U.S. patent number 3,828,353 [Application Number 05/329,776] was granted by the patent office on 1974-08-06 for integrally-wound antenna helix-coilform.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. Invention is credited to Charles P. Majkrzak, Michael S. Polgar.
United States Patent |
3,828,353 |
Majkrzak , et al. |
August 6, 1974 |
INTEGRALLY-WOUND ANTENNA HELIX-COILFORM
Abstract
This concerns the fabrication of an integrally-wound
helix-coilform assembly for an antenna of, for example, the high
voltage and high power tunable helix-cylinder
(inductance/capacitance) monopole type. Preassembled on a
collapsible, cylindrically-shaped mandrel are a wound helix of
controlled pitch, an end coupling to which the helix is affixed at
one end, and a binding post securing the other end of the helix
wire. After the entire assembly is enclosed in a plastic covering
such as teflon shrink tubing or adhesive-backed tape helically
wound to a predetermined tension and pattern, cycloaliphatic epoxy
resin-saturated glass fibers are wound in a carefully controlled
manner over the entire assembly in a predetermined pattern and then
cured. The tensioned plastic covering together with the controlled
winding of glass fibers provides for the interlaminar shear faces
of the coilform structure type to be formed as convolutions between
the helix turns, thus giving rise to an integrally-constructed
assembly far superior both structurally and electrically.
Inventors: |
Majkrzak; Charles P. (Nutley,
NJ), Polgar; Michael S. (Oceanport, NJ) |
Assignee: |
International Telephone and
Telegraph Corporation (Nutley, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23286971 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/329,776 |
Filed: |
February 5, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/873;
343/895 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01F
41/04 (20130101); H01F 30/08 (20130101); H01F
17/00 (20130101); H01Q 9/14 (20130101); H01F
29/06 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01F
41/04 (20060101); H01F 30/06 (20060101); H01F
30/08 (20060101); H01F 29/06 (20060101); H01F
17/00 (20060101); H01Q 9/04 (20060101); H01Q
9/14 (20060101); H01F 29/00 (20060101); H01q
001/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/895,873 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: O'Halloran; John T. Lombardi, Jr.;
Menotti J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A helix-coilform arrangement for high voltage antennas of the
type having internally-accessible helix windings comprising:
a. a hollow-core helix formed of helix wire controllably wound in a
predetermined pitch; and
b. a coating of resin-saturated fibers of dielectric material on
the outer surface of said helix, said dielectric material forming
convolutions between the turns of said helix to provide a
stress-free dielectric covering for said helix, whereby said helix
and covering form an integrally-constructed helix-coilform
structure.
2. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein said dielectric covering
comprises epoxy-saturated glass fibers having a smooth and
continuous interface between the glass fibers of the coating and
the turns of the helix.
3. The arrangement according to claim 2 further comprising a layer
of heat shrinkable plastic intermediate the turns of said helix and
said epoxy-saturated glass fibers whereby said epoxy is prevented
from direct contact with said helix.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to antenna arrangements of the combined
inductance/capacitance type wherein a helix and a cylinder are
tunably coaxially arranged end-to-end, and more particularly to the
helix-coilform assembly therein.
Such antenna arrangements are already known, and may be found in
the following U.S. Patents/Applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,781,514;
2,875,433; application Ser. No. 324,607 filed Jan. 18, 1973, which
references, insofar as the disclosures thereof are pertinent to
this invention, are incorporated herein by reference.
In these related prior-art tunable inductance/capacitance type
antennas, which are operable in the 2 - 30 MHz range, and have
particular application on submarines and on surface ships, the
inductance element is by design a metal helix imbedded in an
insulation coilform so as to expose the internal surfaces of the
helix to a traveling "short" mechanism within the helix to effect a
continuous tuning characteristic. For a number of practical
reasons, this assembly of helix and coilform formally comprised a
multiplicity of short coilforms machined from commercially
available bonded-fiberglass tubing assembled end-to-end to produce
the desired length, which short coilforms had to be assembled
together along a common axis by an appropriate number of coupling
pieces. A pre-wound metal helix would then be inserted, fitted and
fixed to achieve the desired product. Such an arrangement is quite
costly and has a number of disadvantageous features.
This arrangement may be replaced by an integrally-mounted
helix-coilform as described herein and which is the principlal
object of this invention.
In the past, coilforms were machined from tubular stock of
mandrel-wound epoxy-bonded or silicone-bonded fiberglass cloth. The
choice of the resin system was controlled by the required
electrical properties of the material. In the antenna systems
contemplated to which the above-indicated references and this
invention relate, the voltage may for example reach 30 KV, thus
requiring that the electrical characteristics be extremely
carefully considered. The maximum length of a section (of which
several were needed to produce the coilform of required length) was
limited by the machinery and the tools available to produce it. An
internal thread in each section was machined so as to eventually
receive the metallic helix into a cemented and pinned assembly of
all required sections and connecting couplings. A metallic end
coupling, threaded internally similar to the coilform sections,
received and anchored the helix at one end. A binding post secured
the other end.
Since in the prior art method of producing a coilform, an internal
groove is machined into a bonded glass-cloth tube, the weakest
planes in such a tube both physically and electrically are those
produced by the concentrically bonded seams of wrapped cloth. The
interlaminar shear strength here may be as much as 4,000 psi for
epoxy-resin bonds and only 1,500 psi for silicone-resin bonds.
Extreme care is required in order to prevent the delamination of
material between the pitch of the grooves during machining. When
delamination does occur, the repair is costly, time-consuming and
degrading, both structurally and electrically. These interlaminar
surfaces between helix turns limit the load-carrying capacity of
the helix particularly when the antenna is subjected to vertical
shock. Intense concentration of electrical stress is experienced
along the weak interlaminar shear planes between adjacent turns of
the helix; thus the configuration and discontinuities in the
material between helix turns substantially limit also the
power-handling capacity of the helix because of the proportional
steep voltage gradients possible between helix turns.
Of additional concern in the above-indicated prior art arrangements
is the fact that a number of substantially rectangular apertures
are required to be machined into each short coilform section for
assembly purposes, which apertures were arranged longitudinally in
a line. As a result of these apertures, the dielectric
considerations between helix turns are substantially changed and
present additional high voltage problems through the creation of
steeper voltage gradients between the adjacent turns as a result of
the coilform material/air dielectric interface. For a more detailed
explanation of this phenomenon see the discussion of high voltage
considerations relative to dielectric interfaces in U.S. Patent
Application Ser. No. 327,266, filed Jan. 29, 1973. Moreover, the
construction of these apertures through the wall of each short
coilform section creates sharp edges which tend to considerably
concentrate electrical stress, thus requiring lower operating power
and potentials in order to prevent damaging high voltage creepage
or corona breakdown.
It is, therefore, another object of this invention to provide an
integrally-constructed helix-coilform arrangement which eliminates
the drawbacks of the prior art.
In using the machined design of coilform, machined clearances and
closely controlled interfaces must be provided for the metallic and
coupling and tap lug. It is, therefore, a further object to provide
an integrally-constructed helix-coilform arrangement in which such
machining requirements are eliminated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the broader aspects of the invention, there is
provided an integrally-constructed helix-coilform arrangement (for
use in, for example, high voltage RF antennas), comprising a helix
formed of helix wire controllably wound in predetermined pitch, and
a coilform structure comprised of resin-saturated fibers of
dielectric material arranged in predetermined manner over said
helix, the arrangement of said fibers providing formation of
convolutions between helix turns, with this convolution structure
substantially increasing both the shear load and power handling
capacity of the helix-coilform arrangement.
Moreover, the invention further includes the unique method of
constructing an integrally-wound antenna helix-coilform arrangement
comprising the steps of assembling and securing a helix onto a
removable working surface of predetermined configuration, and
creating about said helix a coilform by winding resin-saturated
fibers of dielectric material about said helix in predetermined
manner, thereby effecting a coilform structure having convolutions
between helix turns.
When affixed upon a collapsible mandrel, the end coupling receives
the end of a preformed helix or the end of similar wire, each of
which can be mechanically fastened, soldered, or otherwise suitably
affixed to it. After winding the helix with a controlled pitch
through the use of either an externally-grooved mandrel or a
sacrificial spacer wire on a cylindrical mandrel, the tail end of
the helix is anchored to the mandrel with a specifically designed
binding post that will eventually be incorporated into the coilform
during its application over this assembly.
At this point, a shrinkable teflon or other suitable plastic tubing
of proper thickness may be applied and shrunk over the entire
assembly on the mandrel, or an adhesive-backed teflon or other
acceptable dielectric tape of proper elongation, width and
thickness maybe helically wound with a predetermined tension over
the entire assembly on the mandrel. The purpose of the teflon
sleeving or tape is to permit the subsequent winding of
resin-saturated glass fibers over the assembly in such a manner as
to contain the fibers between the helix turns to a desirable
configuration and to prevent seepage of uncured liquid resin from
contacting the mandrel.
After winding resin-saturated glass fibers over the entire assembly
of end coupling, helix and post mounted on the mandrel to the
necessary helical and circumferential patterns and thickness so as
to impart the desired structural strength, the resin is hardened by
curing it. The hardened assembly is then removed from the
collapsible mandrel and the coilform is trimmed by machining it to
a proper diameter and length.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above-mentioned and other objects and features of this
invention will become more apparent and the invention itself will
be best understood by reference to the following description taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged fragmentary, sectional side view of prior art
helix-coilform construction;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional side view showing in a
general way the helix-coilform construction according to the
invention;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional side view illustrating a first
preferred method of construction of the integral helix-coilform
assembly according to the invention;
FIGS. 4A-4C are fragmentary sectional side views showing
alternative preferred construction techniques of an integral
helix-coilform assembly according to the invention; and
FIGS. 5A- 5C illustrate sequentially in prospective views the
helix-coilform assembly in various stages of construction in
accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As stated hereinbefore, the prior coilform arrangements, as
represented by the enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional
illustration of a helix-coilform arrangement in FIG. 1, are
machined from tubular stock of mandrel-wound, epoxy-bonded or
silicone-bonded fiberglass cloth, with several sections thereof
being required to be coupled together by way of external connecting
couplings (not shown). Each section 1 of bonded glass cloth tube is
internally threaded and mated by orientation so as to eventually
receive the metallic helix 2 into a cemented and pinned assembly of
all the sections and connecting couplings required to obtain the
necessary assembly length. To this is added a metallic end coupling
(not shown) which is threaded internally in like manner to the
coilform sections, and which receives and anchors the helix at one
end. The other end of the helix is secured to a binding post (also
not shown) which is rigidly mounted in the end section of the
coilform arrangement.
In FIG. 1, an internally machined groove 3 in a wound and bonded
glass cloth tube coilform section, the inner and outer diameters
thereof being represented by ID and OD respectively, which receives
the helix 2 creates severe high voltage as well as handling
problems. The weakest planes in such a structure both physically
and electrically are those produced by the wrapped cloth,
represented in FIG. 1 as accentuated parallel lines 4 between
adjacent helix turns. In considering these weak interlaminar shear
planes 4, it is to be noted that the shear is coincident with the
bond planes. The interlaminar shear strength here may approach as
much as 4,000 psi for epoxy-resin bonds and only 1,500 psi for
silicone-resin bonds. However, these are limitations which require
that extreme care must be taken in order to prevent the
delamination of material 5 between the pitch of the groove 3 during
the internal machining thereof in tube sections 1. If delamination
occurs at any time (though usually occurring during machining of
the groove 3) repair is mandatory. Such repair is costly, time
consuming and very degrading, both structurally and electrically.
The interlaminar surfaces between helix turns limit the load
carrying capacity of the helix when the antenna is subject to
vertical shock, i.e., axially to coilform. The bond planes,
moreover, tend to create potential unwanted paths for current flow
whenever substantial potential difference is experienced between
adjacent helix turns. A further natural disadvantage of this
arrangement, resulting specifically from the internally machined
groove, is that sharp edges are derived at the ID surface, see for
example at 6. From the discussion of such structural configurations
relative to very high voltage considerations as given in copending
U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 327,266 above-mentioned, it is
quite apparent that whenever there exists substantial potential
difference between adjacent helix turns, there results an intense
concentration of electrical stress at these edges. The sharp
discontinuity provided by each sharp edge so effects the potential
created thereat as to seriously lower the dielectric efficiency of
the fiberglass cloth tube 1 and surrounding air, and thereby
resulting in a reduced power handling capability.
In the helix-coilform construction according to the invention, as
represented generally by the enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional
illustration of FIG. 2, the helix-coilform is fabricated on a
collapsible mandrel (shown in FIGS. 3-5). A metallic end coupling
(not shown in FIG. 2) is affixed on the collapsible mandrel and
receives the end of the helix wire 2, the latter in turn being
wound on the mandrel in controlled pitch and secured at its other
end to the mandrel. In the instance fabrication of a coilform, the
helix groove is formed during a filament winding process on the
helix 2 arranged on the collapsible mandrel in which the
orientation and distribution of fibers is controlled to form the
filament wound structure 10 in FIG. 2. This method of fabrication
eliminates the costly and degrading machining operation of the
prior art, inasmuch as the tension applied to the fibers during the
winding process over the mandrel-mounted helix creates a smooth
natural grooving. Eliminated also by this fabrication are the
cylindrical laminate shear faces or planes 4 of the prior art (FIG.
1). Rather, the interlaminar shear faces are formed as convolutions
11. The load shear planes, represented by designator 12 in FIG. 2,
in relation to the filament structure 10 are such as to have the
shear loads carried across the convolutions 11; that is, the load
shear planes cut across glass fibers. Thus, the shear loads are no
longer dependent upon interlaminar shear capacity, but upon the
considerably higher shear capacity across glass fibers.
The fabrication of a helix-coilform assembly according to the
invention, as represented in FIG. 2, moreover, substantially
improves power handling capabilities particularly in a
helix-cylinder type antenna application by the electrically more
suitable structure provided as to high voltage considerations. Gone
are the sharp edges formed from the internal machining step of the
prior art. In their place rounded discontinuities 13 between
coilform and helix. As a result there is a more gradual
discontinuity giving rise to a considerably more favorable
distribution of the electric field, resulting in turn in much lower
electrical stress. Thus, it is seen that the fabrication of a
helix-coilform arrangement according to the invention presents
substantial improvement over the prior art both structurally and
electrically.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, there is illustrated various modes of
helix-coilform fabrication according to the invention. A first
method of fabrication may be understood from the fragmentary
cross-sectional illustration of a helix-coilform assembly in FIG.
3, wherein a pre-grooved mandrel 20 is shown having a formed
grooving or groove outline (at 21) to impart the desired
configuration to the dielectric convolutions between helix turns 2
which properly locates and holds the helix in the correct pitch,
etc. Resin saturated glass filaments are then wound between and
over the helix turns in programmed circumferential and helical
patterns as desired. This is then cured in well known manner to
form the filament-wound resin-saturated and cured fiberglass
coilform 22 illustrated in FIG. 3. Following curing, the outside
diameter of the coilform 22 is machined to appropriate size either
while upon or after removal thereof from the collapsible
mandrel.
Another mode of fabrication may be seen in FIG. 4A, in which is
shown in yet another fragmentary cross-sectional view the use of a
cylinder, i.e. a cylindrical collapsible mandrel 30 conforming to
the required inside diameter of the helix 2, which cylinder may be
utilized where the cost of a pre-grooved collapsible mandrel may be
prohibitive. In this instance the proper pitch is controlled by
applying along with a helix wire 2, in the winding thereof around
the mandrel 30, a sacrificial wire 31 of proper cross-sectional
diameter to provide the desired convolution structure between helix
turns. If greater pitch is desired, it may be appreciated that two
or more sacrificial wires 31 may be wound side-by-side along with
the helix wire 2. Once again, after the helix wire 2 is properly
wound on the mandrel 30, the filament-wound resin-saturated and
cured fiberglass coilform 22 is fabricated as described above with
reference to FIG. 3. Upon curing of the coilform 32 and collapsing
the mandrel 30, the sacrificial wire may then be removed, leaving
the final helix-coilform assembly to be machined or trimmed to
appropriate diameter and length.
It may occur, however, in the above-discussed fabrication that the
resin will seep between the helix and sacrificial wire and will
either produce unwanted "flash" that may be troublesome to remove,
or bind the sacrificial wire to cause troublesome removal
therefrom, or produce undesirable sharp edges where least desired
in times of high voltage breakdown, i.e. between helix turns.
To prevent all of the above potentially undesirable possibilities,
a thin layer of pliable insulation 41, such as teflon, may be
applied over the helix and the sacrificial wire as shown in FIG.
4B. Here, there is illustrated the use of the layer of pliable
insulation 41 in both a pre-grooved collapsible mandrel
configuration 20 and the alternative cylinder collapsible mandrel
configuration 30. This layer of insulation 41 may be in the form of
shrinkable plastic tubing, (e.g., thin irradiated teflon) or in the
form of insulative tape (e.g., thin teflon tape) applied as an
overlapping winding conforming to the pitch of the helix. This
latter embodiment may be seen in FIG. 4C wherein the tape 42 is
shown wound over and between the helix turns 2 in overlapping
fashion, with the helix wire itself being wound on a pre-grooved
mandrel 20.
The teflon sleeve 41 may be etched on its external surface to
effect adhesion to the resin. The teflon tape 42 with an adhesive
backing may be wound to seal its same with the adhesive side out,
in serving the same purpose. It may be appreciated that the
thickness and the value of the elongation as well as the magnitude
of winding pull controls the depth of the free convolution that is
formed by the tape. Similar considerations are made with regard to
the shrink tubing. The sacrificial wire, or form of groove on the
mandrel, of course, also contributes to the general shape and depth
of the convolution to which the insulation is distorted during the
winding or shrinking process.
FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate in perspective views successive stages of
fabrication of the helix-coilform arrangement according to the
invention, particularly employing the use of a sacrificial wire.
FIG. 5A shows a collapsible cylindrical mandrel with at least one
longitudinal slot 30a therein, having in addition to providing for
collapsibility of the mandrel a second purpose to be referred
below. As stated hereinbefore, an end coupling 51 is affixed upon
the collapsible mandrel 30. This end coupling 51 receives the end
2a of either a preformed helix or the end of similar wire, either
being magnetically fastened or soldered to the end coupling 51.
After winding the helix with a controlled pitch through the use of
either a pre-grooved (externally) mandrel or a sacrificial spacer
wire (as illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B), the tail end of the helix
2 is anchored to the mandrel 30 by way of a binding post to be
positioned at 52 which will eventually be incorporated into the
coilform during its application over this assembly. It is to be
noted that the beginning of the sacrificial spacer wire 31 has its
origin at 53 wherein the end thereof is tucked into the interior of
the mandrel through slot 30a. As shown, spacer wire 31 ends with
helix wire 2 at point 52.
At this time in the construction sequence, the shrinkable teflon or
other suitable plastic tubing 54 of proper thickness may be applied
(and shrunk) over the entire assembly on the mandrel, or the
adhesive-backed teflon or other acceptable plastic tape of proper
elongation, width and thickness may be helically wound in the pitch
of the helix with a predetermined tension over the entire assembly
on the mandrel. As indicated above, a specific purpose of the
teflon sleeving or tape is to permit the subsequent winding of
resin saturated glass fibers over the assembly in such a manner as
to contain the fibers between the helix turns to a desirable
configuration and to prevent the seepage of uncured liquid resin
from contacting the mandrel.
A tap lug 61 (FIGS. 5B and 5C), secured to the helix wire a few
turns from the one end of the helix is also shown incorporated into
the pre-wound filament assembly. The function of this tap lug 61 is
to provide the input point for transmission energy to be applied to
the helix portion of the helix/cylinder type antenna arrangement; a
greater functional understanding of the element may be gained from
the hereinbefore-mentioned reference U.S. Patent application Ser.
No. 324,607. Element 61 is shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C as an insulated
tap lug attached and soldered to the helix at a predetermined
location corresponding to impedance matching characteristics of the
antenna.
Following the application of pliable insulation, resin-saturated
glass fibers are wound over the entire assembly of end coupling 51,
helix 2, and post 61 mounted on the mandrel in the necessary
helical and circumferential patterns and to the proper thickness so
as to impart the desired structural strength, etc. The resin is
then hardened by curing it to form the coilform 50 as shown in FIG.
5C. The hardened assembly is then trimmed by machining to its
proper diameter and length.
There are many types of resins available for bonding glass fibers,
each providing its own particular properties to the bond produced.
Those most often used for purposes similar to this invention are
epoxy resins which impart excellent structural and machining
properties, but relatively poor electrical properties. The
dielectric constant at 1 MHz for the epoxy products are in the
order of 5.0 and the dissipation factor 0.020, while the equivalent
dielectric constant for the silicone products are in the order of
4.0 and the dissipation factor 0.003. Because of the physical
properties of the silicone resin during application, it is not
generally used in the filament winding process.
Resin systems that impart excellent structural, temperature and
arc-resisting properties, but yet possess reasonable electrical
loss properties, are the cycloaliphatics. The coilform shown in
FIG. 5C is intended to be bonded with a cycloaliphatic epoxy.
Cycloaliphatic epoxies are currently used in applications where
high performances are required such as filament winding, potting
and encapsulating, and the casting of high voltage bushings and
insulators. The cycloaliphatics all give superior strength and
electrical properties at elevated temperatures, thus providing
favorable characteristics in the antenna assembly for which the
helix-coilform integral arrangement is intended.
There has been discussed herein the fabrication of an integrally
wound helix-coilform assembly for an antenna of for example the
helix/cylinder (tunable inductance/capacitance) type. On a
collapsible mandrel of substantially cylindrical shape there is
affixed an end coupling to which is secured one end of a helix
wire. The helix wire is wound onto the mandrel in a carefully
controlled pitch and secured at its other end by a binding post.
Substantially the entire assembly of mandrel, helix and end
coupling is enclosed in a suitable dielectric cover of
predetermined tension, either teflon tape or shrink tubing.
Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin-saturated glass fibers are then wound
over the entire assembly in predetermined helical and
circumferential patterns and then cured to form the completed
coil-form structure. The tensioned dielectric covering together
with the controlled winding of glass fibers causes the dielectric
structure to take the form of convolutions between helix turns,
thus giving in this integral assembly structural and electrical
properties far superior to the prior art, while eliminating costly
machining techniques etc. It is seen that the machining of grooves
for the helix and holes for posts is eliminated since the coilform
is wound immediately over the preassembled components and secures
them without the need for additional hardware.
While the principles of this invention have been described above in
connection with specific apparatus, it is to be understood that
this description is made only by way of example and not as a
limitation on the scope of the invention as set forth in the
objects and features thereof and in the accompanying claims.
* * * * *