U.S. patent number 3,824,652 [Application Number 05/372,729] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-23 for apparatus for preparing airfelt.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Proctor & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Kenneth B. Buell.
United States Patent |
3,824,652 |
Buell |
July 23, 1974 |
APPARATUS FOR PREPARING AIRFELT
Abstract
Apparatus and process for continuously converting dried
cellulosic fibrous sheet material into a dispersion of individual
fibers in air and thereafter forming said individual fibers into an
airfelt.
Inventors: |
Buell; Kenneth B. (Cincinnati,
OH) |
Assignee: |
The Proctor & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
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Family
ID: |
27391587 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/372,729 |
Filed: |
June 22, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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182795 |
Sep 22, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
425/82.1; 19/83;
19/306; 241/28 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D01G
1/06 (20130101); D04H 1/72 (20130101); B02C
18/14 (20130101); B02C 18/148 (20130101); D21B
1/066 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
D01G
1/00 (20060101); D01G 1/06 (20060101); D04H
1/72 (20060101); D04H 1/70 (20060101); D01g
025/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;19/83,88,89,155,156-156.4 ;241/3,18,55,86,191,295,194 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1,415,428 |
|
Sep 1965 |
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FR |
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1,010,147 |
|
Nov 1965 |
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GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Newton; Dorsey
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lackenbach; Elliot A. Gorman; John
V. Witte; Richard C. Braun; Fredrick H.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of application Ser. No. 182,795, filed Sept. 22,
1971.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for preparing an airfelt comprising:
A. a disintegrator for fibrous material comprising:
1. A rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its
cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly
disposed on said disintegrating element's periphery with the
impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of
rotation at an angle of from about 15.degree. to about 40.degree.
from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth's tips
and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form
a relief angle of from about 20.degree. to about 60.degree.;
and
2. a casing for said disintegrating element comprising inlet means
defining a support element for said fibrous material to support
said fibrous material while it is being fed into a position where
said disintegrating element can impact the fibrous material to
separate said material into its individual fibers, the distance
between said disintegrating element and said support element being
from about 0.010 to about 0.080 in., said casing defining, in
cooperation with said disintegrating element, a restricted air flow
channel to keep the current of air and entrapped individual fibers,
which result from rotating said disintegrating element to
disintegrate said fibrous material, within a minimal
cross-sectional area, said casing having a primary discharge outlet
for the air and fiber current, said discharge outlet being
tangentially directed with respect to said disintegrating element,
said casing having an air inlet immediately adjacent the said
primary discharge outlet and between said primary discharge outlet
and the point where the fibrous material is impacted, said casing
having secondary air inlets in the casing across the width of said
primary discharge outlet; and said casing having vacuum air outlets
in said inlet means spaced upstream about 1 inch to about 4 inches
from the point where the disintegrating element impacts said
fibrous material; and
B. a moving foraminous support element across the opening of said
discharge outlet adapted to collect the individual fibers to form
an airfelt while permitting the air to escape through said
foraminous support element, said foraminous support element being
at a distance from the center of said disintegrating element of
from about three-fourths to about two diameters of said
disintegrating element but no further than about 3 feet.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 containing diverting vanes disposed in
said primary discharge outlet, said vanes having impacting surfaces
which slant toward the outlet end of said primary discharge outlet,
the degree of slant measured from the line of air flow being a
maximum of about 45.degree. whereby fibers are diverted away from
the area beneath said vanes and into adjacent areas without any
appreciable buildup of fibers on said surfaces.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said degree of slant is no more
than about 25.degree..
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said discharge outlet is from
about 5.degree. to about 270.degree. around the circumference of
the casing in the direction of rotation of said disintegrating
element from the point where said disintegrating element impacts
said fibrous material.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the art of disintegrating fibrous sheet
material and using the disintegrated material to form an airfelt.
More particularly, it relates to apparatus whereby a dried
cellulosic fibrous sheet is impacted under predetermined operating
conditions to cause progressive disintegration of the sheet into
individual fibers and thereafter distributing said fibers onto a
foraminous support to produce an airfelt.
PRIOR ART
A similar process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,211 where a
disintegration device of the general type utilized herein is
disclosed. This patent also envisions the formation of an airfelt
pad. Said patent is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention differs from the apparatus and process of
U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,211, in one aspect, by providing an air control
system which keeps individual fibers distributed in a minimum
amount of air to minimize the problem of separating the fibers from
the associated air. This invention also comprises an improved
design and arrangement of impacting elements and the provision of
means to prevent the buildup of fibers in the inlet of the
disintegrator. A further aspect of the present invention involves
control of the fiber density across the disintegrator discharge
outlet so as to produce an airfelt which varies in basis weight
across its width in a predetermined manner.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the invention is to improve the operation
of prior devices as represented by U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,211.
Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus which will
disintegrate fibrous sheet material into its component fibers and
thereafter, with a minimum time lag, use said fibers to form an
airfelt.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The nature and substance of this invention is best exemplified, in
one aspect, in an apparatus for preparing an airfelt
comprising:
A. a disintegrator for fibrous material comprising:
1. A rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its
cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly
disposed on said disintegrating element's periphery with the
impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of
rotation at an angle of from about 15.degree. to about 40.degree.
from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth's tips
and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form
a relief angle of from about 20.degree. to about 60.degree.;
and
2. a casing for said disintegrating element comprising a support
element for said fibrous material to continuously hold said fibrous
material while it is being fed into a position where said
disintegrating element can impact the fibrous material to separate
said material into its individual fibers, the distance between said
disintegrating element and said support element being from about
0.010 to about 0.080, preferably from about 0.025 in. to about
0.035 in., said casing defining, in cooperation with said
disintegrating element, a restricted air flow channel to keep the
current of air and entrapped individual fibers, which results from
rotating said disintegrating element to disintegrate said fibrous
material, within a minimal cross-sectional area, said casing having
a primary discharge outlet for the air and fiber current, said
discharge outlet being tangentially directed with respect to said
disintegrating element, said casing having an air inlet immediately
adjacent the said primary discharge outlet and between said primary
discharge outlet and the point where the fibrous material is
impacted, said casing having secondary air inlets in the casing
across the width of said primary discharge outlet; and said casing
having vacuum air outlets in said support element about 1 inch to
about 4 inches from the point where the disintegrating element
impacts said fibrous material; and
B. a moving foraminous support element across the opening of said
discharge outlet adapted to collect the individual fibers to form
an airfelt while permitting the air to escape through said
foraminous support element, said foraminous support element being
at a distance from the center of said disintegrating element of
from about three-fourths to about two diameters of said
disintegrating element but no further than about 3 feet.
THE PROCESS
In accordance with another aspect, the present invention comprises
a process of disintegrating dried cellulosic fibrous sheet material
in a process comprising the steps of:
A. feeding said fibrous sheet into a disintegrator comprising a
disintegrating element having a plurality of impacting elements
which have tips and a casing having a slotted opening terminating
in a sheet support element, said casing defining, in combination
with said disintegrating element, a restricted channel;
B. supporting said sheet in said slotted opening;
C. moving said disintegrating element such that the tips of said
impacting elements move at a velocity of at least about 6,000
feet/minute;
D. impacting said tips against the end of said fibrous sheet so
that impact is subtantially normal to the plane of said sheet
whereby said fibrous sheet is disintegrated into individual
fibers;
E. mixing said fibers with air in said restricted channel with said
impacting elements s while maintaining a relatively even fiber
density gradient and air flow velocity gradient across the axial
width of said channel; and
F. removing the fiber/air mixture from the disintegrator along a
tangent to the direction of motion of said impacting elements at a
point of removal to a foraminous support positioned no more than
about 3 feet away from said point at which the fiber/air mixture
leaves said impacting elements, said air passing through said
foraminous support and leaving said fibers on said foraminous
support in the form of an airfelt.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing
out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming
the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be
better understood from the following description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical cross sectional view of one embodiment of the
disintegration and airfelt forming apparatus of the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary side elevational view of an individual
rotor;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary plan view of a surface development of the
periphery of the axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element
rotatable about its cylindrical axis schematically showing, in
flattened form, the tooth tip array;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary elevational view of the discharge outlet
portion of the casing as viewed along line 4--4 of FIG. 1, showing
a series of air inlet ports;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the discharge outlet taken
along line 5--5 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a transverse cross-sectional view of an airfelt product
having a transversely varying basis weight;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the discharge outlet taken
along the line 7--7 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the vacuum ports
taken along the line 8--8 of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, a preferred embodiment of the
apparatus and process will be described with particular reference
to the disintegration of a dried cellulosic fibrous sheet. In order
to simplify the disclosure, elements which form no part of the
present invention and which can be readily supplied by persons of
ordinary skill in the art have been omitted. Such elements include
structural members, bearings, power transmission arrangements, and
the like.
This invention is particularly useful in disintegrating comminution
grade wood pulp in "dry lap" form of the kind found in commerce.
Such "dry lap" sheets typically have a basis weight, air-dried, of
between about 100 and about 200 lbs. per thousand square feet and
generally have a caliper of at least about 0.04 in. or greater. A
dry lap sheet of this type usually has a moisture content of about
6 percent. However, sheets having lower moisture contents can be
used in connection with the present invention and, in fact, those
having moisture contents of about 1 percent have been found to
produce excellent results. Sheets having moisture contents higher
than about 10 percent can be used, but these must be disintegrated
at lower rates, or they will be incompletely disintegrated.
As used herein, the term "dried cellulosic fibrous sheet" describes
any type of fibrous sheet material capable of disintegration by the
process of this invention. On the other hand, a dry lap sheet will
be understood to mean a wood-fiber material of the above-described
characteristics to which the invention is preferably applied.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a roll 11 of dry lap material is unrolled
into a sheet 12 which is advanced to the disintegrator 13. The
sheet 12 is fed radially into the disintegrator 13 by a pair of
counter-rotating metering infeed rolls 14 and 15 which are mounted
on the infeed side of the disintegrator 13. A motive power source,
which may typically be an electric motor, but which preferably is
tied to the speed of the subsequent converting line's main drive to
provide exact basis weight control. This motive power source is
connected to the infeed rolls 14, 15 in a conventional manner (not
shown) to provide a driving force.
The disintegrator 13 comprises a casing 16 having a generally
cylindrical bore 17. A shaft 18 is journaled in the closed ends of
the casing 16 such that one end of shaft 18 extends outside the
casing 16 to permit coupling the shaft in a conventional manner to
a motive source such as an electric motor. The motor continuously
drives the shaft 18 in a counter-clockwise direction, as shown.
The casing 16 comprises an inlet portion 19 which is slotted to
provide an inlet opening having an inner end 19a. The inlet opening
receives the dry lap sheet 12 and guides it to the inner end 19a
which defines a sheet support element or edge portion whereat the
dry lap sheet 12 is disintegrated. The inlet opening is essentially
the same size as the sheet 12 with a clearance of from about 0.040
to about 0.200 inch, preferably from about 0.80 to about 0.125
inch, larger clearances being desirable along the edges to permit
using slightly damaged sheet 12. A relatively large tangential
discharge outlet 20 is provided in the casing 16 at a point of from
about 5.degree. to about 270.degree. from the inlet portion 19 in
the direction of rotation of shaft 18. FIG. 1 of the drawing shows,
in solid lines an approximate 180.degree. separation between the
inlet portion 19 and the discharge outlet 20 and, in phantom lines,
an inlet portion 19' providing an approximate 5.degree. separation
to the discharge outlet 20 and an inlet portion 19" providing an
approximate 270.degree. separation to the discharge outlet 20. It
is to be emphasized that the angle referred to is the angle of
separation, i.e., the angle subtended on the surface of the casing
between the slot in the inlet portion and the edge of the discharge
outlet and not the angle between the axis of the inlet and
discharge openings. Preferably, the discharge outlet 20 is
sufficiently far from the inlet opening 19 to permit the fibers to
be completely disintegrated before discharge. The discharge outlet
20, in cross-section, has a width approximately equal to the length
of cylindrical bore 17 and a depth of from about 2 inches to about
4 inches, preferably 3 inches. Air inlet openings 21 are provided
near the discharge outlet 20 to permit air to be forced into the
casing 16 at a slight positive pressure from a suitable blower (not
shown) or the like, for the purpose of preventing the recycling of
the fibers through the disintegrator 13 and for other purposes
disclosed hereinafter.
Suitably, the air inlet opening 21 can be one or more slots from
about 1/4 inch to about 1 inch wide running the entire width of the
casing 16 near the tangential discharge outlet 20. Under a pressure
of about 2 to about 10 inches of water, the inlet openings can
admit air at a velocity of about 6,000 to about 13,000, preferably
8,000 feet per minute.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, additional air inlets 22 are provided
for the purpose of adjusting the air flow in the discharge outlet
20. The air inlets 22 are arranged in a straight line across the
discharge outlet 20 near the tangential discharge point. In FIG. 4,
only a few of the inlets 22 are shown, but it is understood that
additional inlets 22 are provided at the indicated points. The
inlets 22 are each controlled by valve means (not shown), for
example, cap and seat valves such as those used on piccolos and are
of a size to deliver air at a velocity of from about 6,000 to about
13,000, preferably 8,000 fpm under 2 to 10 inches of water
pressure.
Rotors 23 are keyed to the shaft 18 in juxtaposed relation, each
being provided with a plurality of teeth 24 extending outwardly
such that their tips 25 are adapted to serve as impacting elements.
As used herein, "rotor" refers to thin rotor discs having widths of
from about 0.030 to about 0.125 inch. A small clearance of from
about 0.023 in. to about 0.035 in. is preferably provided between
the tips 25 and the inner end 19a of the inlet opening in the inlet
portion 19 which forms a sheet support for the sheet 12, as
disclosed in the copending application of George Morgan entitled
"DISINTEGRATION PROCESS FOR FIBROUS SHEET MATERIAL", now U.S. Pat.
No. 3,750,962 and incorporated herein by reference. Larger and
smaller clearances of from about 0.010 to about 0.080 in. can be
used, depending upon the operating rates, provision of cooling
means, etc.
With the above arrangement of the parts of the apparatus,
successive teeth tips 25 impact the end of the infeeding sheet 12
as the rotors 23 are turned. The rotors 23 when keyed in place and
bolted together form an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating
element 26 rotatable about its cylindrical axis. This configuration
is preferred since it permits the favorable internal distribution
of stresses set up during operation of the disintegrator. The
discharge outlet 20 is generally tangentially positioned with
respect to said disintegrating element 26.
Referring now to FIG. 2, an individual rotor 23 is shown. Each
rotor 23 desirably bears from about 6 to about 18 teeth 24,
preferably about 8 teeth 24, equally spaced about its periphery
with their tips 25 located at like distances from the rotor 23
axis. The impact face 27 of each tooth 24 is formed at the angle
.alpha. with the radius of the rotor 23 which passes through the
tooth tip 25. The top 28 of the tooth 24 is formed at a relief
angle .beta., i.e., the angle defined by the top 28 of the tooth 24
and a tangent to the rotor 23 passing through the tooth tip 25. The
angle .alpha. can vary from about 15.degree. to about 40.degree.
and the angle .beta. varies from about 20.degree. to about
60.degree.. Angle .alpha. is the more critical of the two angles.
Both larger and smaller angles for angle .alpha. give poorer total
fiberization, the larger limit being most critical. Angle .beta. is
important because if the top of the tooth 28 is tangential to the
rotor 23, or is inclined outward, a splinter-like mass of glassined
cellulose will be formed along the top of the tooth 28 during
operation which will then break off and be discharged along with
the individual fibers out the discharge outlet 20. The individual
rotors 23 are relatively thin, typically being from about 0.030 to
about 0.125 in. in width. Accordingly, it is desirable to have
blunt projections 29 which will help support the teeth 24 of
adjacent rotors 23 when, as is preferred, the rotors 23 are bolted
together to form said disintegrating element 26. For the purpose of
bolting the rotors 23 together, a series of holes 30 is provided in
each rotor 23.
As shown in FIG. 2, in one successful rotor design wherein eight
teeth 24 are formed in equally spaced relationship about the
periphery of an approximately 11-1/2 inch diameter blank having a
thickness of about 0.065 inch, the dimensions and angles shown are
as follows: Angle .alpha. is 22.degree.30'; angle .beta. is
29.degree.; the teeth tops 28 are about 0.38 wide in the plane of
rotation; and the tip 25 is rounded to a 0.030 radius; the radius
to the tip of the small support projections is about 5.38 inches
and to the tip 25 of teeth 24 is about 5.75 inches; and the holes
which take the bolts are 17/32 inches in diameter bored on an
approximately 4.7525 diameter.
Referring now to FIG. 3, which is a fragmentary plan view of a
surface development of the periphery of disintegrating element 26,
showing in flattened form the locations of tooth tips 25 of the
rotors 23, as they are preferably connected. It can be seen that
the tooth tips 25 are arranged in a staggered pattern so that
individual tips 25 are not close together. If the tooth tips 25 on
all the rotors 23 were aligned so as to make solid lines of tooth
tips 25, or if one or more of the tips 25 were too close together,
disintegration quality would be poor. The tendency in such an
aligned arrangement is to tear the fibrous sheet material into
chunks rather than individual fibers. Also, the noise of the
disintegrating element 26 when it is rotating would resemble a fire
siren if the teeth were aligned.
If said disintegrating element 26 had the tips 25 in a completely
random array, this would be ideal since it is desired to create a
design which will not cause lateral fiber migration or consistent
noise and vibration reinforcement. However, using individual rotors
23 with the same number of teeth, in a balanced configuration, a
completely random configuration is not feasible. Applicant has
found that a reasonable approximation of random distribution can be
achieved by arranging the teeth tips 25 in a multiple helical
pattern in which there are a plurality of patterns of teeth 24 on a
plurality of portions of the circumference of said disintegrating
element, each portion covering the entire width of said
disintegrating element and each portion being paired with a
corresponding adjacent portion which is substantially a mirror
image of the first portion, each portion covering from about
30.degree. to about 45.degree. of the circumference of the
disintegrating element, the helical patterns having helical angles
of from about 10.degree. to about 35.degree., and each tooth 24
being arranged so that the nearest teeth 24 in all directions are
at approximately equal distances. Preferably, the "mirror image"
portion is offset slightly from what would be the exact mirror
image position.
One such arrangement of teeth 24 is shown in FIG. 3 where the
pattern of the teeth tips 25 is shown. Rows 1-5 comprise a "Set X"
(i.e., a first portion bearing a helical pattern) in which
succeeding rows of tips 25 are offset at a helical angle of from
about 10.degree. to about 35.degree. from the preceding teeth tips
25, i.e., angle .gamma. varies from about 10.degree. to about
35.degree.. Rows 6-10 comprise "Set Y" (i.e., a second adjacent
portion bearing a helical pattern which is an approximate mirror
image of the pattern in the first portion, offset slightly). It
will be noted that row 6 is offset slightly from the position that
it would have had had it been a continuation of Set X. Row 6, then,
is the start of Set Y in which the helical angle of offset .gamma.'
for each succeeding row 7-10 is the same as the helical angle of
offset .gamma. for Set X but opposite in direction. Then a new row
1 starts a new Set X which is identical to said first Set X but
displaced around the periphery of said disintegrating element 26 by
10 rows of teeth tips 25. Sets of rows of different sizes from two
to about ten rows can be used with essentially equivalent results
in that lateral fiber density migration is minimized. The size of
the sets is a function of the number of teeth 24 on each rotor 23
and the number of rotors 23 in the disintegrating element 26. For
example, where two hundred and sixty-four rotors 23 having eight
teeth 24 per rotor are used, it has been found satisfactory to
arrange the tips 25 in sixteen sets of five rows each, using a
helical angle .gamma. of about 23.degree.. In such a case, each row
would comprise aligned teeth 24 on every eleventh rotor 23. It will
be recognized that once a single tooth 24 on a rotor 23 has been
positioned, all of the other teeth 24 on the same rotor 23 will be
automatically positioned.
Some such arrangement of the teeth tips 25 is required to prevent
the pattern of the teeth tips 25 from causing lateral migration of
the fibers and to minimize noise and vibration reinforcement. The
disclosed design keeps a relatively constant distribution of fibers
across the air flow channel 31 defined by the casing 16 and said
disintegrating element 26.
The air flow channel 31 is defined by the disintegrating element 26
and the casing 16 which is sized to give from about 1/32 to about
1/4 inch clearance, preferably about 3/32 inch clearance between
blade tips 25 and the casing 16.
Avoidance of preferential lateral migration of fibers to one side
or the other and the maintenance of a relatively even air velocity
profile across the width of the air flow channel 31 by the methods
described hereinafter are essential if one is to obtain an airfelt
having a laterally constant basis weight when the disintegrator 13
is "closely coupled" as defined hereinafter.
The air inlet 21 can be a single slot 1/2 inch wide across the
width of the casing 16 (typically about 16 inches) which under a
pressure of about 2-10 inches of water will deliver about 6,000 to
about 13,000, preferably 8,000 feet per minute air velocity. This
is the only air introduced deliberately to the disintegrator
13.
It should be noted that part of the velocity imparted to the fibers
discharged through the discharge outlet 20 is obtained directly
from the teeth 24; and accordingly, it is unnecessary to add large
quantities of air to maintain the velocity of the individual fibers
through the discharge outlet 20 when the disintegrator 13 is
closely coupled as defined hereinafter.
Referring now to FIG. 4, one can see a row of air inlets 22 having
a cross-sectional area of about 1 square inch are desirably
provided across the discharge outlet 20 of the casing 16. When the
air flow through each of the individual air inlets 22 is adjusted
to provide an air velocity of from about 6,000 to about 13,000 fpm,
preferably 8,000 fpm air velocity, by means of a "piccolo" valve,
it is possible to control the direction of the high velocity
fiber/air mixture flowing through the discharge outlet 20 and
thereby vary the fiber density across the axial width of the
discharge outlet 20. The inlets may be slanted down or up, or be
perpendicular to the air flow, but are preferably slanted down
about 30.degree. from the horizontal. These air inlets 22 provide
fine tuning for adjusting the fiber deposition rate across the
width of the outlet 20. When the disintegrator 13 is close coupled
as defined hereinafter, this permits the formation of a very even
density airfelt. It is contemplated that even rather extreme
modifications of the air velocity profile can be accomplished by
using these air inlets 22.
Although the discharge outlet 20 can comprise a smooth rectangular
chute in order to produce an airfelt having a laterally constant
basis weight, a preferred variation of this invention being shown
in FIGS. 1 and 5 for the purpose of forming an airfelt having a
predetermined variation in basis weights across its width. Within
the outlet 20 are disposed a central diverting vane 32 and two side
diverting vanes, 33 and 34. These vanes 32, 33 and 34 vary the
fiber density across the cross-section of the discharge outlet 20
by diverting extra fiber into the other portions of the discharge
outlet 20 to increase the fiber density in these portions. The
primary fiber diverting surfaces 35, 36, 37 and 38 and the other
surfaces of the vanes 32, 33 and 34 on which fibers can impinge are
all slanted a maximum of about 45.degree., preferably no more than
about 25.degree., from the line of air flow so as to divert the
fibers into the approximate centers of the adjacent open areas of
the discharge outlet 20, without buildup of fibers on those
surfaces. The vanes 32, 33 and 34 can be solid, hollow, or simply
one or more thin plates slanted so as to divert fibers to one side
or the other of the vanes 32, 33 and 34.
The fiber impinging edges should either be rounded or slanted a
maximum of about 45.degree. from the line of air flow to avoid
fiber buildup. The length and width of the vanes can be sized as
required to produce a desired cross-sectional variation of basis
weight in the airfelt product. FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of the
product of the arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 5.
Referring now to FIG. 7, another preferred variation of this
invention shows a second pyrimidal vane 39 disposed against the
wall of the casing 16 to redivert fibers which may migrate back
into the space in the discharge outlet 20 directly below the first
central diverting vane 32.
By a combination of vanes such as 32, 33, 34, and 39, and by
modulating the air input through the air inlets 22, it is possible
to provide airfelts having very precise basis weights and
variations in basis weights across the width of the airfelt.
The airfelt is eventually formed on the moving support element 40
with the air passing through the moving support 40 leaving the
airfelt 41. Support element 40 can comprise a 22 .times. 24 mesh
wire screen which is about 40 percent open with a paper tissue
running on top, the tissue having a basis weight of about 12 pounds
per 3,000 square feet.
It is a special advantage of the disintegrator of this invention
that due to the tangential discharge outlet 20 and the relatively
low volume of air flow required, the disintegrator 13 can be
close-coupled to the support element 40, i.e., the distance from
the center of said disintegrating element 26 to the support element
40 is from about three-fourths of said disintegrating element's 26
diameter to about 2 diameters, but with an absolute distance of no
more than about 3 feet. Greater distances are less desirable since
the residence time in the system becomes too great and the velocity
of the fibers drops to an undesirable level. This close-coupling
arrangement makes it possible to lay an even airfelt with very
little air in the fiber/air mixture, thus minimizing the problem of
passing the air through the support element 40. Another advantage
of close-coupling is the ability to start and stop the associated
converting line without changing the basis weight of the airfelt
because of the minimal amount of fiber held up in the system at any
time. Typically, fiber/air ratios (by weight) of from about 0.02 to
about 0.50, preferably from about 0.10 to about 0.40, are used.
Referring now to FIG. 8, it is preferred to provide certain vacuum
air discharge outlets 42, each having a cross-sectional area of
about 1/2 square inch in the casing 16 communicating with inlet
opening 19. These communicate with a source of a vacuum of from
about 10 to about 40 inches of water to induce an air flow out
through the outlets 42 and thereby remove whatever fibers migrate
from the airflow passage 31 into the inlet opening 19. Along the
lateral edges of the inlet opening 19 the air outlet holes 42 are
slightly larger, closer together, and closer to the tip support
edge 19a, e.g., approximately an inch away, and in the middle of
the inlet opening 19 the air outlet holes 42 are approximately two
to four inches away from the edge of the support element 19a.
Although holes 42 are shown only in the top portion of the casing
16 defining inlet opening 19, it is desirable, and preferable, to
provide similar holes 42 in the bottom portion of the casing 16
defining inlet opening 19. The holes 42 should not be too close to
the airflow passage 31 or the flow of air into the outlet holes 42
may draw in fibers, but the air outlet holes 42 should be
sufficiently close to the edge of the support element 19a so that
any fibers which naturally migrate into the inlet opening 19 will
be removed. Otherwise, inlet opening 19 can become stopped and
clogged with fibers preventing the sheet 12 from feeding into the
disintegrator. If desired, the fibers which are removed through the
outlet openings 42 can be conveyed to the support element 40 to
help form the airfelt.
More specifically, using the apparatus described hereinbefore, the
process of this invention comprises disintegrating dried cellulosic
fibrous sheet material in a process comprising the steps of:
A. feeding the fibrous sheet 12 into the disintegrator 13;
B. rotating the cylindrical disintegrating element 26 at a speed
sufficient to move the tips 25 of the teeth 24 of the
disintegrating element at a velocity of from about 6,000
feet/minute to about 30,000 feet/minute, preferably about 15,500
feet/minute, whereby the tips 25 of the teeth 24 impact against the
end of the fibrous sheet 12 to disintegrate the fibrous sheet 12
into individual fibers;
C. adjusting the amount of air flowing through the air inlets 21 to
minimize recycling of the fibers;
D. adjusting the amount of air flowing through secondary air inlets
22 so as to achieve the desired fiber/air profile across the width
of the discharge outlet 20;
E. adjusting the air flow through vacuum air discharge outlets 42
to remove fibrous material which migrates into the space defined by
the support element 19a and the sheet 12; and
F. directing the fiber/air mixture from the disintegrator 13
through the discharge outlet 20 and a moving foraminous support 40,
leaving the fibers on the foraminous support 40 in the form of an
airfelt 41.
Referring to FIG. 1, when the sheet 12 is fed into the
disintegrator 13 through the slotted inlet opening in the inlet
portion 19 at a rate of about 60 fpm., the inner end 19a provides a
support for the sheet 12. The disintegrating element 26 rotating in
a counterclockwise manner, disintegrates the sheet 12 when the tips
25 impact the sheet 12 at a speed of at least 6,000 feet/minute,
preferably about 15,500 feet/minute. Individual fibers are then
mixed with the air which is inserted through the air inlet 21 at
the rate of about 8,000 fpm. The air, which is inserted through the
air inlet 21 prevents the rotation of the disintegrating element 26
from drawing air from the rest of the cavity within the
disintegrator 13, i.e., it prevents recycling.
When the air in air flow channel 31 is mixed with the individual
fibers at the point of impact of the tips 25 with the sheet 12, the
resulting fiber/air mixture flowing through the channel 31 has a
relatively even velocity distribution and consequently an even
fiber density profile across the width of the channel 31. It is at
this point that disintegration to individual fibers is completed by
the action of the teeth 24, the shearing and abrasion effects
resulting from the interaction between the blades and the casing,
and the turbulence in the restricted channel 31. If such a
restricted passageway is not provided, or if the channel 31 is too
short, then disintegration is incomplete. This even velocity
profile and fiber density profile is maintained since the pattern
of the teeth 24 on the surface of the disintegrating element 26
does not preferentially divert fibers to either side of the air
flow channel 31. Since the distance from the disintegrating element
26 to the support element 40 is very short and in a straight line,
this fiber density profile does not have a chance to redistribute
and accordingly, it is possible to lay a very even basis weight
airfelt on the support element 40. If required, variations in the
air flow velocity profile and fiber density profile can be made by
adjusting the input of air through the individual air inlets
22.
It is also possible to modify the basis weight distribution of the
airfelt by means of the vanes 32, 33 and 34, and secondary
diverters like diverter 39. It should be noted that these vanes 32,
33 and 34 have slanted edges and diverting surfaces 35, 36, 37 and
38 to divert the fibers rather than to simply stop the fibers. This
avoids buildup of fibers on the surfaces 35, 36, 37 and 38.
Similarly, the diverter 39 has slanting edges and surfaces to avoid
fiber buildup. The diversion of the fibers builds up the other
areas which are not underneath the vanes 32, 33 and 34 at the same
time that the fibers are being prevented from depositing on the
area underneath the vanes 32, 33 and 34. Thus, the effect of the
vanes 32, 33 and 34 on the difference between basis weights of
these adjacent areas is greater than the effect of the vanes 32, 33
and 34 on the basis weight of the area directly under the vanes 32,
33 and 34.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention involves the process
of keeping the inlet opening 19 free of disintegrated fibers. This
is done by pulling a vacuum of from about 10 to about 40 inches of
water on the holes 42, the vacuum being of sufficient strength to
remove those fibers migrating into the inlet 19, but preferably not
sufficient to pull large amounts of additional fibers into said
slotted inlet 19. It is desirable that the holes 42 in the middle
of the slot inlet 19 be from about 2 to about 3 inches from the
support element 19a. However, the holes 42 along the sides of the
slot inlet 19 can be closer to the support element 19a, i.e., about
an inch. Placing the holes 42 so close to the support element 19a
along the sides of the slot inlet 19 may cause some fibers to
migrate from the air flow channel 31 into the slot of the inlet
portion 19; however, the need to remove fibers from the sides of
the slot of the inlet portion 19 is sufficiently great to justify
drawing additional fibers in. Failure to remove the fibers from the
slot of the inlet portion 19 results in a buildup of fibers which
eventually will jam the slot of the inlet portion 19.
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