U.S. patent number 3,825,889 [Application Number 05/321,585] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-23 for vehicle detection system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Canoga Controls Corporation. Invention is credited to Ralph J. Koerner.
United States Patent |
3,825,889 |
Koerner |
July 23, 1974 |
VEHICLE DETECTION SYSTEM
Abstract
A system useful for indicating the entry of a vehicle onto a
specified area of the earth's surface. The system includes a
magnetic field sensor which yields an output signal indicative of
the magnetic field intensity thereat. The sensor is mounted
adjacent to but outside of a volume being monitored which
constitutes the projection of the specified area in the direction
of the magnetic field thereat. When the magnetically permeable mass
of a vehicle enters the volume being monitored, it increases
magnetic field intensity therein but reduces the field intensity
outside of this volume. The reduction in field intensity is
recognized by the sensor which then energizes an indicating device,
which in the case of a service station installation, for example,
can be a remote bell. The sensor preferably comprises a flux gate
magnetometer mounted within a thin substantially rigid housing
dimensioned to fit within a slot formed by saw cutting a roadway
surface.
Inventors: |
Koerner; Ralph J. (Canoga Park,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Canoga Controls Corporation
(Canoga Park (L.A.), CA)
|
Family
ID: |
26823869 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/321,585 |
Filed: |
January 8, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
125724 |
Mar 18, 1971 |
3714626 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
340/938;
340/941 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08G
1/042 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08G
1/042 (20060101); G08g 001/01 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/38R,38L,32,31R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Claffy; Kathleen H.
Assistant Examiner: Myers; Randall P.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lindenberg, Freilich, Wasserman,
Rosen & Fernandez
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. Application
Ser. No. 125,724 filed Mar. 18, 1971, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,626.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system useful for monitoring vehicular traffic on a roadway
surface including four or more lanes, respectively designated as
first, second, third . . . . N said system including:
M probes, where M is an integer equal to or immediately greater
than N/2;
means positioning said M probes adjacent to said roadway surface
with the first of said M probes substantially coincident with the
boundary line between the first and second lanes, the seconf of
said M probes substantially coincident with the boundary line
between the third and fourth lanes and with subsequent ones of said
M probes respectively substantially coincident with alternate
boundary lines between adjacent lines;
each of said probes including a magnetic field sensing device
therein providing an output signal component indicative of the
level of magnetic field intensity through a sampling area
thereof;
means providing a reference signal representative of a threshold
level of magnetic field intensity; and
circuit means responsive to said reference signal and said output
signal components for indicating when the level of magnetic field
intensity sensed by one of said field sensing devices is reduced
below said threshold level.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein each of said probes includes a
thin substantially solid housing adapted for insertion into a slot,
saw cut in the roadway surface across said lanes; and
a multiconductor cable, adapted to be received in said slot,
interconnecting said probes to one another and to said circuit
means.
3. The system of claim 2 including bias means for producing a
magnetic bias field through the said sampling areas of said sensing
devices substantially equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
to the fields through said sampling areas in the absence of
vehicular traffic on said roadway proximate to said probes.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein said magnetic field sensing
devices each comprises a flux gate magnetometer providing an output
signal component constituting an AC signal of frequency 2f and
phase .phi..sub.1 in response to a magnetic field intensity in a
first direction through a sampling area and of frequency 2f and
phase (.phi..sub.1 + 180.degree.) in response to a magnetic field
intensity in an opposite direction through the sampling area;
means providing a second reference signal of frequency 2f and phase
.phi..sub.1 ; and wherein
said circuit means includes means for determining whether the sum
of output signal components is in phase or out of phase with said
second reference signal.
5. Apparatus suitable for burial beneath the surface of a roadway
for producing an electrical signal indicative of the presence of a
vehicle proximate thereto on said roadway surface, said apparatus
comprising:
magnetometer means for providing an electrical output signal
indicative of the level of magnetic field intensity through a
sampling area thereof;
a substantially rigid housing having a thickness dimension T on the
order of one quarter inch and a depth dimension D on the order of
two inches whereby said housing can be accomodated in a slot in the
roadway surface having a thickness and depth greater than T and D,
respectively;
said housing enveloping said magnetometer means;
means in said housing supporting said magnetometer means with said
sampling area thereof oriented to indicate the level of magnetic
field intensity extending substantially parallel to said housing
depth dimension; and
a multiconductor cable having a thickness dimension less than T
adapted to be received in said slot, said cable extending into said
housing substantially perpendicular to the thickenss dimension T
thereof with the conductors of said cable connected to said
magnetometer means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to systems for detecting vehicles
and is particularly useful in traffic applications as well as
service stations and the like for indicating the entry of a vehicle
into a specified area.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved system
for detecting the entry of a vehicle into a specified area of the
earth's surface.
The operation of known prior art magnetometer vehicle detector
systems has been based upon the recognition that the magnetically
permeable (permeability greater than unity) masses found in
conventional vehicles, effectively collect and concentrate the
earth's magnetic field lines (essentially vertical at the earth's
magnetic field lines (essentially vertical at the earth's surface
at locations remote from the equator) therethrough to thus increase
the magnetic field intensity above and below the vehicle as
compared to the ambient magnetic field intensity in the absence of
the vehicle. Thus, prior art systems, of which the system of U.S.
Pat. No. 3,249,915 is exemplary, have utilized magnetometers
displaced vertically, either above or below, from the specified
area of the earth's surface being monitored but within a volume
constituting a substantially vertical projection of the specified
area. As is explained in the afore-mentioned U.S. Patent, although
the earth's magnetic field can usually be considered as being
essentially vertical at most significant locations on the earths's
surface, it is seldom truly vertical, but rather exhibits a slight
inclination or dip angle. Accordingly, use of the term
"substantially vertical projection" herein should be understood to
mean the projection of a specified area at essentially the
inclination or dip angle of the magnetic field appropriate to the
location of that area.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, magnetic
field sensing devices such as flux gate magnetometers, are disposed
adjacent to but outside of the volume formed by projecting the area
to be monitored in the direction of the magnetic field to detect a
reduction in magnetic field intensity caused by the entry of a
vehicle into the monitored area. More particularly, instead of
using a magnetometer to look for an increase in magnetic field
intensity produced by a vehicle entering into a specified volume;
in accordance with the present invention a magnetometer is used to
look for a reduction in magnetic field intensity adjacent to but
outside of that volume.
The significant advantages in detecting vehicles by sensing a
reduced, rather than an increased, magnetic field intensity, is
that a single magnetometer probe can be used to monitor two
adjacent areas such as areas on both sides of a service station
island or two adjacent lanes on a multiple lane roadway.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention for use in applications
requiring the disposition of a multiple number of magnetometer
probes at locations where power is not normally available, a
multiconductor cable is employed to connect the probes to a common
control circuit including both excitation and detection circuitry.
The magnetometer primary windings are all preferably connected in
series and coupled to the excitation circuitry by two of the cable
conductors. The magnetometer secondary windings are also preferably
connected in series and coupled to the detection circuitry by two
other cable conductors. In accordance with a feature of this
embodiment, means are provided for biasing the magnetometers to a
desired operating point in a manner which assures substantially
constant sensitivity per probe regardless of the number of probes
employed, up to a certain maximum number of course dependent upon
device parameters.
A preferred probe structure is also disclosed herein particularly
suited for burial between lanes of a roadway. The probe structure
includes a flux gate magnetometer sealed in a housing dimensioned
to fit within a slot typically saw cut in roadway surfaces to
receive cable.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with
particularity in the appended claims. The invention will be best
understood from the following description when read in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a typical service station;
FIGS. 2a and 2b are diagrams schematically illustrating the
substantially uniform ambient earth's magnetic field produced
adjacent a service station island in the absence of a vehicle
adjacent thereto;
FIGS. 3a and 3b are schematic diagrams illustrating the manner in
which a vehicle entering the area adjacent the island shown in
FIGS. 2a and 2b distorts the ambient magnetic field;
FIG. 4a is a schematic diagram of a preferred sensor unit
embodiment in accordance with the present invention for sensing the
entry of a vehicle into a specified area;
FIG. 4b is a diagram illustrating waveforms occurring at various
points in the circuit of FIG. 4a;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a bell unit in accordance with the
present invention;
FIG. 6a is a schematic diagram of a sensor unit embodiment for
detecting the presence of a vehicle within a specified area;
FIG. 6b is a diagram illustrating waveforms occurring at various
points within the circuit of FIG. 6a; and
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an alternate application of the
present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an excitation and detection
circuit suitable for use with a plurality of magnetometer probes
for providing pulse and presence indications;
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the operational characteristic of
a flux gate magnetometer;
FIG. 10 is a waveform diagram illustrating the waveforms occurring
at various points in the circuit of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an alternative bias means for use
in the circuits of FIG. 8 for adapting the magnetometer operating
point to the existing field intensity;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a further alternative circuit
arrangement for use in the circuit of FIG. 8 for allowing the
circuit to adapt to new field intensity;
FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view of a system in accordance with the
invention for monitoring vehicular traffic on a multilane roadway;
and
FIG. 14 is an isometric illustration of a preferred probe structure
suitable for burial within a saw cut roadway slot, as represented
in FIG. 13.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Attention is now called to FIG. 1 of the drawings which illustrates
a schematic plan view of a typical service station. The station of
FIG. 1 includes a service station house 10 and three service
islands 12, 14 and 16. Typically, each of the islands will have two
or more gasoline dispensers 18. An underground 110 volt, 60 hertz
alternating current power line 20 typically connects the electrical
panel 22 at the house 10 to each of the service islands.
A bell unit 24 is normally mounted within the house 10 for audibly
signaling when a vehicle enteres a service area adjacent to one of
the islands. As previously pointed out, typical prior art systems
for detecting the entry of a vehicle have utilized pneumatic hoses
laid on the ground, or photodetectors, wire coils, or magnetometer
detectors, buried beneath the surface. Regardless of the particular
type of detection system employed, some means is, of course,
provided for actuating the bell unit 24 in response to the
detection of a vehicle entry.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle sensor unit, to
be described hereinafter in detail, is mounted on each of the
islands for detecting the entry of a vehicle into the service area
on either side of the island. More particularly, a vehicle sensor
unit 26 is mounted on the island 12 for detecting the entry of a
vehicle into the service areas immediately north and south of the
island 12. Similarly, a sensor unit 28 is mounted on the island 14
for detecting the entry of vehicles into the service areas
immediately east and west of the island 14. Sensor unit 30 is
mounted on the island 16 to detect the entry of a vehicle into the
service areas immediately east and west of the island 16.
As will be better appreciated hereinafter, the sensor units are
comprised of a magnetic field sensing device and associated
electronic circuitry and can be housed within a very small
container adapted to be mounted on any convenient structure such
as, for example, the gasoline dispenser housings. FIG. 1 is
intended to merely illustrate the vehicle sensor units as being
located on the islands and being connected to the existing service
station 110 volt, 60 hertz power line. As will be seen hereinafter,
in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present
invention, each of the vehicle sensor units is electrically powered
from the 110 volt, 60 hertz power line. In addition, each sensor
unit, in response to detecting the entry of a vehicle into an
adjacent service area, provides a high frequency command or bell
actuation signal on the power line 20. This high frequency command
signal is detected by the remote bell unit 24 in house 10 to
actuate a striker solenoid therein. By utilizing the existing power
lines 20 to communicate between the islands and the bell unit 24,
installation costs as compared to existing detection systems are
drastically reduced.
Attention is now called to FIGS. 2a and 2b which illustrate a
representation of the ambient earth's magnetic field adjacent to
one of the islands, e.g., island 14, of FIG. 1. FIG. 2 illustrates
a single gasoline dispenser 18 situated on the island 14. The
vehicle sensor unit 30 is illustrated as being mounted on the side
of the gasoline dispenser housing.
FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate lines 37 intended to represent the
ambient earth's magnetic field in the absence of a vehicle or other
magnetically permeable mass being present in the service areas 14W
and 14E to the west and east, respectively of the island 14. As
represented in FIGS. 2a and 2b, it will be noted that the ambient
earth's magnetic field intensity is substantially uniform in the
absence of a vehicle within the service area. It will be
appreciated, of course, that steady state magnetic field
distortions due to the permanent presence of magnetically permeable
masses, such as the housing of the dispenser 18, have been ignored.
The magnetic field lines 36 in FIGS. 2a and 2b have been
illustrated as being slightly inclined with respect to the surface.
Although the magnetic field can be considered as being
substantially vertical with respect to the surface at most
locations on the earth's surface displaced from the equator, in
reality, the magnetic field lines at any particular location will
be inclined at some angle usually referred to as the dip angle of
the earth's magnetic field. For example, the dip angle in Los
Angeles, Calif. is approxiamately 60.degree..
The sensor unit 30, as will be explained, in greater detail
hereinafter, includes a magnetic field sensing device which
provides an output signal having a characteristic related to the
level of magnetic field intensity through a "sampling area" or
"flux collecting aperture" thereof. As is explained in the
afore-cited U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,915, magnetic field sensing devices
generally may be regarded as having such a sampling area or flux
collecting aperture, the size and shape of which are dependent upon
the characteristics of the particular device. In the preferred
embodiment of the present invention, the sensing device comprises a
flux gate magnetometer whose sampling area is generally defined by
the nature, size and shape of the magnetometer core structue and
any additional flux collecting elements, if any, together with the
coils surrounding the core structure.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the sensing unit 30 is mounted between
the projections of the service areas 14W and 14E projected in the
direction of the magnetic field. The sensing device, i.e., the
magnetometer, within the sensing unit is oriented so that its
sampling area senses the substantially vertical external magnetic
field component so as to thus enable it to indicate a reduction in
that component from an ambient level caused by a vehicle entering
one of the areas 14W or 14E.
More particularly, as has been recognized and explained in the
afore-cited U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,915, a magnetically permeable mass,
such as is found in conventional vehicles, will concentrate the
magnetic field lines therethrough to thus increase magnetic field
intensity above and below the vehicle. More accurately, it can be
said that the presence of a magnetically permeable mass on a
specified area of the earth's surface, such as service area 14W of
FIGS. 2 and and, 3, will increase the magnetic field intensity
within a volume constituting the projection of the specified area
in a direction determined by the magnetic field inclination at that
site. Whereas, prior art magnetometer detection systems have
employed the recognition of this intensity increase phenomena in
order to detect the presence of vehicles within a specified area,
in accordance with the present invention the magnetic field sensing
means is disposed so as to sense magnetic field intensity outside
of the volume in which the field intensity is increased as a
consequence of the vehicle presence. That is, as shown in FIGS. 2
and 3, the sensor unit 30 is mounted so as to be adjacent to but
outside of the volumes constituting the substantially vertical
projections of the specified service areas 14W and 14E.
Consequently, when the vehicle 40 enters the area 14W, it
substantially increases the field intensity as represented in FIGS.
3a and 3b above and below the vehicle within the projection of the
area 14W in the direction of the magnetic field. However, as will
be also noted in FIGS. 3a and 3b in the presence of the vehicle 40,
the field intensity is reduced from ambient adjacent to but outside
of the projection of the area being monitored. Thus, the magnetic
field intensity at the sensor unit 30 in the presence of the
vehicle 40 as shown in FIG. 3 is reduced from the ambient field
intensity level as shown in FIG. 2 and it is this field intensity
reduction which is sensed to actuate the remote bell unit 24 in
house 10.
Attention is now called to FIG. 4a which illustrates a schematic
diagram of a preferred embodiment of a vehicle sensor unit, e.g.,
30, in accordance with the present invention. The embodiment of
FIG. 4a preferably employs a flux gate magnetometer 50 as the
magnetic field sensing device mounted so as to sense the
substantially vertical magnetic field component. As is explained in
detail in the afore-cited U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,915, a flux gate
magnetometer 50 can be comprised of a magnetically saturable
element 52 forming a core upon which a plurality of windings 54,
56, 58 and 60 placed. The windings 54 and 56 comprise energizing
windings and are wound on the core 52 with opposite orientations,
as expressed by the orientation representing dots. As shown, the
windings 54, and 56 are connected in series between the output
terminal of an oscillator 62 and a squrce of reference potential,
such as ground. The oscillator 62 provides a relatively high
frequency alternating current output signal, e.g. at 100 kilohertz,
to energize the windings 54 and 56.
The windings 58 and 60 comprise output windings and, as represented
by the orientation dots, are wound on the core 50 with similar
orientations. The windings 58 and 60 are connected in series
between a source of reference potential, as ground, and a
magnetometer output terminal 64.
As is explained in the cited U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,915, the flux gate
magnetometer 50 will provide an output signal at terminal 64 having
a frequency equal to twice that of the output of oscillator 62 and
an amplitude substantially proportional to the net magnetic field
intensity component, e.g., represented by arrow 66, through the
sampling area thereof, essentially along core 52. The operation of
the magnetometer 50 can be readily understood by initially
considering its performance in the absence of any net external
magnetic field component along the core 52. In this situation,
during each half cycle of the energizing signal provided by
oscillator 62, the windings 54 and 56 will produce opposite
magnetic fields in the upper and lower (as represented in FIG. 4a
portions of core 52, respectively. The parameters of the
magnetometer are selected such that saturation occurs within the
core 52 for a major portion of each half cycle. Since the windings
54 and 56 are producing oppositely directed magnetic fields within
the core 52 and since the output windings 58 and 60 are similarly
wound, equal amplitude output signals of opposite polarity will be
induced in the windings 58 and 60 by transformer action prior to
saturation during each half cycle. As long as the signals induced
in windings 58 and 60 are equal and of opposite polarity, they
will, of course, cancel one another to provide essentially a zero
amplitude output signal at magnetometer output terminal 64.
Now consider the action of the magnetometer in the presence of an
ambient magnetic field as represented by the arrow 66. In this
situation, during each half cycle of the energizing signal, either
the upper or lower section of the core 52 will saturate before the
other section depending upon the direction of the ambient magnetic
field. Thus, transformer action will continue for a longer portion
of each half cycle in one of the output windings 58 or 60, as
compared to the duration of transformer action in the other output
winding. As a consequence, the output windings 58 and 60 will yield
an output signal at terminal 64 which has a frequency twice that of
the frequency of the signal provided by the oscillator 62 and an
amplitude substantially proportional to the magnitude of the
magnetic field intensity component 66 along the core 52.
It is emphasized that although the disclosed flux gate magnetometer
50 constitutes a preferred form of magnetic field intensity sensing
means, it is recognized that sensing devices other than the
disclosed flux gate magnetometer could be suitably employed in
accordance with the present invention.
The output signal provided on terminal 64 by the flux gate
magnetometer 50 is coupled to a circuit 70 which will be referred
to as a demodulation circuit. The demodulation circuit 70 responds
to the alternating magnetometer output signal to provide a direct
current signal at circuit point A having an amplitude substantially
proportional to the external magnetic field intensity 66. The
circuit 70 is comprised of a capacitor 62 and a diode 74 serially
connected between magnetometer output terminal 64 and circuit point
A. Diode 76 connects the junction between capacitor 72 and diode 74
to ground. Storage capacitor 78 connects circuit point A to ground.
The two diodes 74 and 76 operate in conjunction with the capacitor
72 to provide voltage doubling and rectification. The capacitor 78
acts as a storage or integrating capacitor to yield a direct
current potential at circuit point A substantially proportional to
the intensity of the external magnetic field 66. As shown in FIG.
4b, it will be assumed that the direct current potential level
established at circuit point A by the component of the ambient
magnetic field along core 52 is equal to E.sub.0.
As has been pointed out, in accordance with the present invention
the magnetometer 50 is mounted so as to sense the substantially
vertical field component adjacent to but outside of the projection
of an area being monitored so that the entry of a magnetic
permeable mass, i.e., a vehicle, into the monitored area, as was
explained in conjunction with FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, will cause a
reduction in the external magnetic field intensity through the
magnetometer sampling area. As a consequence, the DC potential on
circuit point A will fall from the level E.sub.0 to a lower level,
represented by E.sub.1. That is, in the representative waveforms of
FIG. 4b, the absence of a vehicle within either of the monitored
areas 14W or 14E of FIGS. 2 and 3 has been assumed between times t0
and t1, however, it is assumed that a vehicle 40 enters one of the
monitored areas, e.g., area 14W to thus reduce the external field
intensity along saturable core 52 and in turn reduce the potential
at circuit point A of FIG. 4a from the level E.sub.0 to the level
E.sub.1 (FIG. 4b).
The reduction in potential at circuit point A caused by a vehicle
entering a monitored service area is coupled to an amplifier 80 to
generate a command signal to ultimately energize an audible alarm.
Although the reduction in potential at circuit point A could be
merely AC coupled in a conventional manner to the amplifier 80 by a
capacitor and resistor, it has been found to be generally
preferable to employ an adaptive threshold circuit, such as circuit
82 of FIG. 4a, to couple circuit point A to the amplifier 80.
Briefly, the function of the adaptive threshold circuit 82 is to
define a threshold signal level just slightly below, e.g., 0.2
percent, the level of the signal at circuit point A. When a
magnetically permeable mass enters the area being monitored to
reduce the level at circuit point A by more than 0.2 percent, this
will trigger the amplifier 80 to generate a command output signal.
After a short interval, e.g., 3 seconds, the threshold signal
developed by the adaptive threshold circuit 82 will then adapt to
the new level at circuit point A, so as to be able to thereafter
recognize the entry of a subsequent magnetically permeable mass
into the area being monitored.
More particularly, the adaptive threshold circuit 82 is comprised
of a voltage divider including resistors 88 and 90 connected in
series. In order to establish a threshold level substantially 0.2
percent below the level at circuit point A, the resistor 90 is
selected to have a value approximately 500 times that of the
resistor 88. Thus, resistor 88 can have an exemplary value of 10 K
ohms and resistor 90 a value of 5 K ohms. A resistor 92, which may
for example, be approximately 10 K ohms, couples circuit point A
directly to amplifier input terminal 84. Resistor 94 which also may
have a value on the order of 10 K ohms, couples the junction
between resistors 88 and 90 to amplifier input terminal 86. A
relatively large capacitor 96, for example having a value of 250
microfarads, connects amplifier input terminal 86 to ground.
Prior to considering the operation of the adaptive threshold
circuit 82, it is pointed out that the amplifier 80 preferably
comprises an operational amplifier, of which several satisfactory
types are readily commercially available. The amplifier 80 is used
such that when the potential on terminal 84 is more positive than
the potential on terminal 86, the amplifier 80 will provide a
negative output signal. On the other hand, when the potential on
amplifier input terminal 86 is more positive than the potential on
input terminal 84, then the amplifier 80 will provide a positive
output signal.
Referring now to FIG. 4b, it will be noted that under ambient
conditions in the absence of a vehicle within the monitored area,
as represented between the times t0 and t1, the potential on
amplifier input terminal 84, i.e., circuit point B, will be equal
to E.sub.0 or in other words the potential at circuit point A. At
this time the potential on amplifier input terminal 86 will be
equal to R.sup.. E.sub.0 where R constitutes the ratio of the value
of resistor 90 to the sum of the values of resistors 88 and 90.
Thus, utilizing the exemplary values shown in FIG. 4a, the
potential at input terminal 86 (circuit point C) will be 500/501
.times. E.sub.0. Accordingly, since the potential at input terminal
84 is more positive than the potential at input terminal 86, the
amplifier 80 will provide a negative output signal at circuit point
D as represented in FIG. 4b.
Now assume at time t.sub.1 a vehicle enters the monitored service
area 14W of FIGS. 2 and 3. The magnetometer 50 will immediately
sense the resulting reduced magnetic field intensity and thus the
potential at circuit point A will immediately fall from level
E.sub.0 to E.sub.1. Since circuit point B is directly resistively
coupled to circuit point A, the potential thereon will likewise
rapidly fall from level E.sub.0 to level E.sub.1. On the other
hand, because of the large time constant established by the large
capacitor 96, the potential on input terminal 86 (circuit point C)
will change considerably more slowly from the level R.E.sub.0 to
the new level R.sup.. E. This, of course, means that the potential
on amplifier input terminal 86 will temporarily be more positive
than the potential on input on input terminal 84 and as a
consequence the output of amplifier 80 will go positive until the
capacitor 96 discharges to where the potential on amplifier 86 is
again less positive than the potential on input terminal 84. Thus,
FIG. 4b represents that amplifier 80 will provide a positive output
signal at circuit point D between times t1 and t2 which duration is
primarily determined by the value of capacitor 96 and which is
selected to be sufficiently long, e.g., 2 to 3 seconds, to assure
that vehicles entering the monitored areas at very slow speeds will
still be recognized. Once the output of amplifier 80 returns to a
negative potential, the sensor unit of FIG. 4a is then again able
to sense a further field intensity reduction as would be produced
by the entry of a new vehicle into the monitored area. That is, it
has been assumed that the vehicle 40 of FIG. 3 entered the
monitored area 14W at time t1 illustrated in FIG. 4b. This vehicle
was detected by the amplifier 80 providing a positive output signal
between times t1 and t2. Now assume that a second vehicle enters
the area 14E of FIG. 3 at time t3 while the first vehicle still
occupies the area 14W. The entry of the second vehicle will again
cause a reduction of the potential level at circuit point A of FIG.
4a to again reduce the potential at circuit point B below the
potential at circuit point C. As a consequence, the amplifier 80
will again provide a positive output signal between times t3 and
t4. When one of the vehicles leaves the monitored area at time t5,
it will produce an increase in potential at circuit point A from
level E.sub.2 to level E.sub.1, but however, it should be
understood that this increase in potential will not activate the
amplifier 80. That is, the increased potential on circuit point A
will merely make the potential on input terminal 84 even more
positive than it was relative to the potential on input terminal 86
and as a consequence the amplifier 80 will not respond.
Prior to considering the manner in which the output of amplifier 80
is utilized to supply a command signal to actuate an audible
signal, i.e., the bell unit 24 in the service station house 10
(FIG. 1) it is pointed out that a regeneration path 100 can
optionally be utilized to speed and make more positive the response
of amplifier 80 to an arriving vehicle. More particularly, the
output of amplifier 80 is coupled through a feedback resistor 102
to the magnetometer secondary windings 58 and 60 in a manner to
further reduce the magnetic field along the saturable core 52. That
is, as has been pointed out, the entry of a vehicle into the
monitored area causes a reduction in the external magnetic field
intensity along core 52 so as to cause the amplifier 80 to produce
a positive output signal. The regeneration path 100 couples the
output of the amplifier 80 back to the magnetometer output windings
58 and 60 with a sense such that a positive amplifier output
produces a current through the output windings in a direction to
produce a field component in core 52 opposite to the ambient
magnetic field 66 to thereby further reduce the net magnetic field
intensity along core 52 and thus increase the effect of an entering
vehicle.
In accordance with a significant feature of the present invention
for application in service stations and the like, the output signal
provided by amplifier 80 is coupled back to the bell unit in the
house 10 (FIG. 1) through a 110 volt power line which normally
exists in most modern service stations. More particularly, the
output of amplifier 80 is connected to the enable input terminal
104 of a gate 106. Additionally, the output of oscillator 62 is
connected to the input terminal 108 of gate 106. The gate 106
functions to pass the signal applied to its input terminal 108 to
its output terminal 110 when an enabling signal (herein assumed to
be positive) is provided on its input terminal 104. The gate 106
can take many forms but most simply, it can constitute an
operational amplifier, similar to the amplifier 80, which will pass
the signal applied to input terminal 108 only when a positive
potential is applied to the enable input terminal 104. FIG. 4b
illustrates the signal supplied by gate 106 at its output terminal
110 (Circuit point E) in response to the operation of the amplifier
80.
The output terminal 110 of gate 106 is coupled to the 110 volt
power line which, as has been pointed out, normally extends to the
service island in modern service stations. More particularly, the
gate output terminal 110 is connected to the input of a high pass
filter 112 whose output terminals 114 are connected to the 110 volt
power line. Thus, as should now be readily appreciated, the entry
of a permeable mass such as a vehicle into a monitored area such as
either area 14E or 14W of FIGS. 2 and 3, causes amplifier 80 of
FIG. 4a to produce a positive output signal to consequently couple
a burst of the output signal of oscillator 62 to the 110 volt power
line and thus to the bell unit 24 within the house 10.
Prior to terminating the discussion of FIG. 4a, it is pointed out
that a conventional power supply unit 120 is incorporated in the
vehicle sensor unit to provide the required potential levels to
oscillator 62, amplifier 80, gate 106, etc.
Attention is now called to FIG. 5 which schematically illustrates
the circuitry of the bell unit 24 mounted within the service
station house 10 (FIG. 1). It will be recognized that the function
of the bell unit 24 is to monitor the 110 volt power line and
respond to each high frequency burst thereon to energize the
striker solenoid of a bell in order to audibly alert service
station attendants.
The bell unit 24 of FIG. 5 is coupled to the 110 volt power line,
as by plug 140. The plug 140 couples the power line to the input of
a band pass filter 148 which, of course, is selected to have a
bandpass characteristic to pass signals within a small frequency
band about a center frequency equal to the frequency of the output
signal of oscillator 62. The output of the bandpass filter is
coupled through rectifier 150 to power amplifier 154.
Although not illustrated, an appropriate noise discrimination
circuit can be incorporated between filter 148 and amplifier 154 in
order to distinguish the relatively long high frequency burst
applied to the power line by the sensor unit from noise bursts
which may spurriously appear on the power line in certain rare
environments. In one simple form such a noise discrimination
circuit could merely comprise a delay circuit selected so that it
will suppress bursts supplied thereto which have a duration shorter
than one-half second for example. It will be recalled that the
burst supplied by the sensor unit will normally have a 2 to 3
second duration. Thus, to the extent that any spurrious 100 K hz
signals appear on the power line, they will be suppressed unless
they have a duration in excess of one-half second. Although the use
of a simple delay circuit of this type is normally desirable and
adequate in most environments to suppress spurrious noise, it is
recognized that in other environments where, for some reason longer
duration spurrious signals are likely to be frequently encountered,
other and well known more complex and effective noise suppression
and/or information coding circuits can be utilized.
In any event, it should be appreciated that noise suppression
circuitry appropriate to a particular environment can be readily
selected to distinguish the high frequency burst supplied to the
power line from gate 110 in order to activate power amplifier 154.
The output of power amplifier 154 controls a switch 156,
illustrated as an NPN transistor. More particularly, the output of
amplifier 154 is connected to the base of transistor 156. The
emitter of transistor 156 is connected to ground. The collector of
transistor 156 is coupled through a coil of relay 158 to a source
of positive potential. The relay coil 158 controls a normally open
switch contact 160 which is connected in series with the coil of a
striker solenoid 162. The coil of the striker solenoid 162 is
connected across the 110 volt power line and in series with the
normally open switch contact 160. Energization of the striker
solenoid coil causes a striker (not shown) to strike a bell sounder
164 in order to generate the audible alert for the station
attendant.
FIG. 5 also illustrates a power supply unit 170 powered from the
110 volt power line. The power supply unit is utilized in order to
generate the appropriate potential levels to power the amplifier
154, for example.
From the foregoing, it should now be appreciated that a vehicle
detection system has been disclosed herein for responding to the
entry of a permeable mass, such as a vehicle, into a specified area
of the earth's surface. It will be recognized that the sensor unit
of FIG. 4a has the capability of responding to the entry of
successive vehicles as a consequence of the use of the adaptive
threshold circuit 82 which effectively develops a threshold signal
which adapts to any condition which exists for a certain length of
time. It is as a consequence of the adaptive feature of FIG. 4a
that the sensor unit is able to respond to a new vehicle arriving
in the area 14E (FIG. 3), for example, even though the area 14W is
still occupied by a vehicle to which the sensor unit has previously
responded.
Although the utility of the adaptive feature of the sensor unit of
FIG. 4a for many applications should be readily apparent, in other
applications, it may be desirable to not only sense the entry of a
vehicle into a monitored area, but in addition, to sense the
continued presence of the vehicle in that area. In order to do
this, a threshold level related to ambient field intensity is held
substantially constant for long durations rather than adapting to
relatively rapidly changing conditions such as is caused by an
arriving vehicle. More particularly, in order to detect presence,
the threshold is held constant at a level determined by the ambient
conditions at the particular site at which a sensor unit is being
employed.
FIG. 6a illustrates a vehicle sensor unit which not only responds
to the entry of a vehicle into a monitored area, but in addition to
its continued presence in the area. It will be recognized that from
FIG. 6a, the circuit therein is quite similar to the circuit of
FIG. 4a. That is, it employs high frequency oscillator 200 for
energizing a magnetometer 202. The output of the magnetometer is
then applied through a demodulation circuit 204 to develop a direct
current potential at circuit point A', the level of which is
substantially proportional to the magnetic field intensity seen by
the magnetometer 202. FIG. 6(b) illustrates the potential level at
point A'. The time interval between time t0 and t1 assumes that the
magnetometer 202 sees the ambient magnetic field in the absence of
a vehicle and as a consequence of that field produces a potential
level E.sub.0 at circuit point A'. As shown in FIG. 6a, circuit
point A' is coupled to the input terminal 206 of an amplifier 210
through a resistor 212. The second input terminal 214 of amplifier
210 is coupled to the slider 216 of a potentiometer 218. The
potentiometer 218 is connected between a source of positive
potential and ground. The output of the amplifier 210 is
illustrated as being connected to a utilization means 220 which
can, for example, constitute the gate 106 of FIG. 4a. Although the
regeneration path 100 of FIG. 4a is not illustrated in FIG. 6a, it
will be recognized that regeneration can advantageously be
incorporated therein also.
In order to use the sensor unit of FIG. 6a, the position of the
slider 216 on potentiometer 218 must first be established to
produce the threshold level. To do this, under ambient conditions,
in the absence of a vehicle within the monitored area, the slider
216 is manually adjusted to a level just below that which trips the
utilization means 220. That is, the slider 216 is moved along the
potentiometer to establish a threshold potential E.sub.t thereon
which is very slightly more negative than the potential on input
terminal 206 under ambient conditions in the absence of a vehicle.
This can be physically done by increasing in the positive direction
the value of E.sub.t until the utilization means 220 is tripped and
then backing off slightly so that the potential E.sub.t is
established at a level just slightly below the potential E.sub.O
established by the ambient magnetic field in the absence of a
vehicle within the monitored area. This type of procedure is often
referred to as a site adjustment and is normally performed only
upon the initial installation of the sensor unit. Once the proper
site adjustment has been found, the position of the slider 216 on
the potentiometer 218 should be held fixed.
Whenever a vehicle arrives then into the area monitored by the
magnetometer 202, the potential at circuit point A' will fall from
the level E.sub.0 to a level E.sub.1 below the established
threshold level E.sub.t. As a consequence, the potential on
amplifier input terminal 14 will become more positive than the
potential on amplifier input terminal 206 and as a consequence the
amplifier 210 will provide a positive output signal as shown in
FIG. 6b, to thus actuate the utilization means 220.
From the foregoing, it will be recognized that an adaptive vehicle
sensor unit has been shown herein in FIG. 4a to sense the entry of
a vehicle into a specified area and to thereafter adapt to the
presence of the recognized vehicle in order to enable it to sense
the entry of a subsequent vehicle into the monitored area. On the
other hand, the sensor unit of FIG. 6a is able to respond to the
entry and continued presence of a vehicle within the monitored
area. It should readily be recognized that in actuality the
capabilities of the sensor unit of FIG. 4a and FIG. 6a could be
combined within a single unit in order to enable it to selectively
operate in either an adaptive mode analogous to the operation of
the sensor unit of FIG. 4a or a presence mode analogous to the
operation of the embodiment of FIG. 6a. Mode selection can, for
example, be determined by the position of a manual switch on the
sensor unit. It should further be recognized that either the sensor
unit of FIG. 4a or 6a could be utilized to actuate a remote signal
unit, such as the audible bell unit 24, as by coupling a high
frequency signal through an existing power line. Although this
manner of communication is particularly useful is service station
applications, it should be recognized that other applications of
the invention may not require remote communication. For example
only, embodiments of the present invention can be utilized to
signal the arrival of a vehicle adjacent a bank drive-in window. In
this application, it is probable that the audible signal unit could
be coupled directly to the sensor unit so that communication over
the power line is not required. In other situations, as for example
in conjunction with parking gates where the arrival of a vehicle
adjacent a ticket dispensing machine is intended to raise a gate in
front of the vehicle, a special communication conductor, might be
utilized in lieu of the power line communication technique
explained in conjunction with FIGS. 1-5.
Although the embodiments of FIGS. 4a and 6a contemplate that the
magnetic field intensity sensing device, i.e., the magnetometer, be
contained within a housing also containing the illustrated
electronics, it should further be recognized that the magnetometer
alone could be utilized remote from the circuitry utilized
therewith. Thus, FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the invention
in which a probe 221 containing a magnetometer is buried beneath
the surface of a roadway 222. FIG. 7 illustrates the probe 221 as
being buried between two adjacent lanes 224 and 226, rather than
within the lane as is characteristic of the prior art. That is, the
probe 221 of FIG. 7 should be buried substantially vertically
adjacent to but outside of the substantially vertical projection of
the lane or area being monitored in order to sense a reduction in
field intensity caused by a magnetically permeable mass.
Utilization of the probe 221 in the manner shown in FIG. 7 enables
a single probe to monitor both lanes 224 and 226.
The circuitry required to function with the probe 221 can be
contained within a roadside housing 230 and can be connected
thereto by a cable 232 buried within the roadway. Thus, for
example, the housing 230 can contain the oscillator 200, the
demodulation circuit 204, the amplifier 210 and accompanying
circuitry, and the utilization means 220 of FIG. 6a.
Alternatively however, the application of FIG. 7 can employ the
circuit configuration of FIG. 8 which is particularly well suited
to situations where a plurality of probes are to be placed at
locations having no readily available source of power so that it is
necessary to supply magnetometer excitation current, as by cable
232. Such a situation is encountered, for example, in monitoring
traffic on a multiple lane roadway. In a typical application of the
present invention (see FIG. 13), N+1 traffic lanes in one direction
can be monitored with N probes, each buried between lanes and
connected to a common control circuit as represented in FIG. 8.
More particularly, from what has been said herein, it will be
recalled that each magnetometer probe 300 (FIG. 8) includes a pair
of primary or input windings 302 and a pair of secondary or output
windings 304. In accordance with the preferred circuit arrangement
of FIG. 8, the primary windings 302 of the N magnetometers are
connected in series. Similarly, the secondary windings 304 of the N
magnetometers are also connected in series.
The series connected primary windings 302 are connected across the
output of a divide by 2 frequency divider 306 providing an
excitation signal at frequency f. The frequency divider 306 is in
turn driven by an oscillator 308 providing a signal at frequency
2f. As has been mentioned, each magnetometer provides an output
signal on its secondary windings 304 having a frequency equal to
twice the frequency of the excitation signal applied to the primary
windings thereof. As is well known in the art, the phase of this
second harmonic output signal will either be in phase (i.e., .phi.
= 0.degree.) or out of phase (i.e., .phi. = 180.degree.) with a
corresponding frequency reference signal depending upon the
direction of the magnetic field sensed by the magnetometer.
More particularly, attention is now diverted to FIG. 9a which
depicts the V shaped characteristic of a typical flux gate
magnetometer which is described in "Non-linear Magnetic Control
Devices" by William A. Geyger, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Page 343. The
characteristic depicted in FIG. 9a shows that the magnetometer
produces an output voltage E.sub.out as a function of the magnitude
of the sensed field intensity H. It will be noted that the
characteristic is substantially symmetric and that as the field
intensity is increased from zero in either direction, the
magnetometer output voltage increases symmetrically and
substantially linearly. As previously noted, the magnetometer
output signal E.sub.out is an AC signal whose phase is dependent
upon the direction of the sensed magnetic field intensity. It will
be assumed herein that the signal E.sub.out is in phase with a
second harmonic reference signal if the net field is in the same
direction as the earth's field (which will hence forth be assumed
to be positive) but is 180.degree. out of phase with that reference
signal if the net field intensity is in an opposite direction
(henceforth assumed to be negative). As will be seen, the circuit
arrangement of FIG. 8 detects the presence of a vehicle by
comparing the phase of the magnetometer output signal with the
phase of the second harmonic reference signal provided by the
oscillator 308.
More particularly, the series connected output windings 304 are
connected across the input of a differential amplifier 310. The
output of the amplifier 310 is connected to the input of a phase
detection circuit 312. The phase detection circuit 312 essentially
consists of first and second transistor switches Q1 and Q2 which
are alternately enabled by the second harmonic reference signal
provided by the oscillator 308 as is shown in lines (c) and (d) of
FIG. 10. The switches Q1 and Q2 control the charging of a capacitor
314 such that if the magnetometer output voltage is in phase, a
positive voltage will be developed across the capacitor terminals
320 to 326. On the other hand if, the magnetometer output voltage
is out of phase, then a negative voltage will be developed across
the capacitor terminals, 320 to 326.
Note that the phase detection circuit 312 includes a path comprised
of series resistors 316 and 318 connecting the output of
differential amplifier 310 to the capacitor first terminal 320. A
second path comprised of series resistors 322 and 324 connect the
output of amplifier 310 to the capacitor second terminal 326. The
emitters of transistor switches Q1 and Q2 are connected in common
to a source of DC voltage. The collector of transistor Q1 is
connected to the junction between resistors 316 and 318 and the
collector of transistor Q2 is connected to the junction between
resistors 322 and 324. The bases of transistors Q1 and Q2 are
respectively connected through resistors 330 and 332 to
complimentary output terminals of the oscillator 308 so as to be
alternately switched, as represented in lines (c) and (d) of FIG.
10. When the transistor switch Q2 conducts ("on"), the output of
amplifier 310 is steered through the path comprised of resistors
316 and 318 to capacitor terminal 320. If the output of amplifier
310 is in phase (line (e), FIG. 10), the capacitor 314 will be
charged positive from terminal 320 to 326. If the output of
amplifier 310 is out of phase (line (f) FIG. 10), then the
capacitor 314 will be charged negative, i.e., from terminal 320 to
326.
Inasmuch as it is desired that the circuit of FIG. 8 be capable of
indicating continuous presence of a vehicle, rather than mere
entry, it is necessary to include bias means 332 for adjusting the
detector to a particular site. That is, again calling attention to
FIG. 9a, the point H.sub.v represents a typical value of vertical
component of the earth's magnetic field intensity. For reasons
having to do with stability and linearity, it is normally desirable
that the magnetometer be operated at a point close to the axis of
symmetry of the V-shaped characteristic. This can be accomplished
by producing a bias field along the magnetometer axis in a
direction opposite to the earth's field. In accordance with the
present invention, the N magnetometers in a series string are all
biased by a series bias current driven through the magnetometer
secondary windings to an operating point Ho, which is associated
with an output voltage Eo as depicted on the composite magnetometer
characteristic shown in FIG. 9b. As will be seen hereinafter, the
bias current magnitude is selected so as to establish a fixed
operating point Ho regardless of the number of probes connected in
series. Thus, although the bias current magnitude will vary
dependent on the number of probes (i.e., the value of N), the
operating point Ho will be fixed and independent of the probe
number. This means that probe sensitivity will not vary based on
the number of probes employed. FIG. 9c illustrates the voltage
(Ecap) developed across the capacitor 314 as a function of sensed
field intensity. Note that the voltage Ecap is substantially
linearly related to field intensity H over a wide region and that
it is negative for negative field values and positive for positive
field values.
As mentioned, in order to adjust the circuit of FIG. 8 to a
particular site, a bias current is driven through the series
connected magnetometer secondary windings 304. In order to do this,
a first terminal of the series connected secondary windings is
connected to a slide 334 of a potentiometer 336, connected between
a source of positive DC voltage and ground. A second terminal of
the series connected secondary windings is connected through
resistor 338 to ground. As the slide 334 is moved along the
potentiometer 336, the bias field developed by the bias current
through the magnetometer secondary windings is, of course, varied
to thereby enable the operating point on the V-shaped
characteristic of FIG. 9b to be varied. In order to determine the
proper position for the slide 334, an indicator lamp 340 is
provided controlled by the output of an operational amplifier 344
operating as a comparator.
A voltage E.sub.s is applied to a first terminal 345 of the
amplifier 344 by connecting it appropriately to a voltage divider
346 connected between a source of positive DC potential and ground.
The second terminal 347 of amplifier 344 is connected to the
capacitor terminal 320. The amplifier 344 will provide a negative
output as long as the potential on terminal 345 is negative
compared to the potential on terminal 347. When the potential on
terminal 347 becomes more negative than the potential on terminal
345, the amplifier 344 output signal will go positive to energize
lamp 340.
Site adjustment is accomplished by moving the slide 334 along the
potentiometer 336 (to increase the bias current and reduce the
magnetometer output voltage) until the indicator lamp 340 just goes
on and then backing off on the slide slightly to allow the lamp to
go off. More particularly, in order to better understand the site
adjustment operation, initially assume that no bias current is
provided from the slide 334 to the magnetometer secondary windings.
In the absence of bias current, the operating point of the
magnetometers will be defined by the vertical component of the
earth's magnetic field represented by H.sub.v in FIG. 9b. The
magnetometer output signal NE.sub.out will be in phase to thus
produce a positive voltage across the capacitor from terminal 320
to 326. Thus, the potential on amplifier input terminal 347 will be
greater than the potential on terminal 345 and the amplifier 344
will provide a negative output signal. Now, assume that the slide
344 is moved along the potentiometer 346 so as to produce a bias
field along the magnetometer axes in a direction opposite to the
earth's magnetic field. This will bias the magnetometers down
toward the axis of symmetry of the V-shaped characteristic of FIG.
9b and reduce the voltage across the capacitor 314. As the net
field seen by the magnetometers approaches null, the voltage on
terminal 320 decreases below E.sub.s and the amplifier 344 output
signal will become positive to energize lamp 340. By then slightly
backing off on the slider 334 to extinguish the lamp, a bias
current will have been established through the magnetometer
secondary windings to establish the operating point Ho as
represented in FIGS. 9b and 9c.
With the operating point Ho established as represented in FIGS. 9b
and 9c, the circuit of FIG. 8 is then operable to detect vehicles
which produce a reduction in magnetic field intensity as seen by
the magnetometers such as to cross the axis of symmetry of the
composite V-shaped characteristic. That is, in the absence of a
vehicle adjacent to the magnetometers 300, operation at the
operating point Ho will produce a positive voltage across capacitor
314. However, in the presence of a vehicle which reduces the
magnetic field intensity so as to cross the axis of symmetry on the
composite V-shaped characteristic, the phase of the magnetometer
output signal NE.sub.out will shift by 180.degree. thereby charging
the capcitor 314 in an opposite direction. When the voltage across
terminals 320 and 326 becomes negative, the output of amplifier 360
becomes positive.
The output of amplifier 360 is selectively coupled to relay driver
362 either directly through switch 364 or through a capacitor 366.
That is, the switch 364 comprises a mode switch which can be
selectively set to define either a pulse mode or presence mode.
When the blade of switch 362 engages contact 368, the output of
amplifier 360 is coupled directly to the relay driver 364 and for
so long as the output of amplifier 360 is positive, the relay
driver will be energized. The output of amplifier 360 will, of
course, remain positive for so long as the field intensity seen by
the magnetometers has a value to the left of the axis of symmetry
as represented in FIG. 9b. Thus, when the blade of switch 362
engages contact 368, the circuit of FIG. 8 functions to provide a
continuous presence indication. On the other hand, when the blade
of switch 362 engages contact 370, only transitions in the output
of amplifier 360 are coupled to the relay driver 364. The output of
relay driver 364 is connected to a solenoid coil 372 which in turn
controls the positioning of relay contact 374 to operate any
suitable utilization device.
Attention is now called to FIG. 11 which depicts an alternative
circuit configuration, similar to that shown in FIG. 8, but
substituting bias means 322' for previously mentioned bias means
332, to enable the magnetometer operating point to automatically
adapt to a new field value. That is, whereas the bias means 332 of
FIG. 8 included a manually operable site adjustment control
(potentiometer slide 334), the circuit configuration of FIG. 11
automatically adjusts the bias current to establish the desired
operating point Ho. In addition to the elimination of the manual
site adjustment control, the circuit of FIG. 11 has a significant
advantage as compared to the circuit of FIG. 8. This is that if a
vehicle stops adjacent to one of the magnetometer probes so as to
reduce the net magnetic field intensity on the composite
characteristic of FIG. 9b to the left of the axis of symmetry, the
circuit of FIG. 11 will after a short time delay adapt to the new
field value and thus thereafter be able to sense the arrival of a
new vehicle. The disadvantage of the circuit of FIG. 11, as
compared to the circuit of FIG. 8, is that it is incapable of
indicating continuous vehicle presence since its operating point
will automatically adapt to a new external field value. That is,
the circuit of FIG. 11 is capable of indicating presence for a
limited time only. Although, it will be recognized from the
foregoing comments that the capabilities of the circuits of FIGS. 8
and 11 are somewhat mutually exclusive, it should be apparent that
the operational characteristics of both circuits can be achieved in
a single unit by the inclusion of appropriate switches.
In referring to FIG. 11, elements coresponding to elements already
mentioned in FIG. 8, will be identified by primed numerals
corresponding to the numerals used in FIG. 8. Aside from the
different circuitry for supplying bias current, the circuit of FIG.
11 can be substantially identical to the circuit of FIG. 8. In the
circuit of FIG. 11, instead of connecting the output of amplifier
344' to an indicator lamp, it is connected to a delay circuit
comprised of capacitor 400 and resistor 402 and then to a resistor
406 connected to the first terminal of the string of magnetometer
secondary windings.
In the operation of the circuit of FIG. 11, the amplifier 344' will
be responsive to the voltage developed across the capacitor 314' to
supply bias current to the magnetometers through resistor 406 in
order to reduce the potential across the capacitor to the value
E.sub.s. By way of explanation, assume initially that the external
field is represented by H.sub.v as shown in FIG. 9b. As has been
previously indicated, this will produce a positive voltage across
capacitor 314' in excess of the value E.sub.s applied to amplifier
input terminal 345'. As a consequence, amplifier 344' will develop
an output signal to supply current through resistor 406 in a first
direction to the magnetometer secondary windings to produce a bias
field opposite to the earth's magnetic field to establish the
operating point Ho. The development of this bias field will, of
course, have the effect of reducing the positive potential across
capacitor 314'. Upon the entry of a vehicle into the area being
monitored, the sensed magnetic field will be reduced across the
axis of symmetry of the V-shaped magnetometer characteristic, of
FIG. 9b. As a consequence, the potential across the capacitor 314'
will become negative and thus cause the amplifier 344' to provide a
bias current in the opposite direction to produce an oppositely
directed magnetic field in the same direction as the earth's
magnetic field. In this manner, the magnetometer operating point
H.sub.0 will be automatically adjusted to adapt to any new sensed
field value. It should be recognized that this adaption can be
accomplished rapidly or slowly merely dependent upon the value
selected for the RC time delay circuit comprised of capacitor 400
and resistor 402. The optimum adaptation period depends upon the
application in which the circuit is employed.
Although several applications of the embodiments of the invention
and variations thereof have been mentioned herein, it should be
readily recognized that embodiments of the invention will find
utility in many other applications wherein it is desired to sense
the entry or presence of a magnetically permeable mass within an
area of the earth's magnetic surface.
Attention is now called to FIG. 12 which illustrates an alternative
manner of modifying the circuit of FIG. 8 to enable it to adapt to
a new field intensity level. The circuit embodiment of FIG. 12,
instead of using bias means for establishing a particular operating
point, operates on the basis of looking for a voltage decrease out
of the phase detection circuitry. That is, in order to modify the
circuit of FIG. 8 in accordance with the teachings of FIG. 12, the
bias means 332 are eliminated and the circuitry shown in FIG. 12 is
substituted for the circuitry shown in FIG. 8 between the
magnetometer secondary winding terminals and the relay driver. For
convenience, elements in FIG. 12 corresponding to elements in FIG.
8 are designated by the same numbers, but double primed.
In the circuit of FIG. 12, the DC output voltage provided by phase
detector circuit 312" is coupled by capacitor 410 to a first input
terminal 412 of an operational amplifier 414. As should be
apparent, the capacitor 410 acts to AC couple the phase detector
circuit output to the amplifier 414 so that the amplifier only sees
transitions which occur in the phase detector output rather than
the absolute level thereof. The magnitude and direction of the
phase detector output transition is compared with a threshold
potential E.sub.s applied to a second input terminal of amplifier
414. If the transition exceeds the threshold potential E.sub.s in a
negative direction, then the amplifier 414 will provide an output
signal to enable the relay driver. The operation of the circuit of
FIG. 12 can be easily related to the characteristic depicted in
FIG. 9c. That is, the net magnetic field intensity can be at any
point along the horizontal axis which will produce some steady DC
voltage at the phase detector output. Upon the arrival of a vehicle
adjacent to one of the magnetometers, this net field will be
reduced by .DELTA.H which in turn will produce a transition
.DELTA.Ecap at the output of the phase detector. If .DELTA.Ecap is
more negative than the threshold - E.sub.s, the amplifier 414 will
respond to energize the relay driver. In the absence of further
transitions in the phase detector output signal, the amplifier 414
will remain enabled for a period determined by the time constant of
capacitor 410 and resistor 411 which, of course, governs the rate
at which the capacitor charges.
Attention is now called to FIG. 14 which illustrates a preferred
probe structure particularly suited for use in multiple lane
traffic applications of the type represented in FIG. 13. In order
to install wires beneath the surface of a roadway, where conduits
have not been provided, it is common practice to make a slot by
using a concrete cutting saw. Typically, a one-quarter inch wide
slot can be easily cut to a depth of approximately 2 inches. In the
application illustrated in FIG. 13, each probe can be used to
monitor traffic in two adjacent lanes by installing each probe
coincident with the boundary line between those lanes. Thus, as
illustrated in FIG. 13, it is only necessary to employ two probes
to monitor four lanes.
In accordance with the preferred probe structure illustrated in
FIG. 14, the magnetometer element 420, is sealed within a
substantially rigid rectangular housing 422. The housing 422 can
for example, be molded of plastic around the magnetometer element
420 or alternatively could for example be formed of aluminum
hollowed out to receive the magnetometer element and then sealed
with some appropriate potting compound. Numerous other materials
are suitable for forming the housing 422. Regardless of the
material utilized, it is significant in accordance with the present
invention to dimension the housing 422 so as to enable it to fit
within a saw cut slot 424 formed within a roadway 426. Thus, the
housing thickness T should preferably be slightly less than one
quarter inch and the depth D should be less than 2 inches. Such
dimensions are sufficient to accomodate magnetometer elements of
the type discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,249,915.
The magnetometer element 420 is preferably oriented in the housing
with the element axis extending parallel to the housing depth
dimension D.
In order to facilitate easy placement of the magnetometer probe
structures of FIG. 13 within the slot 424, a multiconductor cable
430, interconnecting the probe structures to each other and to the
common control circuitry 432 (FIG. 13) enters the housing 422
through opposed edge surfaces close to the housing bottom edge 434
thereof. The conductors of the multiconductor cable 430 are
preferably connected to the leads of the magnetometer element 420
within the housing 422 in the manner shown in FIG. 8. It is pointed
out that although the probe structure of FIG. 13 has been disclosed
herein primarily for use with control circuitry responsive to
reductions in magnetic field intensity, it is equally useful with
control circuitry of the type responsive to increases in field
intensity.
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