency instant-start lighting system for rapid-start arc
discharge devices utilizing a starting capacitor in accordance with
this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1, a power source 10, usually at 60 Hz., is connected to
ballast 12 which in turn activates and ballasts lamp unit 14. A
second power source 15 is connected to charge emergency power
source 20, normally a battery, through charger 22 and is also
connected to inverter holdoff means 18. When the voltage of power
source 15 falls below a predetermined level, the reduced voltage on
holdoff means 18 causes release of its holdoff on inverter 16.
Emergency power is then supplied to lamp 14 through inverter 16.
Power sources 10 and 15 are supplied from a common source so that
the reduced voltage appears at both power sources. However, power
source 10 may be switched to permit the lighting system to be
deliberately turned off, while power source 15 is unswitched so as
to energize the holdoff means when the lighting system is switched
off.
Referring now to FIG. 2, inverter 16, which will provide emergency
power to a rapid-start lighting system 24, comprises transformer 30
with feedback windings 31 and 32, primary windings 33 and 34, and
secondary winding 36. Feedback windings 31 and 32 are serially
connected to each other at a common terminal and poled as shown in
FIG. 2.
The free end of feedback winding 31 is connected through a parallel
combination of resistor 37 and capacitor 38 to the base of a PNP
transistor 26. Likewise, the free end of feedback winding 32 is
connected through the parallel combination of resistor 39 and
capacitor 40 to the base of transistor 25. The emitters of
transistors 25 and 26 are connected together and are further
connected to the positive terminal of battery 35 and the common
terminal of feedback windings 31 and 32.
Primary windings 33 and 34, which are poled as shown in FIG. 2, are
connected serially and, at their common terminal, are connected to
the negative terminal of a battery 35. The free end of primary
winding 33 is connected to the collector of PNP transistor 25.
Likewise, the free end of the primary winding 34 is connected to
the collector of transistor 26. The base of transistor 25 is
connected through resistor 44 to the negative terminal of battery
35.
The ends of the secondary 36 of transformer 30 are connected to a
capacitor 41, which tunes the inverter to a predetermined frequency
and which transformer ends provide the power during emergency
conditions to operate the arc discharge lamps illustratively used
to describe the invention. Two separately packaged multiple
capacitor units 46 and 47 are connected in series between one end
of the secondary winding 36 and the lighting system 52. Multiple
capacitor unit 46 comprises serially connected capacitors 48 and
49, and multiple capacitor unit 47 comprises serially connected
capacitors 50 and 51. The multiple capacitor units 46 and 47 are
provided to keep all voltage stress below the corona level. The
capacitor units 46 and 47 also, and more importantly, provide a
capacitive coupling between inverter 16 and rapid-start system 24
and further provide a high impedance mismatch respective the normal
60 Hz. power source.
In order to prevent the inverter 16 from turning on until a power
failure is realized, holdoff means 18 is provided. When the
rapid-start system is operating normally, holdoff means 18, which
is described and claimed in patent by W. M. Niederjohn, U.S. Pat.
No. 3,771,012 issued Nov. 6, 1973 filed May 24, 1972, and assigned
to the present assignee, receives a 60 Hz. voltage across primary
winding 42 of transformer A. This voltage is transformed to
secondary winding 43 of transformer A and applied across a full
wave rectifier 52 comprising diodes 52a, 52b, 52c, and 52d, with
output terminals 53 and 54 to charge capacitor 55 connected between
terminals 53 and 54. Terminal 53 is further connected to the base
of transistor 25 through the serial connection of resistor 56 and
diode 57 and to the base of transistor 26 through the serial
connection of resistor 58 and diode 59 to provide current of a
magnitude sufficient to reverse bias transistors 25 and 26 to hold
the inverter 16 in the off state.
Transformer A is provided with a second secondary winding 60
connected at a first end to the positive terminal of battery 35.
The other end or second end of secondary winding 60 is connected
through a properly poled diode 61 to the negative terminal of
battery 35 to provide a means for charging battery 35. One end of a
pilot light 62 is connected to the second end of the secondary
winding 60 through a diode 63, diode 63 being poled to operate on
alternate half cycles respective diode 61. The second end of pilot
light 62 is connected to the first end of secondary winding 60.
First and second means 64 and 65 for receiving an arc discharge
device are provided to receive the free ends of series lamps 66 and
67. First and second means 64 and 65 provide the electrical
connection between lighting system 24 and the output from inverter
16 as at points B and C. Lighting system 24, which comprises arc
discharge devices 66 and 67, here in the form of fluorescent lamps,
serially connected in a manner well known in the art, further
comprises an AC ballast 12 connected across the serially connected
devices 66 and 67. Ballast 12 includes terminals or leads 68 and 69
for receiving the normal 60 Hz. AC voltage and includes a starting
capacitor 70 connected across fluorescent lamp 66 in a manner well
known in the art to provide for rapid starting.
During normal operation, the 60 Hz. voltage is applied to the AC
ballast 12 at terminals 68 and 69 to operate arc discharge devices
66 and 67 in a manner well known in the art and to the primary
winding 42 of transformer A of holdoff circuit 18. The voltage at
primary winding 42 is transformed to secondary winding 60 of
transformer A and then is rectified by diodes 61 and 63 to allow
the battery 35 to be charged on the first half cycles from the 60
Hz. voltage and to allow an associated pilot light 62 to be
activated on the second half cycles from the AC signal. The pilot
light 62 will therefore indicate that power is on and being applied
to the charging circuit for the battery.
Inverter 16, which illustratively is a tuned secondary, two
transistor, self-oscillating inverter, is held off by holdoff
circuit 18 in the presence of the normal 60 Hz. power source. When
the normal 60 Hz. voltage is present at the primary winding 42 of
transformer A, capacitor 55 is charged through rectifier 52 to
produce a positive potential which is applied through resistors 56
and 58 in conjunction with diodes 57 and 59 respectively to the
bases of transistors 25 and 26 respectively to reverse bias
transistors 25 and 26 and to hold the inverter 16 in the off
state.
When the normal 60 Hz. voltage is significantly reduced, capacitor
55 will discharge removing the effect of holdoff circuit 18. The
emergency source voltage from battery 35 is applied to inverter 16
to allow current to flow through the emitter base junction of
transistor 25 and starting resistor 44. This current forward biases
transistor 25 into conduction applying a voltage equal to the
battery voltage less the voltage drop between the collector and
emitter of transistor 25 to primary winding 33 of transformer 30.
The voltage transformed to feedback winding 32 of transformer 30 in
conjunction with resistor 39 and capacitor 40 biases transistor 25
into saturation. A tuned circuit, comprising the leakage reactance
of transformer 30 and secondary winding 36 in parallel with
capacitor 41 and the series combination of the capacitive value of
multiple capacitor units 46 and 47, starting capacitor 70, and the
resistance of arc discharge device 67 is set to resonate at an
approximate frequency of 6.5 KHz, which is in the range of 5.75 KHz
to 7.5 KHz. The voltage transformed from primary winding 33 to
secondary winding 36 charges the equivalent capacitance of this
tuned circuit. When the circuit resonates and the capacitance
discharges into tuned winding 36, feedback winding 32 is forced to
reverse its polarity as the voltage goes through zero. Transistor
25 is then reverse biased and comes out of saturation. At the same
time, feedback winding 31 forward biases transistor 26 which
applies a third voltage equal to battery voltage less the voltage
drop between the collector and emitter of transistor 26, to primary
winding 34 of transformer 30. The equivalent capacitance of the
tuned circuit is charged in the opposite direction. When the
voltage again goes through zero, transistor 26 is biased off,
transistor 25 on, and the inverter 16 has completed one cycle.
Starting capacitor 70 in AC ballast 12 effectively shorts out arc
discharge device 66 at 6.5 KHz. and provides emergency power to arc
discharge device 67. Capacitors 38 and 40 are used to speed up the
reaction time of transistors 25 and 26 respectively. Inverter 16
will thus start and continue to run whenever appropriate voltage is
applied to transistors 25 and 26.
The secondary 36 of transformer 30 provides sufficient voltage to
start rapid-start lamps in the instant-start mode, that is, with no
lamp filament heat provided. This mode of starting allows the
emergency lighting system to start a lamp even when the lamp has
not recently been operated.
The foregoing has shown that, when the normal 60 Hz. voltage is
significantly reduced, capacitor 55 will discharge and allow the
inverter 16 to take over powering lamp 67 at a reduced light output
preferentially at about 20 percent of the normal power at 60
Hz.
It has further been shown that the capacitance of multiple
capacitor units 46 and 47 provide a high impedance at 60 Hz. thus
substantially reducing the electrical effect between the inverter
16 and the lighting system during the normal mode of 60 Hz. ballast
operations. Likewise, at 6.5 KHz. (the approximate operating
frequency of inverter 16) the AC ballast 12 forms a high impedance
and thus substantially reduces the electrical effect of the ballast
12 and does not substantially hinder the operation of the emergency
system. The emergency power system and the ballast of the arc
discharge devices are impedance mismatched and each does not
substantially affect the operation of the other.
It has been shown that, by providing an instant-start, standby
emergency power system, which will be activated when the normal 60
Hz. source falls below a predetermined level and wherein the
emergency power system is impedance mismatched to the ballast of an
arc discharge device or devices, a reliable emergency system to
provide instant starting of an arc discharge lighting system
without the use of active switching can be obtained.
While an embodiment and application of this invention has been
shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the
art that modifications are possible without departing from the
inventive concepts herein described. The invention, therefore, is
not to be restricted except as is necessary by the prior art and by
the spirit of the appended claims.
* * * * *