U.S. patent number 3,824,945 [Application Number 05/237,788] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-23 for steerable aqua-sled.
Invention is credited to Frederick M. Casciano.
United States Patent |
3,824,945 |
Casciano |
July 23, 1974 |
STEERABLE AQUA-SLED
Abstract
A water sled which when towed behind a moving boat is steerable
from side to side by a rider in a simple but effective manner. This
positive maneuverability is accomplished by moving the effective
point of attachment of the towline to the sled from a point on the
bow to a point on the side of the sled causing the sled to become
aligned at some appreciable angle to the towline direction. The
relative water flow striking the sled at an angle and the two
bottom skegs cause the sled to dart to the outside of the towboat
wake. The rider changes the effective towline attachment point and
executes these maneuvers by pulling on or releasing a single
control rope which attaches to the towline. The towline, in turn,
is fastened to the stern of the sled.
Inventors: |
Casciano; Frederick M.
(Honolulu, HI) |
Family
ID: |
22895184 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/237,788 |
Filed: |
March 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
114/246; 441/65;
441/79 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63B
34/54 (20200201); B63B 34/60 (20200201) |
Current International
Class: |
B63B
35/81 (20060101); B63B 35/73 (20060101); A63c
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;114/235WS,16A,235A
;115/6.1 ;9/31R,31A,31B,31C,31E ;244/153R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Halvosa; George E. A.
Assistant Examiner: Basinger; Sherman D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Brenner & Wray
Claims
I claim:
1. A towed water sled vehicle comprising a body, a first rope
attachment mounted on the body near a stern thereof, a second rope
attachment mounted on the body forward of the first attachment, a
first rope connected to the first attachment and a second rope
connected to the second attachment, joint means for joining the
ropes remote from the attachments, means on the body for pulling
the joint means toward a center of the body and means on the body
for shifting the joint means from one side of the body to another,
and means for towing the vehicle from the joint means.
2. The towed water sled vehicle of claim 1 wherein the first rope
and the means for towing the vehicle comprise a single tow rope
connected to the first attachment and passing through the joint
means.
3. The towed water sled vehicle of claim 1 wherein the second
attachment comprises adjustable means for holding the second rope
at varied positions whereby the joint means is held by the second
rope at varied proximity to the body.
4. The method of towing a water sled craft comprising towing the
water sled craft by pulling at an angle to a centerline of the
water sled craft on a joint means rearward of a bow along a first
side of the water sled craft rearward of a bow, moving the joint
means toward the centerline of the craft, and moving the joint
means to a second side of the craft and sequentially moving the
joint means toward the centerline and from one side of the craft to
another side of the craft.
5. The method of towing a craft of claim 4 wherein the pulling
comprises connecting a towline to a stern of a towed craft, pulling
generally forward on the towline, pulling inward on the towline
toward a centerline of the craft from a point on the craft forward
of the stern, and controlling a distance of the towline from the
point.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising restraining a portion
of a towline which is adjacent the craft for movement substantially
parallel to a surface of the craft.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the pulling step comprises pulling
at a side of the craft between a bow and a stern of the craft,
whereby the sled attains an angle of about from 40.degree. to
80.degree. with respect to towline direction.
8. Towed water vehicle comprising a hull, means connected to the
hull for holding a towline at a first side of the hull rearward of
a bow of the vehicle, means to move the towline toward a center of
the hull, and means connected to the hull for shifting the towline
from one side of the hull to another side of the hull and back,
whereby the towed water vehicle attains an angle of about from
30.degree. to 80.degree. with respect to a direction of a towline,
on either side of the towed water vehicle.
9. A towed vehicle comprising a body, a first rope attachment
mounted on the body near a stern thereof, a second rope attachment
mounted on the body forward of the first attachment, a first rope
connected to the first attachment and a second rope connected to
the second attachment, joint means for joining the ropes remote
from the attachments and means for towing the vehicle from the
joint means wherein the second attachment comprises an opening in
the vehicle body and wherein the second rope passes through the
opening, and further comprising a handle on one end of the second
rope and a cleat for holding the handle remote from the opening
whereby the joint means is held adjacent the opening, and whereby
releasing the handle from the cleat permits the handle to be moved
toward the opening and the joint means to be moved away from the
opening.
10. The towed vehicle of claim 9 wherein the body comprises a water
sled having a planing hull configuration with a curved upward bow
and sides and a generally flattened bottom near a stern, and having
a dished passenger compartment with an integrally formed back rest
and seat and foot rests on sloped forward walls of the compartment
and handhold rails extending fore and aft along opposite sides of
the compartment, and downward extended skegs mounted on the hull
bottom near the stern, and wherein the second attachment opening
extends through the hull on a centerline of the craft from between
spaced foot rests in the passenger compartment through the bottom
of the hull and wherein the cleat is in the passenger compartment
for holding the second rope.
11. A towed vehicle comprising a body, a first rope attachment
mounted on the body near a stern thereof, a second rope attachment
mounted on the body forward of the first attachment, a first rope
connected to the first attachment and a second rope connected to
the second attachment, joint means for joining the ropes remote
from the attachments and means for towing the vehicle from the
joint means, and a holding means connected across the vehicle for
holding the first rope close to the vehicle between the vehicle and
the holding means, thereby preventing tipping of the vehicle.
12. The method of towing a craft comprising connecting a towline
directly to a stern which is always rearward of a bow of a towed
craft, pulling generally forward on the towline at an angle to a
centerline of the craft on a side of a craft, pulling inward on the
towline toward a centerline of the craft from a point on the craft
forward of the stern, and controlling a distance of the towline
from the point, sequentially holding the towline close to the
point, allowing the towline to be pulled a distance from the point
on one side of the ceterline, holding the towline a fixed distance
from the point on one side of the point, pulling the towline to the
ceterline of the craft, allowing the towline to be pulled to a
second side of the centerline, and holding the towline at a fixed
distance from the point on the second side of the centerline.
13. A towed vehicle comprising a body, a first rope attachment
mounted on the body near a stern thereof, a second rope attachment
comprising handle means mounted on the body forward of the first
attachment, a first rope connected to the first attachment and a
second rope connected to the second attachment, means for joining
the ropes remote from the attachments and means for towing the
vehicle from the joint means, wherein the joint means comprises a
pulley having a fixed portion attached to the second rope remote
from the second attachment and wherein the first rope and means for
towing comprises a single tow rope threaded through the pulley and
having a terminus attached to the first attachment.
14. A towed vehicle comprising a body, a first rope attachment
mounted on the body near a stern thereof, a second rope attachment
mounted on the body forward of the first attachment, a first rope
connected to the first attachment and a second rope connected to
the second attachment, joint means for joining the ropes remote
from the attachments and means for towing the vehicle from the
joint means wherein the second attachment comprises an opening in
the vehicle body and wherein the second rope passes through the
opening, whereby the second rope moves in the opening to hold the
joint means at varied proximity to the body.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The aqua-sled is intended mainly for use in the field of water
sports and recreation but might also find application in the areas
of oceanographic survey, diver mobility, and the like. With the
expanding trend toward more leisure time and the increasing
popularity of waterborne recreation, new and exciting water spots
and games are desirable.
The aqua-sled is used in a fashion simliar to water skis and
aquaplanes, i.e., while being towed behind a speedboat. It has the
maneuverability of water skis with the advantage of freeing the
rider from the strain of holding the tow rope and the other
physical demands required to maneuver on skis. The aquaplane, which
has the towline attached, makes minimal physical demands upon the
rider yet is virtually unsteerable. Modifications to the aquaplane
design have yet to produce effective steering control. Still other
designs appear to allow relative position control with respect to
the towboat yet do not cause the bow of the sled to point in the
direction of relative movement.
This invention combines the advantages of positive steering control
with minimum physical demands upon the rider. The preferred rider
position is seated, although other positions such as standing,
prone, or kneeling are easily conceived.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The aqua-sled is a small watercraft which has a boat hull type
underbody and is shaped on the topside to carry a seated person. A
form fitting seat and backrest as well as foot rests provide a
degree of comfort and a secure placement for the rider. Handgrips
or rails run along each side to provide a means for holding on. The
weight and physical dimensions of the sled are such that it can
probably be lifted and carried by one person.
The aqua-sled is towed behind another vessel, such as a speedboat,
by a towline attached from the towboat to the sled.
The invention provides a simple means whereby the rider or
operator, with minimal effort, can steer the sled from side to side
as it skims along the water surface.
The steering principle lies in controlling the effective point of
attachment of the towline to the sled. The sled will tow directly
behind the towboat, bow directed in the towing direction, when the
towline effectively is attached to the forward part of the sled on
the centerline. Moving this effective attachment point around to
one side, say to the left, causes the sled to assume a towing
attitude in which its centerline is at an oblique angle with the
towline. For example, the bow of the sled would then be pointed at
some angle to the right of the towing direction. This change of
alignment takes place to satisfy the equilibrium requirement for a
balance of moments on the sled due to hydrodynamic and towline
forces.
It is important that the attachment point be moved sufficiently far
around to one side such that the resulting angle assumed by the
sled with respect to the towline is appreciable, such as 45 to 80
degrees. This will provide positive steering control with ability
to maneuver far to the outside of the towboat wake.
Skegs or fins which are attached to the underbody, near the stern
and parallel to the centerline, assume an angle of attack with the
relative water flow past the underbody once the sled attitude has
been changed. Horizontal hydrodynamic lift forces develop on these
skegs as well as on edges of the hull. These forces, temporarily
unbalanced, cause the sled to move out rapidly to the right side of
the towboat, similar to the action of a water skier.
The sled reaches a new equilibrium position, where all components
of lift, drag, and towline forces balance, and relative motion
between the sled and the towboat ceases. The sled will remain in
this relative location with respect to the towboat until the
operator returns the effective point of attachment of the towline
to its original position on the bow. This will result in the sled
resuming station directly astern of the towboat, bow pointing in
the towing direction.
The operator can similarly cause the sled to move to the left by
shifting the towline attachment point to the right side of the
sled.
To achieve the greatest thrill, it is possible to steer the sled
from the extreme position on one side of the towboat to the
corresponding position on the other side. This is accomplished by
changing the towline attachment point from one side of the sled
directly to the other side. The sled will cross the boat wake at a
speed higher than that of the towboat providing thrills and
excitement to the rider.
The steering is best accomplished, as shown in greater detail
later, by a scheme in which the operator adjusts the length of a
single control rope. The control rope, about 13 inches long, passes
through an opening in the body of the sled, on the centerline,
forward. The end of the rope on the topside of the sled attaches to
a handle. The end of the control rope which passes out the bottom
side is attached to the body of a small pulley. The towline passes
through the pulley and is firmly attached to a padeye on the
certerline at the stern.
When the operator pulls the handle and thus pulls the control rope
taut, the towline is snubbed up tightly against the underside of
the sled at the location of the opening. In this mode the towline
is effectively attached at this point in that it is prevented from
moving horizontally or vertically there. The sled then will tow in
a path directly behind the towboat.
When the handle is released, allowing the control rope to pay out,
drag forces on the forward part of the sled cause the bow to rotate
to one side or the other about the point of towline securement at
the stern until the control rope again becomes taut. The direction
of turning is controlled by leaning or otherwise shifting weight at
the time of letting out the control rope. The sled is now being
towed from two points -- one at the stern and one near the bow --
in a bridle-like configuration. The effective point of towline
attachment in the horizontal plane is at the junction of the two
legs of the bridle, which is now to one side of the centerline. The
sled thus achieves an oblique orientation to the direction of
towing, and a resulting lateral velocity component is developed as
described earlier. By pulling on the control rope and snubbing in
the towline tightly back to the opening, the sled will resume its
initial towing behavior.
Skipping across a wake from one side of a towboat to another is
accomplished by pulling in on the tow rope and then releasing it as
the sled's bow points toward the boat. That procedure quickly
changes the effective point of towline connection from one side of
the sled to the other.
This scheme is used for its simplicity, ease of control, minimum of
moving parts, and its compatibility with desired low cost of
manufacture of the sled. Additionally, the bridle-like arrangement
which results upon release of the control handle provides for
greater directional stability in yaw than would be provided by a
single point of attachment.
Other means of accomplishing this steering principle can be
conceived. Schemes such as using a steering wheel to rotate the
attachment point around the bow or to wind the control rope on a
drum, a track or rail running around the bow, having a slide
thereon to which the towline would attach, and the like, would be
useful in apparatus of the present invention.
Likewise the sled may be made larger to accomodate more than one
person; the operator may ride in varied positions such as sitting,
kneeling, standing, or prone; the function of the skegs may be
replaced by a similar shaping of the underbody; the sled may be
designed to operate beneath the water surface as for divers or the
steering principle may even find application on land, such as in
the snow.
One of the principle objects of the invention is to provide a
steerable, towed vehicle upon which a person can ride for fun and
sport, and which is easily operable by the young and
inexperienced.
Another object is to produce a towed water vehicle which can be
steered simply and with minimum effort, resulting in abrupt,
positive turns in which the bow always points in the direction of
relative movement (thus creating the feeling of independence from
the towboat), with directional stability during maneuvers (once on
a heading), without need for pronounced body weight shifts to
effect turns or to avoid edges digging in, and allowing steering
control while the sled remains in a comfortable, horizontal
attitude.
Another object is to provide a towed vehicle whose steering
mechanism is simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
Another object is to provide a steering mechanism for towed
vehicles that can be applied in areas other than water recreation,
such as oceanography, scuba diving, etc.
Still other objects are apparent from the disclosure in the
drawings and specification, which includes the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of the aqua-sled showing the
control rope and handle in the rear position for towing in the path
of the towboat.
FIG. 2 is a bottom perspective view of the sled showing the towline
and control rope arrangement for towing to the right side of the
towboat, and showing the athwartship snubber line which holds the
tow rope close to the bottom of the sled.
FIG. 3 is a side view in elevation showing the rider seated in the
preferred riding position.
FIG. 4 is a rear view in elevation of that shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a detail view of the pulley which joins the control rope
to the towline.
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the aqua-sled with the control handle
in the rear position for towing in the path of the tow vessel.
FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of that shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the approximate relative position of
the sled with respect to the towboat while in the towing mode as
depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7.
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the sled with the control handle in
the forward position for towing to one side of the towboat.
FIG. 10 is a bottom plan view of that shown in FIG. 9 showing some
of the forces involved.
FIG. 11 is a top plan view of the approximate relative positions
and attitudes of the sled with respect to the towboat both at the
moment of initiation of lateral movement and later when equilibrium
is established.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the particular form of the
invention, as illustrated, shows the water vehicle or water sled 1
having a boat type hull with a planing-type underbody which has a
relatively flat bottom near the stern to provide vertical lift.
Forward portion 2 and sides 3 are curves upward and outward. These
curved or sloped sections allow the sled to skim the water surface
without digging in or burying itself in small waves such as the
boat wake. Skegs or fins 27 and 28 are attached to the underbody
near the stern to aid in turning.
The sled may be made of two halves or shells formed of fiberglass
or plastic joined along a seam. The interior could be hollow or
filled with a plastic foam, or the sled could be made solely from a
tough plastic foam or even wood. The skegs may be made of
fiberglass, wood or metal and attached to the hull or be formed as
an integral part of the bottom shell.
The midbody of the top of the sled is hollowed out or scooped out
in a shape to permit a person 4 to ride upright in a seated
position. A curved section near the stern provides a backrest 5 and
seat 6. Padding can be provided on the seat and backrest for
comfort.
The person's legs, slightly bent at the knees, extend forward, and
his feet rest on sloped sections of the hull or footpads 7 and 8.
Nonskid paint or strips are applied there. This enables the rider
to brace his body firmly between the footrests and backrest to
assist in keeping his position on the sled. Also, on the top and
running along each side of the sled are two handrails 9 and 10.
These may be made of wooden rods and may be attached to the sled
body by insertion in sockets 21, 22, 23 and 24, which are fixed to
the sled. An alternate means of construction would be to have the
handrails as an integral part of the formed shell.
Forward of the footrests, the top of the hull 45 is flat and is
raised above the part of the sled which the rider occupies. It
meets the upward sloped forward portion of the bottom to form a
high bow 11.
The unique steering arrangement is accomplished with a towline 13
which is firmly attached to a ring 14 at the stern and on the
bottom of the sled on its centerline. This must be located aft of
the center of effort of all applied hydrodynamic forces on the
sled. The ring is welded to a bolt 15 which passes through an
opening in the body and is held by a nut 16, as best shown in FIG.
4. The towline runs through a pulley 17, the body of which is
attached to the control rope 18. The control rope in turn runs
through an opening 12 in the forward central portion of the bottom
hull and emerges on the top side of the sled where its end is
securely attached to a handle 25. The handle, made from wood or
plastic, is shaped so that it can be firmly gripped by either of
the rider's hands. When the handle 25 is pulled inward or to the
rear of the sled, the control rope 18 draws the pulley 17 up
snuggly against the opening 12 and likewise holds the tow rope
fixed at this point, thus in effect causing the tow rope to be
attached at this point on the hull. FIGS. 3 and 7 show this bottom
configuration. With the control handle in the rear position, the
sled will tow directly in the path of the towboat, bow pointing in
the towline direction. FIG. 8 shows the sled's location 44 relative
to that of the towboat 50. A variation of this scheme would
eliminate the pulley and have the control rope tied or otherwise
fixed directly to the towline at the location on the towline
occupied by the pulley when in this towing configuration. The
pulley, however, permits a smoother operation and allows the
control rope to be shorter than it would have to be without the
pulley.
A raised section 26 of the hull top provides a seat shaped to
receive and hold the control rope handle firmly when it is in the
rearward position as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 6. This relieves the
rider of holding the control rope. Several handle-anchoring
positions may be provided. A modified form of the invention would
replace section 26 with an alternate means of holding the control
rope in position such as a jam cleat affixed near opening 12. The
jaws of the cleat would grip the control rope and hold it at any
position desired.
When the control handle 25 is released from its seat 26, the
control line is allowed to run out freely through opening 12. Drag
forces on the hull, being centered at a point forward of the
towline attachment point 14, cause the sled to rotate about point
14 as the control rope pays out. A slight body weight shift will
dictate in which direction, right or left, the bow will rotate.
When the control handle reaches the top entry of opening 12, it is
prevented from passing through the opening due to its size, as
shown in FIG. 9, and the control rope is held from running out
further.
Towing strain is now taken by a bridle like configuration with one
leg attached near the bow at opening 12 and one at the stern at
ring 14.
While an understanding of forces operating on the sled to cause its
unique operation are not necessary, the following is believed to be
a reasonable explanation of the forces which operate on the sled.
At the outset, relative water flow impinges upon the underbody at
an angle as shown by the vector 29 in FIG. 10. Hydrodynamic forces
act upon the hull and skegs. The total drag force on the sled is
approximated by arrow 30. The combined lift, or pressure, force on
both skegs is depicted by vector 31 which is shown acting at a
point midway between the skegs. The components of lift parallel to
the water flow and that perpendicular to it are shown by vectors 32
and 33 respectively.
The force on the sled counteracting these hydrodynamic forces is
the pull of the towline, shown by vector 35. As can readily be
seen, vector 35 is capable of balancing drag vector 30 and lift
component 32 but is unable to counteract lift component 33. This
unbalanced force causes the sled to move abruptly in a direction
away from the towing direction, in this case to the right as shown
in FIG. 11. Position 36 in FIG. 11 shows the sled position and
alignment relative to the towboat 50 immediately after the release
of the control handle. As the sled approaches position 37,
equilibrium is brought about when the direction of water flow
impinging upon the skegs reduces to a small angle as shown by
vector 38 in FIG. 10 causing the magnitude of lift component 33 to
approach zero.
An important teaching of this invention is that the angle 39 that
the towline makes with the sled centerline governs the position to
the side of the towboat that the sled will attain -- the greater
the angle, the farther up alongside towboat 50 sled 1 can maneuver.
A successful steering mechanism must provide the capability to
maneuver at least to the outside of the boat wake and preferably to
approach coming abeam of the towboat.
It can easily be shown that the hydrodynamic force vectors 31 and
32 can be combined and replaced by a single vector acting through a
point, 34 in FIG. 10, somewhere between them. A free body diagram
will show that for the condition of rotational equilibrium that
exists when the control rope becomes taut, the towline force vector
35, or in other words the extension of towline pull, must also act
through that identical point. This point for a sled with a planing
hull will be in the stern section. Thus, in order for towing angle
39 to be sufficiently large, say 45.degree. or more, the vertex of
the towing bridle 40 in FIG. 10, or what has previously herein been
called the effective point of towline attachment, must be located a
good distance around to one side of the sled. With the
towline-control rope system described, this point can easily be
adjusted to a design optimum by simply selecting the correct
control rope length for the particular sled hull design and skeg
placement.
It is also apparent that the flexible bridle, formed by the control
rope and the section of towline, provides more directional or
rotational stability to the sled in the face of occasional outside
disturbing forces than would be provided if the bridle were
replaced by a single fixed attachment point at the bridle
vertex.
As best seen in FIGS. 2, 4, 7 and 10, a snubber or preventer rope
41 stretches tightly across the bottom of the sled between hull
protrusions 42 and 43, and passes over the towline 13. Sufficient
clearance is allowed between this rope 41 and the sled bottom to
allow the towline to pass freely between them during maneuvering.
The purpose of the preventer rope 41 is to hold the towline against
the hull, preventing the sled from tipping or rolling to the
outside on a turn -- a function which is also partially performed
by the inward roll moment developed on the skegs by the water
force.
The preferred mode of operation is to have the sled towed to
planing speed with the rider aboard and the control handle 25 held
by the seat 26. The rider then lifts up the handle, releasing it
from the seat and letting it go. At the same time he shifts his
weight slightly to the right or left, depending upon the direction
of travel desired. After a momentary pause, the sled will rotate
smartly toward the side chosen and dart quickly to that side of the
towboat, arriving at a station outside of the boat wake.
The rider can cause the sled to move relatively further forward by
leaning to the outside, depressing edges of the hull, thus creating
more lift and possibly moving point 34 further forward and
increasing angle 39.
The sled will remain to this side of the towboat until the rider
pulls on the control handle 25 and returns it to its seat 26, which
would cause the sled to resume position 44. Instead, and to provide
the greatest thrill, he may pull the control handle 25 to its
rearward position, hold it momentarily, and release it again. This
would cause the towline to become positioned on the opposite side
of the sled, sending the sled darting across the boat wake and
taking station on the opposite side of the towboat. An extreme
shift of weight can accomplish this cutback without pulling and
releasing the control rope; however, this requires a higher degree
of skill and is more dangerous.
The towline must be attached to the towboat at about four feet
above the water to avoid having the line drag in the water and
hinder control.
The planing hull shape described herein is designed for towing at
high speeds behind fast boats. A displacement-type hull could be
used for towing behind slower boats, such as sailboats, using the
same steering principle.
Although the invention has been described in part by reference to a
preferred embodiment, it is obvious that modifications may be made.
The precise scope of the invention is defined in the following
claims.
* * * * *