U.S. patent number 3,836,333 [Application Number 05/293,396] was granted by the patent office on 1974-09-17 for system for timing the coagulation of blood.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Technidyne Corporation. Invention is credited to Michael D. Mintz.
United States Patent |
3,836,333 |
Mintz |
September 17, 1974 |
SYSTEM FOR TIMING THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Abstract
Sensitivity of a magnetically coupled mechanical blood clot
timing system is increased by providing an adjustable source of
steady and time varying magnetic flux lines which couple a
ferromagnetic member immersed in the blood sample with a variable
conductance device disposed adjacent to the test vessel. A relative
motion is produced between the member and the vessel. A
predetermined change in the conductance of the device is detected
when the blood clots and there is a change in the magnetic flux
lines. Stability of the system is improved by shaping the test
vessel to permit free rotation of the member.
Inventors: |
Mintz; Michael D. (Edison Twp.,
Middlesex County, NJ) |
Assignee: |
International Technidyne
Corporation (Edison, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
26691720 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/293,396 |
Filed: |
September 29, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
19003 |
Mar 2, 1970 |
3695842 |
Oct 3, 1972 |
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
422/73;
73/64.41 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
33/4905 (20130101); G01N 11/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
11/00 (20060101); G01N 33/49 (20060101); G01n
011/10 (); G01n 033/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;23/259,23R,23B,253R
;73/54,64.1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Reese; Robert M.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
19,003, filed Mar. 12, 1970, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,695,842.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system of timing the occurrence of the transformation of blood
from a liquid to a clot comprising
a vessel containing said blood,
a member of ferromagnetic material disposed within said vessel,
means for providing relative motion between said vessel and said
member,
an independent source of magnetic flux lines,
variable conductance means magnetically coupled through the walls
of said vessel to said member by way of said magnetic flux lines
for varying the electrical conductance upon change in said magnetic
flux lines when the blood transforms itself and said member changes
position relative to said variable conductance means.
2. The system of claim 1 in which there is provided a permanent
magnet disposed beneath said vessel thereby to provide a
substantial magnetic force for maintaining said member in a
preferred predetermined position relative to said variable
conductance means.
3. The system of claim 1 in which there is provided means for
recording said time of occurrence of the transformation.
4. The system of claim 1 in which said vessel comprises a
nonferromagnetic cylinder closed at one end and having pivot means
extending from said closed end to allow free stable rotational
movement of said ferromagnetic member relative to the inner walls
of said vessel.
5. The system of claim 4 in which there is provided means for
gripping said transformed blood to said inner walls.
6. The system of claim 1 in which said independent source of
magnetic flux lines comprises a coil,
an energy source connected to said coil for providing through said
coil an electrical energy flow to produce said magnetic flux lines,
and
means for adjusting said energy flow through said coil.
7. The system of claim 6 in which said energy source is steady and
said electrical energy flow is adjusted by said adjusting means to
maintain said variable conductance means in a closed circuit
condition by said magnetic flux lines with said member in a
predetermined position relative to said variable conductance
means.
8. The system of claim 6 in which said energy source varies with
time and said electrical energy flow is adjusted by said adjusting
means to cause said variable conductance means to attain a closed
circuit condition by said magnetic flux lines with said member in a
predetermined position relative to said variable conductance
means.
9. The system of claim 6 in which said variable conductance means
comprises reed switch means and said coil is solenoidal with said
reed switch disposed in the center thereof.
10. A nonferromagnetic reaction vessel for containing a liquid in
which the time it takes for blood to transform itself from a liquid
to a clot is analyzed comprising
said reaction vessel having bottom and inner surface,
a ferromagnetic member disposed within said vessel, and
pivot means extending from said bottom to allow unrestrained
rotational movement of said member relative to said inner
surface.
11. The reaction vessel of claim 10 in which said vessel and said
pivot means comprise an integral molded structure.
12. The reaction vessel of claim 10 in which there is provided a
stopper for containing said member and said blood within said
vessel, said stopper having diaphram means for receiving hypodermic
injection of said blood into said vessel.
13. The reaction vessel of claim 10 in which there is provided at
least one member extending from said inner surface for gripping
said clot to said inner surface, said extending member being
positioned in said vessel to allow clearance for the movement of
said ferromagnetic member.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of art of the analysis of blood
as it transforms itself from a liquid to a solidified mass commonly
called a clot or thrombus.
2. B. Prior Art
The present invention is a continuation in part of the invention of
patent application Ser. No. 19,003, filed March 12, 1970 and issued
with amendments Oct. 3, 1972 as a U.S. Pat. No. 3,695,842 for A
Method and System for Analyzing a Liquid, having the same applicant
and assignee as the present invention. Such prior application
describes in detail a magnetically coupled mechanical blood clot
detection system wherein a variable conductance device is disposed
adjacent to a zone containing the liquid and a member of
ferromagnetic material is disposed within the zone. A circuit of
magnetic flux lines is formed between the device and the member,
and a relative motion is imparted between the zone and the member.
A predetermined variation in the conductance of the device is
detected upon change in the magnetic flux lines when the liquid
transforms itself and the member is displaced. A signal is produced
at the time the predetermined variation in conductance has been
detected.
It is further described in the foregoing patent application that an
additional magnet may be used to provide the variable conductance
device with a magnetic bias and that such variable conductance
device may be in the form of a magnetic reed switch, whereby the
magnetic bias may be effective to adjust the sensitivity of such
reed switch to displacements of the ferromagnetic member.
It is still further described in the foregoing patent application
that the variable conductance device may have secured thereto pole
extensions such that the ferromagnetic member is maintained in a
predetermined initial position by means of magnetic forces between
the member and such pole extensions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A system for automatically determining the time of occurrence of
the transformation of blood from a liquid to a solidified mass or
blood clot. A member of ferromagnetic material is disposed within a
vessel containing the blood. A magnetically sensitive variable
conductance device is disposed adjacent to the vessel. Steady and
time varying magnetic flux lines couple the member and the device
through the walls of the vessel. A relative motion is produced
between the vessel and the member. When the blood transforms itself
the member is displaced from an initial predetermined position
relative to the device resulting in a change in the magnetic flux
lines. The conductance of the device is changed by a predetermined
change in the magnetic flux lines. A chronographic instrument
records the time of occurrence of the change in conductance.
Further in accordance with the invention the inner wall of the
vessel may be shaped to facilitate free, stable rotational motion
of the member relative to the walls of the vessel and projections
therefrom.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a basic detection system including test vessel,
variable conductance device, ferromagnetic member, magnetic biasing
features, and analyzer system.
FIG. 2 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention of a
differing shaped test vessel.
FIG. 3 illustrates an electrical block diagram of the magnetic bias
circuit of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates an electrical block diagram of the analyzer
systems of FIGS. 1 and 2.
BASIC DETECTION SYSTEM
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a basic system of detecting
the occurrence of the transformation of blood from a liquid to a
blood clot or thrombus. Tube 10 may be a glass or plastic
cylindrical test tube with inner side wall 10a, inner bottom
surface 10b and outer side wall 10c. A member 15 of ferromagnetic
material is immersed in blood 12 and lies on the inner surface 10a-
b of tube 10. When tube 10 is inclined with axis of symmetry at
some angle, 60.degree. for example, from the vertical, member 15
touches inner side wall 10a and inner bottom surface 10b.
A variable conductance device comprising magnetic reed switch 17 is
located beneath tube 10 with metal reeds 17a- b of switch 17
preferably parallel to member 15. Magnetic pole extensions 17c- d
extend from reeds 17a- b to closely approach outer side wall 10c of
tube 10 at points adjacent to the ends of member 15. A magnetic
bias coil 161 of solenoidal form surrounds reed switch 17 with the
internal magnetic flux lines produced thereby essentially colinear
with reeds 17a- b.
In the foregoing manner a circuit of magnetic flux lines is formed
between member 15, pole extensions 17c- d and reeds 17a- b through
the inner and outer surfaces of tube 10. In the embodiment of the
invention shown in FIG. 1 member 15 is a solid cylindrical element
that may be characterized by a degree of permanent magnetization.
Magnetic flux lines resulting from the combined magnetic source
strengths of member 15 and coil 161 are effective to cause reeds
17a- b to close and remain closed with member 15 in its illustrated
position.
In operation, switch 17 is maintained fixed or stationary and test
tube 10 is rotated about its axis in the illustrated clockwise
direction. As test tube 10 is rotated, member 15 rolls freely and
remains substantially in its illustrated initial predetermined
lowest position as a result of the forces of gravity and the
magnetic attraction of member 15 to pole extensions 17c- d. In this
manner there is produced a relative motion between the inner
surface 10a- b of test tube 10 and member 15.
As the blood transforms itself from a liquid to a clot, mechanical
and adhesive forces are formed by the solidified blood mass between
member 15 and inner walls 10a- b of tube 10. When such forces are
of sufficient magnitude to overcome the foregoing gravitational and
magnetic forces, member 15 tends to rotate with tube 10 and is
thereby caused to depart from its initial predetermined
position.
As member 15 is displaced there is a resultant reduction in the
magnetic flux lines which maintain reeds 17a- b closed. When this
displacement is sufficient and the reduction of magnetic flux lines
has progressed to a sufficient degree, reeds 17a- b open. This
opening of the reed switch is detected by an analyzer system 20 in
a manner later to be described.
The permanent magnetization of member 15 may not always be of
sufficient magnitude to maintain reeds 17a- b closed when member 15
is in its initial predetermined position. In such case magnetic
bias coil 161 may be energized by a steady electrical current from
magnetic bias circuit 160 such that the combined flux strength of
member 15 and of magnetic bias coil 161 is sufficient to maintain
reeds 17a- b closed. On the other hand, this magnetic bias is not
so strong as to maintain reeds 17a- b closed when member 15 is
displaced from its initial position by a predetermined distance of
half the inside diameter of the test tube 10, for example. By
reversing the current in coil 161 the resulting magnetic flux may
be effective to decrease the magnetic strength of member 15 in
those cases where the permanent magnetization of member 15 provides
an excessive magnetic flux.
Specifically it will be seen that the magnetic bias produced by a
predetermined steady current in coil 161 is effective to adjust the
opening sensitivity of switch 17 to predetermined displacements of
member 15 relative to switch 17.
Due to a process of hysteresis the magnetization of member 15 and
steady magnetic bias of coil 161 may not always be of sufficient
magnitude to cause reeds 17a- b to close when member 15 is first
placed in its initial position. In such case magnetic bias coil 161
may be energized by a short burst or pulse of current from magnetic
bias circuit 160 such that a time varying magnetic bias is
produced. The combined flux strength of member 15 and magnetic bias
coil 161 is of sufficient magnitude to cause reeds 17a- b to close
during such pulse of current. On the other hand, this magnetic bias
pulse must not be so strong as to cause reeds 17a- b to close when
member 15 is not within a predetermined distance of its illustrated
initial predetermined position.
Specifically, a time varying magnetic bias produced by a
predetermined current pulse in coil 161 is effective to adjust the
closing sensitivity of switch 17 to the presence of member 15
within a predetermined distance from switch 17.
FIG. 2
Instead of being inclined from the vertical as shown in FIG. 1 the
test vessel may be maintained in a vertical position with
ferromagnetic member 15 disposed horizontally at the bottom. For
example, as illustrated in FIG. 2 the test vessel 150 may have a
substantially cylindrical shape with closed bottom 150d. A pivot
154 extends from bottom 150d into the interior of vessel 150.
Member 15 is maintained in a horizontal position by the flattened
portion 155 of pivot 154. Variable conductance device, reed switch
17 is located beneath vessel 150 with reeds 17a- b substantially
horizontal and pole extensions 17e- f directed to approach the ends
of member 15.
It will be recognized that the force of mutual magnetic attraction
of pole extensions 17e- f and member 15 may not always be of
magnitude sufficient to maintain member 15 in its illustrated
initial predetermined position parallel to reeds 17a- b. In this
case an additional magnet 162 may be positioned between the bottom
150d of vessel 150 and reed switch 17 such that the mutual
attraction of member 15 and magnet 162 maintains member 15 in its
preferred predetermined position parallel to reeds 17a- b. A steady
magnetic bias produced by current in coil 161 is adjusted to oppose
the magnetic flux lines of magnet 162 in reed switch 17 thereby
preventing reeds 17a- b from assuming or maintaining a closed
condition due to the influence of magnet 162 alone.
When member 15 is then placed in its initial predetermined position
it functions as a magnetic shunt, in that a portion of the lines of
magnetic flux of magnet 162 is diverted from reeds 17a- b and
caused to form a magnetic circuit between magnet 162 and member 15,
through the bottom 150d of vessel 150. The resulting net magnetic
flux lines in reeds 17a- b may be adjusted by controlling
electrical current supplied to coil 161 by magnetic bias circuit
160, such that reeds 17a- b attain and maintain a closed condition
as previously described.
In operation reed switch 17, pole extensions 17e- f, magnetic bias
coil 161 and magnet 162 are held stationary while vessel 150 is
rotated in its illustrated clockwise direction. Member 15 is
immersed in blood 12 and lies at the bottom of vessel 150
maintaining its preferred initial position parallel to reeds 17a- b
due to its mutual attraction with magnet 162. There is thereby
produced a relative motion between member 15 and the walls of
vessel 150. Upon the transformation of the blood 12 from a liquid
to a clot, mechanical and adhesive forces are formed between member
15 and the walls of vessel 150. When these forces are of sufficient
magnitude to overcome the described magnetic force holding member
15 in its predetermined initial position, member 15 rotates with
vessel 150 and is thereby angularly displaced relative to reeds
17a- b. Magnetic flux lines of magnet 162 which had previously been
shunted through member 15 now seek to complete a magnetic circuit
through reeds 17a- b of reed switch 17 in opposition to the flux
lines produced by electrical current in coil 161. The net magnetic
flux in reeds 17a- b is thereby reduced and reed switch 17 which
had previously been closed is caused to open.
In the above described manner it may be seen that the system of
magnetic reed switch 17, pole extensions 17e- f, magnetic bias coil
161 and magnet 162 may be defined as an integral variable
conductance magnetic detector that is sensitive to angular
displacements of member 15 relative to reed switch 17.
VESSEL 150
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 2A there is shown a cylindrical vessel
closed at a bottom end 150 that is comprised of a nonferromagnetic
material such as glass or plastic. A pivot 154 extends from bottom
150d and elevates member 15 such that projections 152 do not
interfere with the horizontal rotation of member 15 relative to the
inner surface of vessel 150. A flattened portion 155 of pivot 154
provides a base for the free stable rotation of member by reducing
tendencies for member 15 to roll or slide off of pivot 154 due to
external accelerations or gravitational forces. On the other hand,
the diameter of flattened portion 155 is not so large as to provide
excessive contact with member 15 which might induce substantial
frictional resistance to the free rotation of member 15 within
vessel 150. Projections 152 from the bottom 150d of vessel 150
provide means by which the transformed blood clot may be
mechanically gripped to the inner surface and caused to rotate with
vessel 150, where adhesive forces between the clot, member 15 and
the inner walls of vessel 150 are insufficient to overcome the
previously described magnetic holding force.
In particular it will be seen that vessel 150 may be a
substantially cylindrical shaped container having a portion of its
inner surface formed to permit essentially unrestrained rotational
motion of a ferromagnetic member disposed therein and a plurality
of projections from its inner surface formed to provide a
mechanical grip on solidified blood, thereby inhibiting such blood
clot from rotating relative to the inner surface of the vessel. It
will be understood that such vessel may be formed as an integrally
molded structure.
As illustrated in FIG. 2A vessel 150 may have a tight fitting
stopper 156 to contain member 15 prior to analysis and blood 12
during analysis. Blood 12 will ordinarily be injected into vessel
150 through a thin diaphram 156a comprising the center portion of
stopper 156. In order to facilitate blood sample injection stopper
156 is typically composed of a soft plastic or elastomeric material
that may be easily penetrated by a hypodermic needle, low density
polyethylene or plasticized PVC, for example. A vent hole 157 may
be provided in diaphram 156 to permit escape of air during sample
injection. The material comprising vessel 150 will usually be of a
hardness sufficient to prevent penetration by a hypodermic needle,
such as glass or polystyrene, thereby to prevent accidental injury
to the user during diaphram 156a penetration and blood sample
injection.
The stoppered vessel 150 of FIG. 2A may also contain premeasured
reagents such as inert blood coagulation activators, diatomaceous
earth or microscopic glass beads, for example. In order to prevent
loss of such reagent prior to use, vent hole 157 may be a
perferation of diaphram 156a made by the user just prior to blood
sample injection.
MAGNETIC BIAS CIRCUIT 160
Referring now to FIG. 3 there is shown an electrical block diagram
of an adjustable source of electrical energy for energizing the
solenoid coil 161 of FIGS. 1 and 2, thereby to produce magnetic
bias in a manner and for purposes previously described. In
particular, a steady electrical current flows from constant voltage
source 163 to magnetic bias coil 161 by way of adjustable
electrical resistance 164 and conductor 167a. A pulse of electrical
current may simultaneously flow from pulse voltage source 165 to
coil 161 by way of adjustable electrical impedance 166 and
conductor 167b. For automatic operation, pulse voltage source 165
may comprise a periodic voltage generator such as a relaxation
oscillator, for example. Alternatively, voltage pulses may be
generated as required by momentarily depressing a switch connected
in series to a constant voltage source or charged electrical
capacitor.
ANALYZER SYSTEM 20
FIG. 4 illustrates an electrical block diagram of an analyzer
system of FIGS. 1 and 2. Electrical energy source 80 may be a
battery electrically connected by way of conductors 81 and 71, low
time holding switch 60 or reed switch 17 and conductors 69a, 70 and
69 to various functional components of the system, defined here to
include chronometer 54, incubator 28, drive motor 45 and magnetic
bias circuit 160. Low time holding switch 60 may be of a manual,
electro-mechanical or electronic type and is normally open. Drive
motor 45, coupled through suitable transmission means is effective
to produce rotation of tube 10 or vessel 150 as illustrated in
FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. Incubator 28 may serve to control the
temperature of the blood sample. Chronometer 54 provides timing
register for determining the time interval reguired for the blood
to transform itself from a liquid to a clot.
Operation of analyzer system 20 is usually initiated with tube 10
or vessel 150 remote from proximity to the variable conductance
device, reed switch 17. When the blood sample is in a state ready
for analysis, low time holding switch 60 is manually closed. The
various functional components, including magnetic bias circuit 160,
are thereby energized, and reed switch 17 is made sensitive to the
presence of ferromagnetic member 15 by the resulting bias lines of
magnetic flux, as previously described. The test vessel is
thereafter placed in the position for analysis illustrated in FIGS.
1 or 2. As tube 10 or vessel 150 is rotated by drive motor 45,
member 15 moves into its preferred predetermined initial position
in proximity to reed switch 17. Reeds 17a- b thereupon close. Low
time holding switch 60 is opened manually or electronically after
the closing of switch 17, thereby providing uninterrupted
electrical connection between electrical energy source 80 and the
various functional components of analyzer system 20.
When the blood sample 12 has transformed itself from a liquid to a
clot and reeds 17a- b are caused to open, by processes previously
described, electrical energy source 80 is cut off from the
functional components of analyzer system 20, including chronometer
54. Thereafter the timing register of chronometer 54 displays a
record of the time of such opening of reed switch 17. In
particular, analyzer system 20 provides means for automatically
detecting a predetermined change in the conductance of reed switch
17 and for recording chronographic information relating to the time
of blood sample transformation from a liquid to a clot.
It has previously been shown that reed switch 17 may be made
sensitive to the proximity of member 15 by bias lines of magnetic
flux. With low time holding switch 60 open, such magnetic bias is
produced by electrical energy from source 80 flowing to coil 161 by
the way of magnetic bias circuit 160 and reeds 17a- b. When reed
switch 17 opens, it becomes latched out by the absence of the
required magnetic bias. Thereafter, reed switch 17 cannot be
reclosed even if member 15 is accidently returned to its initial
predetermined position.
It will be understood that the detection of changes in the lines of
magnetic flux which pass through tube 10 in FIG. 1 or vessel 150 in
FIG. 2 may be achieved by devices other than reed switch 17. For
example, the embodiments of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 1
through 4 have alternating current analogs that utilize a
differential displacement transformer as a variable conductance
device. Substitution of a magnetically sensitive solid state device
in place of reed switch 17 may also be made without departing from
the spirit of the invention.
It will be further understood that magnetic bias coil 161 may be of
a form other than solenoidal and that it may be located in
positions other than surrounding the magnetically sensitive
variable conductance device. Such coil may be wound around one or
both pole extensions 17e- f of reed switch 17, for example.
It will be still further understood that rotation of tube 10 in
FIG. 1 or of vessel 150 in FIG. 2 may be in a counter-clockwise
direction as well as the illustrated clockwise rotation, or that
such rotation may be of an oscillatory nature, having amplitude
sufficient to produce the desired displacement of member 15
relative to the variable conductance device, 360 degrees, for
example.
In FIG. 2 the described relative motion between the inner surfaces
of vessel 150 and member 15 may be produced by maintaining vessel
150 stationary and rotating the integral variable conductance
device as well as by the illustrated rotation of vessel 150.
* * * * *