U.S. patent number 3,829,864 [Application Number 05/406,615] was granted by the patent office on 1974-08-13 for transmitting stacked aerial.
Invention is credited to Kirill Rudolfovich Brunin, Lev Semenovich Ratner, David Matveevich Truskanov.
United States Patent |
3,829,864 |
Truskanov , et al. |
August 13, 1974 |
TRANSMITTING STACKED AERIAL
Abstract
A transmitting stacked aerial comprising a current-conducting
cylindrical support and tiers comprising current-energized
radiators. In each tier, radiators are arranged equidistantly along
at least some portion of the periphery of the cross-section of the
support and are radially oriented relative to the surface thereof.
Radiators in each tier are offset in azimuth relative to those of
each next tier through a preset angle and are energized with
currents of an equal phase, consecutively shifted by 90.degree.
from tier to tier. Radiators in each tier are offset in aximuth
relative to those in each next tier through an angle of .psi./4
(.psi. being an angle between adjacent radiators in the same tier).
The angle .psi. is less than an angle .beta.=[(2.lambda.o/D) .sup..
57.3].degree., where D is a diameter of the support and .lambda. is
the mid-band wavelength. Radiators in each tier are consecutively
offset in azimuth relative to those in the next tier through said
angle of .psi./4. The radiators are energized with currents of an
equal phase, consecutively shifted in one direction by 90.degree.
from tier to tier. In another embodiment, a transmitting stacked
aerial also comprises an additional tier of radiators arranged in
the middle of the radiating portion of the aerial. This additional
tier is designed to rule out troughs in the radiation pattern of
the aerial in the vertical plane and is arranged symmetrically with
respect to the first and last tiers. Additional radiators are
arranged equidistantly along the periphery of the cross-section of
the aerial support, with an angle .SIGMA. between adjacent
additional radiators being less than an angle
.gamma.=[(.lambda.0/2D .sup.. 57.3].degree.. Additional radiators
are energized with currents of an equal phase, shifted by an angle
of 90.degree., through four radiators. All concerning the second
embodiment only holds true with an even number of main tiers.
Inventors: |
Truskanov; David Matveevich
(Leningrad, SU), Brunin; Kirill Rudolfovich
(Leningrad, SU), Ratner; Lev Semenovich (Leningrad,
SU) |
Family
ID: |
27008937 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/406,615 |
Filed: |
October 15, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
380227 |
Jul 18, 1973 |
|
|
|
|
264407 |
Jun 15, 1972 |
|
|
|
|
40960 |
May 27, 1970 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/833; 343/853;
343/890 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
21/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
21/00 (20060101); H01q 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/796,797,798,799,800,844,890,891 |
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Holman & Stern
Parent Case Text
The present application is a continuation-in-Part of our co-pending
application, Ser. No. 380,227 filed July 18, 1973 which, in turn,
is a continuation of application, Ser. No. 264,407 filed June 15,
1972, which application, in turn, is a continuation of application,
Ser. No. 40,960 filed on May 27, 1970. All prior applications are
now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A transmitting stacked aerial comprising:
a current-conducting cylindrical support;
several tiers of radiators mounted on said support and radially
oriented with respect to the surface thereof;
each said tier comprising a preset number of said radiators
arranged equidistantly within at least some portion of the
periphery of the cross-section of said support;
said radiators of each said tier offset in azimuth relative to the
respective radiators of the adjacent tier by a preset angle;
said angle of turn of the adjacent tiers being equal to .psi./4,
where .psi. is an angle between adjacent radiators in the same
tier, the turn being effected from tier to tier inone
direction;
said angle .psi. between adjacent radiators in the same tier being
less than an angle .beta. = [(2.lambda..sub.o /D) .sup..
57.3].degree., where D is the diameter of said support, and
.lambda..sub.o is the mid-band wavelength:
radio frequency lines of an equal length electrically
interconnecting said radiators of each tier to one point of
connection, which provides for energizing the radiators in each
tier with cophasal currents; 9
a power source of said radiators electrically connected to said
points of connection so that the currents energizing the radiators
of adjacent tiers are displaced in phase by 90.degree., said
displacement in phase being effected from tier to tier in one
direction.
2. A transmitting stacked aerial comprising:
a current-conducting cylindrical support;
an even number of main tiers of radiators mounted upon said support
and radially oriented with respect to the surface thereof;
each said tier comprising a preset number of said radiators
arranged equidistantly within at least some portion of the
periphery of the cross-section of said support;
said radiators of each said tier being offset in azimuth relative
to the respective radiators of the adjacent tier by a preset
angle;
said angle of turn between adjacent tiers equal to .psi./4, where
.psi. is an angle between adjacent radiators in the same tier, the
turn from tier to tier being effected in one direction;
said angle .psi. between adjacent radiators in the same tier being
less than an angle .beta. = [(2.lambda..sub.o /D) .sup..
57.3].degree., where D is the diameter of said support, and
.lambda..sub.o is the mid-band wavelength;
one additional tier of additional radiators designed to eliminate
troughs in the radiation pattern in the vertical plane, arranged in
the middle of the radiating portion of the aerial symmetrically
with regard to the first and last main tiers;
additional radiators arranged equidistantly along the periphery of
the cross-section of said support and radially oriented relative to
its surface, an angle .SIGMA. between adjacent additional radiators
being less than an angle
.gamma. = [(.lambda..sub.o /2D) .sup.. 57.3].degree.
first radio frequency lines of an equal length electrically
interconnecting said radiators of each main tier to one point of
connection, which makes for energizing the radiators in each main
tier with cophasal currents;
second radio frequency lines of an equal length electrically
interconnecting the additional radiators, which are offset in
azimuth relative to one another by an angle of 4 .SIGMA., to one
point of connection, which ensures energizing these radiators with
cophasal currents;
a power source of said main radiators and additional radiators
electrically connected with said points of connection of the main
tiers so that the currents energizing the main radiators in
adjacent tiers are displaced in phase by 90.degree., said phase
displacement being effected in consecutive order from tier to tier
in one direction;
said power source electrically connected to said points of
connection of the additional tier so that the currents energizing
adjacent additional radiators are displaced in phase by 90.degree.,
said phase displacement being effected in consecutive order from
radiator to radiator so that the direction of that phase
displacement from radiator to radiator of the additional tier in
the direction of the selected turn of adjacent main tiers coincides
with that of the phase displacement of the main radiators of the
main tiers from tier to tier following the turn thereof.
3. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 1, wherein a
preset portion of the periphery of the cross-section of the support
is determined by the entire perimeter of that cross-section of the
support and is equal to 360.degree..
4. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 2, wherein a
preset portion of the periphery of the cross-section of the support
is determined by the entire perimeter of that cross-section of the
support and is equal to 360.degree., said angle .SIGMA. between
adjacent additional radiators being four times less than said angle
.psi..
5. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 1, wherein
arranged in immediate proximity to said radiators in each said tier
are passive dipoles whose number is equal to that of the radiators
and which are mounted upon said support and are radially oriented
with regard to the surface thereof.
6. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 2, wherein
arranged in immediate proximity to the main radiators in each main
tier are passive dipoles whose number is equal to that of the
radiators and which are mounted upon said support and are radially
oriented with regard to the surface thereof.
7. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 3, wherein
arranged in immediate proximity to said radiators in each said tier
are passive dipoles whose number is equal to that of the radiators
and which are mounted upon said support and are radially oriented
with regard to the surface thereof.
8. A transmitting stacked aerial, as claimed in claim 4, wherein
arranged in immediate proximity to the main radiators in each train
tier are passive dipoles whose number is equal to that of the
radiators and which are mounted upon said support and are radially
oriented with regard to the surface thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to aerials and more particularly to
transmitting stacked aerials used for TV and VHF-FM broadcasts.
Known are recently developed transmitting TV aerials with
horizontal-tangential radiators arranged around the aerial support
(cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,329,959). In such aerials, radiators are
adjusted through changing the geometry thereof (the length,
diameter and the shape of radiators' end face surfaces) and through
changing a distance between a radiator and the support (reflector).
This, however, changes the radiator's partial pattern, which
accounts for a non-uniform radiation pattern of the aerial as a
whole. It should also be taken into consideration that in order to
obtain a negligibly non-uniform radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane with supports of different cross-sections, use has to be made
of radiators with a diffent partial pattern width.
As a result, it is very difficult, using horizontal-tangential
radiators, to obtain a high degree of adjustment of radiators with
the power line in combination with a negligible degree of
non-uniformity of the radiation pattern of the aerial. Even if this
result is obtained with a certain cross-section (diameter) of the
support, it is no longer the case with another cross-section
(diameter).
In order to make the horizontal plane radiation pattern less
non-uniform, in some stacked aerials radiators of adjacent tiers
are displaced relative to one another by a certain angle. This
applies, for example, to aerials described in Italian Pat. Nos.
527,649 and 544,401, in British Pat. No. 936,029 and in FRG Pat.
No. 1,147,993.
Aerials built in accordance with the above patents are marked by
the following distinguishing features:
adjacent tiers are turned with respect to one another through a
certain angle, said angle of the turn of the adjacent tiers being
equal to (.psi./2, where .psi. is an angle between adjacent
radiators in the same tier;
radiators in each tier are energized according to the rotating
field principle, the phase of currents being displaced from tier to
tier by an angle equal to that between radiators in a tier;
radiators in adjacent tiers are energized with the current phase
being displaced at a certain angle, said phase displacement angle
of currents energizing radiators of adjacent tiers being equal to
that of their offest in azimuth, i.e. it is equal to .psi./2;
The direction of said turn of tiers changes consecutively from tier
to tier to the opposite, so that in each other tier the arrangement
of radiators is repeated;
The direction of said current phase displacement of radiators in
adjacent tiers changes to the opposite from tier to tier, so that
in each other tier the phases of the radiators' currents are
repeated;
a preferred angle between radiators in a tier is determined
irrespective of the ratio (D/.psi..sub.o).
Aerials built according to cited patents employ supports of small
cross-sections, when the perimeter of the cross-section of the
support is less that the wavelength and when it may be assumed that
said energizing of radiators in each tier with currents of reverse
phases according to the rotating field principle ensures alteration
of the phase of the field according to the linear law, with the
phase characteristic slope equal to unity.
In a number of instances, the use of aerials of the above type does
not lead to the desired effect, for example, when an aerial is
mounted upon a support with a large cross-section, whose perimeter
is either equal to or even exceeds the wavelength.
Further development of aerial engineering has led to the
development of a transmitting stacked aerial with radiators mounted
upon the support and radially oriented with respect to its surface
(cf. USSR Inventor's Certificate No. 240,047). In such aerials,
radiators in each tier are divided into two groups so that
radiators of one group are arranged between those of the other
group and are energized, within each group, from a power source
with currents of an equal amplitude and phase. The difference
between the phases of the currents energizing the above groups is
that of an angle of 90.degree..
The radiation pattern of each group practically does not depend
upon the geometry of a radiator, including its length, the shape of
its face end surfaces and the width of a clearance between the
radiator and the support. When radiators are energized with
cophasal currents and are arranged equidistantly around the
support, the radiation pattern of the group is determined by the
ratio (D/.psi..sub.o) and by a number of radiators in a group.
Hence, when adjusting radiators to the power line by way of
changing their geometry, one need not take into consideration the
form of the radiation pattern of the group; in this respect,
aerials of this type compare favorably with those with
horizontal-tangential radiators.
Unlike aerials with horizontal-tangential radiators, aerials with
radially oriented radiators may have a radiation pattern in the
horizontal plane extremely close to an ideal circle, provided that
there is a required number of radiators in the groups and that
these are energized in the above-mentioned manner with currents of
equal amplitudes, the phases of the currents energizing different
groups being displaced by an angle of 90.degree..
It is difficult, however, to obtain a non-directional radiation
pattern in the horizontal plane with the use of such aerials
because of inter-coupling between radiators of different groups
which are arranged close to each other and are energized with
non-cophasal currents; this accounts for a difference between their
input impedances. As a result, the power is divided between the
radiator groups in an unforseen manner, adjustment of the aerial is
hampered, and its electrical characteristics are impaired in
comparison with the estimated ones.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a transmitting
stacked aerial with radially oriented radiators, in which
inter-coupling between adjacent radiators in neighboring tiers,
which are energized with non-cophasal currents, is obviated by
arranging the radiators around the support and energizing them in
such a way that the emfs induced in a given radiator by said
currents in radiators of the neighboring tiers are mutually
cancelled.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a
transmitting stacked aerial capable of eliminating troughs in its
vertical plane radiation pattern.
In view of the above objects, in a transmitting stacked aerial,
thereof each main tier comprises a preset number of radiators
energized from a power source, mounted upon a current-conducting
cylindrical support and radially oriented with regard to its
surface, the radiators being energized with currents displaced in
phase by 90.degree. from tier to tier, the radiators in each tier
are arranged, according to the invention, equidistantly along at
least some portion of the periphery of the cross-section of the
support and are offset in azimuth relative to the respective
radiators of an adjacent tier by a preset angle equal to (.psi./4),
where .psi. is an angle between adjacent radiators in a tier, which
is less than an angle .beta. = [(2.lambda..sub.o /D) . 57.3].sup.o,
where D is a diameter of the support, and .lambda..sub.o is the
mid-band wavelength, the radiators being turned in one direction
from tier to tier and being inter-connected by means of radio
frequency lines of an equal length to one point of connection, due
to which radiators in each tier are energized with cophasal
currents, said displacement in phase being effected from tier to
tier in consecutive order in one direction.
Mounting an aerial upon supports rising high above the Earth's
surface brings about the necessity of eliminating troughs in the
vertical plane radiation pattern thereof. This may be attaned by
providing the proposed aerial with an additional tier of additional
radiators, keeping the number of main tiers even. Said additional
tier is arranged in the middle of the radiating portion of the
aerial symmetrically to the first and last main tiers. This
additional tier has a non-directional radiation pattern in the
horizontal plane. Troughs in the vertical plane radiation pattern
are eliminated by means of introducing a phase difference between
the radiation field of the additional tier with respect to that of
all the main tiers. In this additional tier, radiators are arranged
equidistantly along the periphery of the cross-section of the
support and are radially oriented relative to its surface, an angle
.SIGMA. between adjacent additional radiators being somewhat less
than an angle .gamma. = (.lambda..sub.o /2 D), the radiators
themselves, which are offset in azimuth with respect to one another
by an angle of 4 .SIGMA., being electrically connected by means of
radio frequency lines to one point of connection, due to which
these radiators are energized with cophasal currents, the power
source being connected to points of connection of the additional
tier in such a way that it ensures a displacement in phase of the
currents energizing adjacent additional radiators in the additional
tier by an angle of 90.degree., said displacement in phase being
effected in consecutive order from radiator to radiator so that the
direction of this displacement in phase from radiator to radiator
in the additional tier in the chosen direction of the turn of
adjacent main tiers coincides with that of the phase displacement
of radiators in the main tiers, following the course of the turn
thereof from one main tier to another.
In order to obtain a circular radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane, a preset portion of the periphery of the cross-section of
the support may be determined by the entire periphery of the
cross-section of the support and be equal to 360.degree..
In some cases, when each tier of the aerial comprises a limited
number of radiators, it may be necessary to improve its partial
radiation pattern so as to reduce the non-uniformity of the
radiation characteristic of the entire aerial.
For this purpose, passive dipoles are arranged in each main tier of
the proposed aerial in immediate proximity to the radiators
thereof; the number of the passive dipoles is equal to that of the
radiators; they are mounted upon the aerial's support and are
radially oriented relative to the surface thereof.
In all the embodiments of the aerial disclosed herein, the emfs
induced in any given radiator of a given main tier, which is not
the first or last, by currents of radiators of adjacent main thiers
are cancelled because the currents energizing them are in
anti-phase. As a result, the input impedances of radiators of the
main tiers are equal and the power fed to the aerial is divided
among them in equal amounts. In addition, the elimination of the
effect of intercoupling between radiators of adjacent tiers ensures
feeding of the aerial's radiators in accordance with a required
current distribution, which makes it possible to obtain the aerial
characteristics that are very close to the estimated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be explained in greater detail with
reference to the specific embodiments thereof in the form of
directional and non-directional aerials, taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings, wherein;
FIG. 1 is a plan view of tiers with radiators of a transmitting
stacked aerial, in accordance with the invention, together with a
power source;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of one of the aerial's tiers with radiators
of FIG. 1 with a cross-section of the support;
FIG. 3 is a general view of the radiating portion of another
embodiment of the proposed transmitting stacked aerial;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of one of the aerial's tiers with radiators
of FIG. 3 with a cross-section of the support;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of the serial's tiers of FIG. 3 and of the
phase of the current energizing them;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of several of the aerial's tiers with
radiators of FIG. 3 with a power source;
FIG. 7 is a view of additional tier of additional radiators of the
aerial of FIG. 3 with a cross-section of the support;
FIG. 8 is a plan view of tiers with radiators of a transmitting
stacked aerial, in accordance with the invention, having a
directional radiation pattern, together with a power source;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of main tiers with radiators and of an
additional tier with additional radiators of a transmitting stacked
aerial, in accordance with the invention, with a power source;
FIG. 10 is a plan view of tiers of the proposed aerial with
radiators and passive dipoles in the tiers;
FIG. 11 is a plan view of one tier of the aerial of FIG. 10 with
part of the cross-section of the support;
FIG. 12 is a radiation pattern in the horizontal plane of a main
tier of the aerial of FIGS. 1 and 3;
FIG. 13 is a radiation pattern of the aerial of FIG. 1;
FIG. 14 is a radiation pattern of the aerial of FIG. 3;
FIG. 15 is a radiation pattern of the aerial of FIG. 8;
FIG. 16 is a radiation pattern of the aerial of FIG. 10.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An example of a non-directional TV aerial, according to the present
invention, is offered by an aerial for TV Band II (76 - 100
MHz).
According to the invention, the aerial is arranged around a
current-conducting cylindrical support 1 (FIG. 1) with a diameter D
= 0.7 .lambda..sub.o (.lambda..sub.o being the mid-band wavelength)
and comprises twelve tiers 2 through 13 of radiators 14 (three in
each tier) mounted upon the support 1 and radially oriented
relative to the surface thereof. Here, as in all other embodiments,
tiers are counted from the uppermost one down. A number of
radiators in a tier is determined specifically for each individual
embodiment, depending upon a ratio between a perimeter of the
aerial's support and the wavelength, as well as limitations imposed
upon the nonuniformity of the radiation pattern.
In the general case, the cross-section area of the support may be
sufficiently large, so as to secure the required stiffness of the
structure as a whole, on the one hand, and to accommodate, if
necessary, all the feed-line elements, ladders and lifts inside it,
on the other. The arrangement of the above-listed components and
units of the aerial structure inside the support substantially
facilitates servicing and improves the reliability of the
structure.
In each tier 2 through 13, the radiators 14 are arranged
equidistantly, at least within part of the periphery of the
cross-section of the support 1. In the present embodiment, these
are arranged throughout the entire periphery, i.e. cover
360.degree.. Radiators in each tier 2 through 13 are offset in
azimuth relative to respective radiators of an adjacent tier by an
angle (.psi./4), where .psi. (FIG. 2) is an angle between adjacent
radiators 14 of the same tier. Said angle 104 is less than an angle
.beta. = [(2 .lambda..sub.o /D) . 57.3].sup.o ; in the present
embodiment, the angle .beta. = 160.degree., and the angle .psi. is
chosen to be equal to 120.degree..
The tiers 2 through 13 (FIG. 1) are consecutively turned in one
direction with respect to one another. In the present embodiment,
each lower tier is turned clockwise with respect to the upper one,
if we take a top view of the aerial. The radiators 14 of each tier
2 through 13 are electrically interconnected by radio frequency
lines 15 of an equal length to one point of connection 16; as a
result, radiators in each tier are energized with cophasal
currents. Said points of connection 16 are electrically coupled to
a power source 17 of the radiators 14 by radio frequency lines 18
through 21 which are connected to the power source 17 at an outlet
22.
The present disclosure does not deal with adjustment units arranged
at points of connection 22 and 16, which adjust the radio frequency
lines 18 through 21 with the power source 17, on the one hand, and
with the radio frequency lines 15, on the other, as said adjusting
units have no bearing upon the present invention and are well known
to those in the art.
The same applies to a description of the method of running and
connecting radio frequency lines. In the present example, these
lines differ in their electric length by .lambda..sub.o /4,
.lambda..sub.o /2 and 3/4.lambda..sub.o, respectively, thereby the
phase of the currents energizing radiators 14 of adjacent tiers is
consecutively changed by 90.degree. in one direction. Said phase
displacement of currents energizing radiators of adjacent tiers may
be obtained in the aerial of FIG. 1 not only due to the employment
of radio frequency lines of a different length, but also as a
result of using other known phase shifters.
The radiator 14 (FIG. 2) is an assymmetrical band quarter-wave
dipole made as a hollow metal cylinder 23 whose outer face end is
covered by a lid 24 and which is fastened to the support 1 by means
of a metal flange 25 and an insulator 26. The insulator 26 serves
to protect it from atmospheric precipitation. Instead of the above
radiator, the aerial may employ, according to FIG. 1 and 2, other
known asymmetrical radiators (monopoles).
An example of the proposed aerial with an additional tier of
additional radiators for non-directional radiation is furnished by
an aerial for TV Band III (174-230 MHz).
The aerial is arranged around a cylindrical currentconducting
support 27 (FIG. 3) with a diameter D = 1.17 .lambda..sup.o and
comprises an even number, in the present example, 16, main tiers 28
through 43 of radiators 44 (four in each tier) and one additional
tier 45 of additional radiators 46. The angle .beta.=
[(2.lambda..sub.o /D) . 57.3] .degree.= 98.degree.. The angle .psi.
(FIG. 4) between adjacent radiators 44 in each main tier 28 through
43 is to be less than the angle .beta.. In the present example,
.psi. = 90.degree., and said radiators in the main tiers are
arranged equidistantly around the entire periphery of the
cross-section of the support, i.e. cover 360.degree..
The radiators 44 (FIG. 5) of each main tier 28 through 43 are
offset in azimuth relative to respective radiators in adjacent
tiers by an angle (.psi./4). In our example, (.psi./4) =
22.5.degree.. The radiators 44 (FIG. 6) of each main tier 28
through 43 (FIG. 3) are electrically interconnected by first radio
frequency lines 47 (FIG. 6) of an equal length to one point of
connection 48, which makes for energizing the radiators in each
main tier with cophasal currents.
Said points of connection 48 are electrically connected to a power
source 49 through radio frequency lines 50 through 53. In the
present example, these lines differ in their electrical length by
.lambda..sub.o /4, .lambda..sub.o /2 and 3/4.lambda..sub.o,
respectively, thereby the phase of the currents energizing
radiators of adjacent tiers is displaced from tier to tier by
90.degree. in one direction.
As it has been stated above, in order to fill troughs in the
radiation pattern of the aerial in the vertical plane, provision is
made for an additional tier 45 of additional radiators 46, which is
arranged in the middle of the radiating portion of the aerial
symmetrically with the first tier 28 (FIGS. 3 and 5) and the last
tier 43. The additional radiators 46 (FIG. 7) are arranged
equidistantly along the periphery of the cross-section of the
support 27 and are radially oriented relative to the surface
thereof. An angle .SIGMA. between adjacent additional radiators 46
also is to be less than an angle .gamma. = [(2.lambda..sub.o)/D
.sup.. 57.3].degree., and with an equidistant arrangement of the
radiators 44 (FIG. 5) along the entire periphery of the
cross-section of the support 27, this angle .gamma. is four times
less than the angle .psi. between adjacent radiators 44. In the
present example, .SIGMA. = 22.5.degree.. The additional radiators
46, which are offset in azimuth relative to one another by an angle
4.SIGMA., are electrically interconnected by second radio frequency
lines 54 of an equal length to one point of connection 55, thereby
these radiators are energized with cophasal currents. Said points
of connection 55 (FIG. 6) are electrically connected to the power
source 49 by radio frequency lines 56 through 59 at a point of
connection 60. Also connected to said point of connection 60 are
the radio frequency lines 50 through 53. In the present example,
the radio frequency lines 56 through 59 differ in their electrical
length by .lambda..sub.o /4, .lambda..sub.o /2 and
3/4.lambda..sub.o. Thus, the currents energizing adjacent
additional radiators 46 (FIG. 5) of the additional tier 45 are
displaced in phase by 90.degree., said phase displacement being
effected in consecutive order from radiator to radiator so that the
direction of the phase displacement from radiator to radiator of
the additional tier 45 follows the chosen direction of the turn of
the main tiers 28 through 43 and coincides with that of the phase
displacement of the currents energizing radiators 44 from tier to
tier following the turn thereof.
The required phase displacement of the radiation field of the
additional tier 46 with respect to the radiation field produced by
all the main tiers 28 through 43 is attained due to the fact that
electrical lengths of the radio frequency lines 50 through 53 (FIG.
6) differ in the present example from respective lengths of the
radio frequency lines 56 through 59 by .lambda..sub.o /12.
Said required phase displacements of currents energizing the
radiators 44 and the additional radiators 46 may be obtained not
only due to the employment of radio frequency lines of different
lengths, but also through using other known phase shifters.
The radiator 44 (FIG. 4) and the additional radiator 46 (FIG. 7)
are made in an analogous manner as the radiator 14 (FIG. 2), i.e.,
as the hollow metal cylinder 23 (FIGS. 4 and 7) with the lid 24,
which is fastened to the support 27 by means of the metal flange 25
and the insulator 26.
A distance between the main tiers 28 through 43 is selected
depending upon requirements imposed upon the radiation pattern of
the aerial in the vertical plane, taking into account the ratio
(D/.lambda..sub.o) and the number of the main radiators 44 in each
tier. As regards the aerial in question, in it said distance
between the main tiers 28 through 43 is roughly equal to 0.45
.lambda..sub.o. The distance between the additional tier 45 and the
adjacent main tiers 35 and 36 may be somewhat increased; in the
aerial under review, this distance equals 0.75 .lambda..sub.o.
An example of an aerial with a directional radiation pattern is
furnished by an aerial consisting of four tiers 61 through 64 (FIG.
8) mounted upon a cylindrical support 65 with a diameter D = 1.17
.lambda..sub.o. Each tier 61 through 64 of the given aerial
comprises three radiators 66 which, according to the invention, are
arranged equidistantly along a portion of the periphery of the
cross-section of the support 65, within a sector of less than
360.degree., and are energized with currents having different
phases. In this embodiment, the sector of the equidistant
arrangement of the radiators 66 equals 180.degree..
The angle of the consecutive offset in azimuth of the radiators 66
from the upper tier 61 to the lower tier 64 is (.psi./4) =
22.5.degree., where .psi. is an angle between adjacent radiators,
with phases of the energizing current consecutively increasing by
90.degree..
The power circuit of this aerial, the embodiment thereof and the
structure of the radiator are analogous to those of the aerial in
FIG. 1.
Reference numeral 67 in FIG. 8 indicates radio frequency lines of
an equal length connecting the radiators 66 of each tier to one
point of connection 68 which is connected, by means of radio
frequency lines 69 through 72 and via point of connection 73, to a
power source 74. The lines 69 through 72 differ in their length by
(.lambda..sub.o /4), - (.lambda..sub.o /2) and 3/4
.lambda..sub.o.
An embodiment of an aerial with a directional radiation pattern and
with an additional tier of additional radiators is illustrated in
FIG. 9. The aerial comprises eight main tiers 75 through 82 of
radiators 83 and one additional tier 84 of additional radiators 85
mounted upon a current-conducting cylindrical support 86 with a
diameter D = 1.17 .lambda..sub.o.
Each main tier 75 through 82 comprises three radiators 83 arranged
equidistantly along a portion of the periphery of the cross-section
of the support 86, which is less than 360.degree., and are
energized with currents of different phases. In the present
example, this portion of the periphery equals 180.degree.. The
angle of the consecutive offset in azimuth of the radiators 83 from
the upper tier 75 to the lower tier 82, (.psi./4) = 22.5.degree.,
whereas the phases of the current energizing them increase in
consecutive order by an angle of 90.degree.. The additional tier 84
comprises sixteen additional radiators 85. The structure and
arrangement of said additional tier 84, the power circuit of the
aerial and its embodiment and the structure of the radiator are
analogous to those of the aerial in FIG. 3. The reference numerals
87 and 88 indicate radio frequency lines of an equal length
connecting the radiators 83 and the additional radiators 85,
respectively, to one of points of connection 89 and 90,
respectively, which are coupled, by means of radio frequency lines
91 through 95 and via a point of connection 96, to a power source
97. For greater clarity, only one point of connection of four
radiators 85 in the additional tier 84 is shown.
An example of an aerial with passive dipoles in each tier for
obtaining a non-directional radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane is shown in FIG. 10.
The frequency range of this aerial is 88 to 108 MHz.
The aerial is mounted upon a current-conducting cylindrical support
98 with a diameter D = 0.14 .lambda..sub.o and comprises eight
tiers 99 through 106 of radiators 107 and passive dipoles 108. In
the present example, the radiators 107 are arranged equidistantly
along the entire periphery of the cross-section of the support 98.
The power circuit of the aerial under review, the embodiment
thereof and the structure of the radiator are analogous to those of
the aerial in FIG. 1. The reference numeral 109 indicates radio
frequency lines of an equal length connecting the radiators 107 to
one point of connection 110, which are coupled by means of radio
frequency lines 111 through 114 and via a point of connection 115
to a power source 116.
The angle .psi. (FIG. 11) between the radiators 107 is equal to
180.degree.. In each tier, these radiators are energized with
cophasal currents. In addition, each tier of the aerial comprises
two (which is the number of radiators) passive dipoles 108 which
are arranged in immediate proximity to the radiators 107 (FIG. 10)
and equidistantly along the periphery of the cross-section of the
support 98 and which are offset in azimuth relative to the
radiators 107 by an angle of 45.degree.. The angle of displacement
of the radiators 107 and the passive dipoles 108 following a
consecutive turn from tier to tier, (.psi./4) = 45.degree., whereas
the phases of the energizing current are changed inconsecutive
order by 90.degree.. The angle of displacement of the passive
dipoles 108 with respect to the radiators 107 may assume other
values, depending upon the ratio D/.lambda..sub.o and an angle
.psi. between radiators in a tier.
The radiator 107 (FIG. 11) is analogous to the radiator 14 (FIG. 2)
and is made as the hollow metal cylinder 23 (FIG. 11) with the lid
24, fastened to the support 98 by means of the metal flange 25 and
the insulator 26. The passive dipole 108 in the present example is
made as a hollow metal cylinder 117 with a length of close to
.lambda..sub.o /4 covered at its outer face end by a lid 118. Said
cylinder 117 is electrically connected to the support 98. Used
instead of the above-listed passive dipole may be other
assymmetrical radiators electrically connected to the support.
Examples of embodiments of an aerial with a non-directional
radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, with passive dipoles in
the main tiers and an additional tier of additional radiators; of
an aerial with a directional radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane with passive dipoles in the main tiers and an additional tier
of additional radiators are not given, since it is easy, with the
aid of those contained in the present disclosure, to build such
aerials, in accordance with the invention.
In discussing the operating principle of the proposed aerial
illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, we shall only consider radiation
patterns of one tier.
If the angle .psi. between adjacent radiators 14, 44 of the main
tier 2, 28 is selected to be less than an angle .beta. =
[(.alpha..lambda..sub.o /D) .sup.. 5.73].degree. the radiation
pattern of one tier F.sub.1 (.phi.) in the horizontal plane (FIG.
12) is described, with a high degree of accuracy, by the
function
F.sub.1 (.phi.) = cos [(2.pi./.psi.).phi.],
where .phi. is the varying angle in the azimuthal plane.
As the adjacent tier 3, 29 is offset in azimuth by an angle .psi./4
and its current phase is displaced by an angle of 90.degree., the
radiation pattern of this tier is described as follows:
F.sub.2 (.phi.) = J cos [(2.pi./.psi.) (.phi. + .psi./4)] - = J
.sup.. sin [(2.pi./.psi.) .phi.].
The resultant radiation pattern of both tiers is as follows. F
(.phi.) = F.sub.1 (.phi.) + F.sub.2 (.phi.) = e.sup.-.sup.
j(2.sup..pi./334 ).sup..phi.,
which corresponde to a circular radiation pattern.
Suppose we divide the entire aerial (FIG. 1) into pairs of adjacent
tiers; we shall note, then, that their fields add together and that
the radiation pattern of the entire aerial is also circular.
The radiation pattern (FIG. 13) of the aerial of FIG. 1 in the
mid-band frequency is uniform within .+-.1.5 dB. In the frequency
range corresponding to TV Band 11 (.+-.0.15 .lambda..sub.o) the
radiation pattern is uniform within .+-.1.8 dB.
The production of a non-directional radiation pattern by the
additional tier 45 (FIGS. 3 and 5) may be explained in a similar
way. Its additional radiators 46 are energized with a phase of
0.degree. and 180.degree. and form radiation patterns which are
described as follows:
F.sub.1 (.phi.) = .sup.. cos[(2.pi./.psi.) .sup.. .phi.]
The radiation pattern of the radiators 46 that are energized with a
phase of 90.degree. and 270.degree. is displaced in space by an
angle (.psi./4) = 22.5.degree.. Taking into account the fact that
the phase of the fields radiated by adjacent additional radiators
46 is shifted through 90.degree., the overall radiation pattern of
the additional tier 45 also turns out to be non-directional.
In order to fill the zeros in the radiation pattern in the vertical
plane, the additional tier 45 of the aerial under review is
additionally displaced in phase by 30.degree.. A similar effect may
be obtained by respectively shifting the additional radiators 46 of
the additional tier 45 through an appropriate angle in azimuth
relative to the remaining radiators.
The aerial has additional provisions for compensating the radiation
characteristic in the vertical plane. It is seen from FIGS. 3 and 5
that the extreme main tiers 28 and 43 in which the radiators 44 are
energized with a phase of 0.degree. are located farther from the
additional tier 45 than the main tiers 29 and 42 whose radiators 44
are energized with phases of 270.degree. and 90.degree..
This may somewhat raise the non-uniformity of the radiation pattern
in the horizontal plane, which is prevented by additionally
shifting the radiators 44 of the main tiers 28, 35, 36 and 43 by an
angle .DELTA. = 4.degree.. The direction of the additional shift of
the radiators 44 of the above-listed main tiers are shown in FIG.
5. The experimental radiation pattern of the aerial shown in FIG. 3
in the midband frequency (FIG. 14) is uniform within .+-.1.3 dB. In
the frequency range of TV Band III (.+-.0.14 .lambda..sub.o), the
radiation pattern is uniform within .+-.1.8 dB.
The directional radiation pattern shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is marked
by the fact that the portion of the periphery of the cross-section
of the supports 65 and 86, respectively, placed equidistantly
within which in the main tiers 61 through 64 and 75 through 82 are
the radiators 66 and 83, is less than 360.degree..
The radiation pattern of the aerial shown in FIG. 8 in the mid-band
frequency range (FIG. 15) is uniform in the serviceable sector,
which is close to 180.degree., within .+-.1.5 dB, and within
.+-.2.2 dB in the frequency range of .+-.0.15.
The principle of forming the radiation pattern of the aerial in
FIG. 10 with the radiators 107 and the passive dipoles 108 is
analogous to that of FIGS. 1 and 3.
The radiation pattern of the aerial in the mid-band frequency (FIG.
16) is uniform within .+-.0.8 dB. At the extreme frequencies of the
range of .+-.0.1 .lambda..sub.o, the radiation pattern is uniform
within .+-.1.1 dB.
In contrast to the currently employed transmitting stacked aerials,
in the proposed aerial (owing to the fact that its tiers are turned
in consecutive order by an angle .psi./4 and that radiators of each
next tier are fed with currents displaced in phase by 90.degree.)
it is possible to substantially reduce the intercoupling between
the tiers of the radiators. As a result, the radiation pattern
obtained is close to the required one. Experimental data obtained
with the use of the proposed aerial with different ratios
(D/.lambda..sub.o in the operating frequency range corroborate the
assertion that the given aerial is capable of producing radiation
patterns which are less non-uniform than those of the existing
aerials.
Equidistant distribution of radiators in the tiers with an angle
between adjacent radiators determined by the ratio D/.lambda..sub.o
enables the proposed aerial to operate on supports of any diameter,
with an optimum number of radiators in the tiers.
Energizing radiators in the tiers with cophasal currents makes the
radiation pattern practically independent of the geometry of the
radiators, which substantially facilitates the adjustment of the
aerial.
The use of radially oriented radiators reduces wind loads and
accounts for the simplicity of design; this makes for a simple and
effective protection of their input from the atmospheric effects,
improves conditions for operation, servicing and repair and
considerably raises the reliability of the aerial.
* * * * *