U.S. patent number 3,821,947 [Application Number 05/322,781] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-02 for infant warmer-incubator.
Invention is credited to George W. Schossow.
United States Patent |
3,821,947 |
Schossow |
July 2, 1974 |
INFANT WARMER-INCUBATOR
Abstract
An infant warmer-incubator constructed to provide a controlled
air environment about the infant. The incubator maintains the
proper environment in an "open" or "closed" position and will
permit resuscitation, technical procedures, surgery or routine
nursing care of the infant as with a crib or bassinet. In the
"closed" position some nursing care may be performed while in the
open position it may serve as an operating table and not materially
disturb the controlled environment for the infant. The incubator
control permits the premixing and careful measuring of a
therapeutic gas, e.g., oxygen with air, and the humidification
thereof, which mixture is delivered to the incubator to surround
and maintain the infant in a preferred environment of warm,
humidified and oxygen-abundant gases. This apparatus can be placed
into operation very rapidly, within 3-5 minutes if needed for
emergencies, e.g., deliveries of premature infants. It comprises a
vaporizer having a small boiling chamber over which is drawn the
therapeutic gas to be mixed with the vapor and discharged to the
bottom shell of the incubator. From the bottom shell the mixture is
distributed and is forced upward through a bed frame and around an
infant. Continued movement carries the gases out the open top and
the pressure inside avoids ambient room air from flowing down onto
the infant.
Inventors: |
Schossow; George W. (White Bear
Lake, MN) |
Family
ID: |
26808795 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/322,781 |
Filed: |
January 11, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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111305 |
Feb 1, 1971 |
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832279 |
Jun 11, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
600/22;
128/203.27; 392/402; 392/324; 392/488 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M
16/108 (20140204); A61G 11/00 (20130101); A61M
16/16 (20130101); A61M 16/109 (20140204); A61M
11/041 (20130101); A61M 16/0066 (20130101); A61M
16/167 (20140204); A61M 2205/3653 (20130101); A61G
2210/50 (20130101); A61M 16/164 (20140204) |
Current International
Class: |
A61G
11/00 (20060101); A61M 11/04 (20060101); A61M
11/00 (20060101); A61M 16/00 (20060101); A61M
16/10 (20060101); A61g 011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/1B,194,212,192,193,142 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Dunne; G. F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Barnes; John C.
Parent Case Text
RELATED CASES
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 111,305,
now abandoned, filed Feb. 1, 1971 which is a continuation-in-part
application of application Ser. No. 832,279, filed June 11, 1969.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An incubator for providing a controlled environment of a
predetermined temperature and humidity to an infant while
permitting ready access to the infant for routine nursing care and
technical procedures without removing the infant or working through
portholes, said incubator comprising:
a generally rectangular base having a bottom wall,
side and end walls with an open upper side,
a generally rectangular hood having an open end positioned over
said open upper side of said base and comprising four walls which
are hinged along their lower edges and, in their normal position,
are inclined to converge upwardly from said base, said four walls
have an extent less than required to meet along their upper edges
to define an aperture above said base smaller than said open upper
side of said base but large enough to permit some nursing care to
be carried out therethrough,
bed means forming a porous nonabsorbent support for an infant,
means for supporting said bed means and said hood to dispose said
bed means and the lower edges of said four walls substantially in a
common plane,
plenum means communicating with said base for directing warm,
humidified fluid into the incubator below said bed means, and
environmental control means for introducing warm, humidified gases
into said plenum means at a pressure above atmospheric pressure
sufficient to maintain flow of fluid upward through the incubator
and out said aperture, said environmental control means
comprising,
vaporizer means including a water vaporization chamber and heating
means disposed in said chamber for producing a supply of steam,
valve means for admitting fluid into said vaporizer means, and
blower means for mixing said fluid and said steam and directing
said mixture into said plenum means and said base at said pressure
above atmospheric pressure whereby said mixture passes through said
bed means and said inclined walls of said hood serve to maintain
said mixture about a said infant on said bed means.
2. The incubator according to claim 1 wherein said four walls are
transparent trapezoidal panels and said hood comprises:
a rectangular frame supported on the upper edge of said walls
forming said base, and
hinge means on said frame for mounting said four walls to the
periphery of said frame to be individually lowered along said walls
of said base.
3. The incubator according to claim 1 wherein at least one end wall
of said base is hinged to permit access below said bed means, and
wherein a removable tray is supported in said base below said bed
means, said tray being formed and disposed to distribute fluid
entering said base through said plenum means.
4. The incubator according to claim 1 wherein said vaporizer means
comprises a cylindrical vaporization chamber, means for maintaining
a supply of water in said vaporization chamber, said heating means
being disposed in said vaporization chamber to heat the water to
boiling temperature to produce said supply of steam, said
vaporization chamber having an open bottom through which purged
minerals may fall and having openings about its upper edge to
permit fluid to enter the vaporization chamber, and wherein said
blower means is disposed with its inlet opening directly above and
over the upper end of said vaporization chamber.
5. The incubator according to claim 4 wherein a thermistor is
positioned in said plenum and control means are provided for
adjusting said heating means.
6. The incubator according to claim 4 wherein gas mixing valve
means is connected to communicate through said openings with said
chamber for mixing ambient air and at least one therapeutic gas in
predetermined proportions and controlling the flow of said mixture
of fluid into said chamber.
7. The incubator according to claim 6 wherein a second heating
means is positioned between said mixing valve means and said
chamber for heating said fluid flowing into said chamber.
8. The incubator according to claim 4 wherein said heating means
comprises a pair of concentrically positioned conductive
cylindrical rings each connected to a conductor.
9. The incubator according to claim 1 wherein said bed means
comprises a rectangular frame upon which is mounted a nonabsorbent
fabric, and said incubator comprises support means for supporting
said bed means at said open upper side of said base.
10. The incubator according to claim 3 wherein said plenum means is
positioned to communicate with the central portion of the bottom
wall of said base, whereby said fluid and steam will be directed
around said tray and upward through said bed means.
11. The incubator according to claim 10 wherein said hood
comprises,
a rectangular frame supported on the upper edge of said walls
forming said base, and
four transparent trapezoidal panels hinged to the periphery of said
frame to be individually lowered along said walls of said base,
and
wherein guide means support said bed means at said open upper side.
Description
The present invention relates to an improved infant
warmer-incubator utilizing a vaporizer and particularly to an
improved incubator structure for premature infants where the
environment must be carefully controlled and not altered when
access to the infant is necessary for resuscitation, operations,
X-ray studies or normal care of the infant in the incubator.
Improving incubators to protect premature infants against excessive
heat loss is still a goal towards which much research is directed.
Infant warmers utilized in delivery rooms have been designed to
supply low energy radiant heat to an open-ended crib with a hood or
an overhead canopy, which provides "deep heat" warmth to the top
surface of the infant. Since part of the premature infant heat loss
is by radiation, supplying warmth to the infant by radiant heat was
considered the best course. This type of infant warmer supplies no
humidity, and heats only one surface of the infant. It is also very
uncomfortable and/or inconvenient for the technician to attend to
the infant and still maintain the functions of the infant warmer.
This type of warmer or incubator leaves much to be desired.
The presently known and now utilized infant warmers and incubators
fail to meet the demand for careful treatment and care of the
premature infant. There is not in existence a suitable incubator
operating table or incubator X-ray table. There are prior known
radiant heat type open bassinet infant warmers and examples of the
enclosed type incubators are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,347,326;
2,624,333; 3,076,451; and 3,529,590.
The incubators now utilized in the hospital nurseries are typically
a closed transparent container housing the infant for providing the
infant with a controlled environment of a desired temperature and
oxygen concentration, and to a lesser extent a desired humidity.
This system requires very complicated and expensive oxygen mixing
and dispensing valves and frequent oxygen concentration testing.
They are relatively difficult to operate and maintain any constant
conditions. Providing a desired relative humidity in a closed
system is at best not well controlled and generally only haphazard.
The most undesirable feature of the closed incubators is that it is
difficult to provide nursing care, or other technical procedures on
the baby and still maintain the proper environment in the incubator
for the baby. Usually, the technician must put his hands through
portholes in the container and work through the holes at great
inconvenience to maintain the incubator environment for the infant.
This makes surgical procedures next to impossible, especially if a
sterile environment is to be maintained for surgical
procedures.
To date, there is not an incubator operating table available to the
medical profession. The procedure now used is to heat the whole
operating room for premature infant surgery.
There is also no incubator X-ray table apparatus available to do
X-ray studies on premature infants while maintaining it in its
incubator environment. Lastly and most important, there is not an
open bassinet-type infant warmer-incubator in existence which
functions as an infant warmer-incubator and also provides ready
access to the infant by nursing personnel and other technicians.
There is not in existence a closed incubator system which
accurately maintains an environment of desired temperature,
humidity, and oxygen concentration since they require circulation
and thus consistency is hard to achieve. There is not an apparatus
presently available commercially which performs efficiently the
function of an infant warmer, an incubator, an operating table, or
an X-ray table, all in one single unit.
The transfer and handling of the premature infant from one
environment and apparatus to another affords many hazards to its
delicate and sensitive life-maintaining systems. Chilling,
handling, the lack of or too much oxygen and improper humidty are
often lethal to the premature infant. To a lesser extent crippling
of the infant's vital systems may occur, such as the infant's
respiratory system and central nervous system and cardiovascular
system.
The humidity, temperature, nutrition and respiration are all
maintained through the mother prior to birth. After birth the
infant has to perform these functions on its own or have them
performed by others for him. To lessen the shock to which he is
subjected at birth due to the changes in temperature and humidity
it is necessary to initially establish for premature infants an
environment comparable to its previous maternal environment. It is
also necessary to establish an initially satisfactory respiratory
atmosphere for the infant. The initial minutes or seconds are of
the utmost importance to restrict any respiratory damage to a new
born infant. Providing the proper environment is especially
important with premature infants who are not developed or prepared
to make the physical changes that a full term baby is equipped and
prepared to make at birth. This environment and atmosphere must be
instantly available. It is dangerous to apply therapeutic gases,
namely high concentrations of dry oxygen, to the premature lung
tissues or to place the newborn in a lower temperature,
unhumidified environment since the premature infant has left a warm
wholly marine environment. The existing incubation equipment is not
prepared to provide a comparable environment. The lack of such
equipment is suspected to be a cause for premature infants
developing Hyalin membrane disease and respiratory distress because
the present equipment provides only radiant heat for the infant and
it lacks any satisfactory temperature and humidity control for
oxygen or ambient air for inhalation by the premature infant.
Hyalin membrane disease often results in a fatality, and always
results in vastly expensive medical care once it has developed.
Only infant lung tissue which has breathed or been exposed to
environmental air through respiration has ever been found to have
this disease. Upon autopsy of infants and premature infants who
have expired, Hyalin disease has been observed only in lung parts
expanded by performance of the respiratory function and has never
been found in lung parts not yet expanded or utilized in
performance of respiratory function. This is interesting because
although there may be many predisposing maternal factors, plus
defects in the new born infant's health, the air and added
therapeutic gases, i.e., cold dry oxygen inhaled by the new born,
either precipitates the disease or plays a large role in the
progression of the disease.
Therefore, it stands to reason, the less "shock" which results
after transferring the premature fetal lung from the maternal
protective environment to a new postnatal air-land environment the
less likelihood of Hyalin membrane disease to be percipitated. This
shock can be reduced by immediate transfer of newborns to a
controlled environment similar to that of its previous maternal
environment immediately prior to the establishment of respiratory
function by the newborn.
The apparatus of the present invention readily provides this
controlled environment and atmosphere and should be available in
the delivery room, operating room, and in the nursery for continued
aftercare.
The ideal infant warmer-incubator and other apparatus utilized in
maintaining the premature infant in a desired and controlled
environment is one which provides all of the environmental
functions available to the premature infant in the mother's womb,
except those functions deleted by severance of the umbilical cord,
namely, respiration and nutrition. These vital functions must be
supplied by a controlled environment and by the helpful human hand.
To provide these vital functions to the premature infant and still
maintain it in an environment warm and moist like his maternal
environment and yet make him readily and easily available for
technician or nursing care, is the major advantage of the present
invention.
Secondarily, the device of the present invention has the advantage
of providing an operating table and an X-ray table with all of the
convenience and utility necessary while retaining the function of
an incubator for the premature baby.
In essence, the present invention will rapidly make available for
the premature infant an environment which is its "mother's womb"
than presently exists, but still make the infant available to
perform vital functions which have been deleted by severance of the
umbilical cord. The device of the present invention affords a means
of performing technical procedures, diagnostic studies and general
nursing care, in a sterile field, if necessary, without hindrance
by cumbersome enclosing apparatus.
The infant warmer-incubator utilizes an improved
vaporizer-humidifier which will readily provide mineral-free water
vapor to be mixed with air or therapeutic gases. The gases withdraw
the vapor rapidly enough to be discharged as super saturated
ambient air or super cooled steam. This vaporizer affords a high
relative humidity environment and one which is particularly high at
normal body temperature.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The infant warmer-incubator of the present invention comprises a
base member which will support a porous nonabsorbent soft sterile
hammock-type bed for the infant and through which the environmental
gases will be introduced to the infant. On top of the base is a
hood which has an open upper aperture which is only slightly
smaller in dimensions than the bed to permit easy access to the
infant lying upon the hammock. The hammock is substantially level
with the top of the base. The four sloping transparent sections
which form the hood are hinged to a support frame and may be
individually lowered as necessary when the medical nursing and/or
surgical procedures are being performed. The base is provided at
one end with an opening which will permit access at that end to the
area beneath the hammock to change the urine tray, insert X-ray
film cassettes etc., without removing the baby from the incubator.
The controlled environment is supplied to the incubator through a
vaporizer where the water vapors are mixed with ambient air and
with therapeutic gases in measured quantities as desired. The
environment can be maintained at a predetermined temperature and
relative humidity or adjusted by proper controls of the quantity
and the temperature of the ambient air drawn in, the amount of
humidity, the amount of the therapeutic gas, and the temperature of
the mixture directed into the incubator. The environment will be
free of any minerals which may be present in the water (such as tap
water) which is utilized for humidification, and there will be no
danger of burns or of a clogging of the humidifier.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Referring now to the drawing there is illustrated in FIG. 1 an
elevational view of the incubator formed in accordance with the
present invention with parts in sections and including a schematic
of the controls utilized for providing the desired environment;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the incubator according to the present
invention;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary left end view of the incubator of the
present invention;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary right end view of the incubator;
FIG. 5 is a transverse sectional view taken along lines 5--5 of
FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing the bottom of the vaporization
chamber of the humidifier as seen along lines 6--6 of FIG. 1.
Referring now to the drawing there is illustrated the infant
warmer-incubator 11 comprising a base 12 and a hood 14. The base
would typically be supported on a cabinet or wheeled frame which
would support the electrical and mechanical hardware for providing
the controlled environment within the wall of the incuabtor. The
base 12 is provided with a centrally positioned depending plenum 15
beneath which is supported a vaporizer-humidifier 16 which
discharges the warmed moist gas into the base under the force of a
fan 17 forming a part of said vaporizer-humidifier 16. Certain
control elements are connected to the vaporizer-humidifier 16 for
regulating its operation to maintain the atmospheric conditions
within the incubator at the desired level.
Referring now to the schematic portion of FIG. 1, the
vaporizer-humidifier 16 comprises a reservoir formed by a shell 19
which may be generally circular in horizontal section and which is
formed with an upper enlarged reservoir 24 and a reduced lower
portion 20. The bottom of the shell or lower portion is conical or
funnel-shaped to terminate in a reduced opening upon which is
secured a flush valve or a removable cap to permit removal of the
minerals collecting in the lower portion of the shell. The lower
portion 20 is positioned to receive any minerals purged from the
water as the same is changed to vapor in a vaporization chamber 21.
The chamber 21 is defined by a cylindrical member positioned within
the shell 19 and formed of an insulating material which for example
may be a polystyrene or polyurethane foam with the interior
surfaces coated with polytetrafluoroethylene or an epoxy resin
coating to provide a generally heat-resistant self-cleaning and
scale-resistant vaporization chamber. This chamber 21 is generally
circular with a conical bottom wall having an opening 22
communicating with the lower portion 20 of the shell 19. This lower
opening 22 of the chamber 21 permits the flow of fluid from the
upper larger water storage chamber 24 surrounding the cylindrical
vaporization chamber 21 into the chamber 21 via a one-way check
valve 25 positioned in a support ring or flange 23 surrounding the
chamber 21. The water enters the reservoir 24 through a suitable
supply line 26 leading from a larger reservoir or from a main water
supply line into the upper reservoir through a float-controlled or
pressure-controlled valve 27. The valve 27 maintains a constant
water level within the reservoir 24. Water from the reservoir 24
flows through the valve 25 and into the lower reservoir or portion
20 of the shell 19 and then into the vaporization chamber 21 where
it is heated by suitable heating means such as a pair of circular
conductive plates or electrodes 29 and 30 which are concentrically
positioned within the vaporization chamber 21 and which are
connected by suitable conductors 31 and 32 to a control box 34. The
circular electrodes 29 and 30 protect the vaporizer against
overheating in the event that some malady may occur in the supply
of water to the reservoir and vaporization chamber. Yet the
position of the electrodes permits the use of substantially all of
the water in the reservoir before the supply of water is exhausted.
Alternatively polytetrafluoroethylene coated immersion heaters
equipped with thermostats may be used to bring the water in the
vaporization chamber 21 to a boil.
In the upper portion of the vaporization chamber 21 are a series of
openings 36 which permit gases to enter the vaporization chamber at
the top thereof. The upper end of the vaporization chamber 21
communicates with the inlet side of the fan 17 such that the fan
serves to draw gases through the openings 36 and to draw the vapor
rising from the liquid in the vaporization chamber 21 directly into
the fan 17 to be mixed with the gases and forced upward into the
plenum 15.
The air and/or therapeutic gas to be mixed with the steam is
introduced into the upper portion of the reservoir 24 through the
cover 37 of the reservoir. A fluid supply line 39 is connected to
the cover 37. This fluid is drawn by the suction of the inlet side
of the fan 17 through the supply line 39. The gas that will enter
the vaporizer-humidifier may be either ambient room air or it may
be special therapeutic gas, for example, oxygen. It may be a
combination of the ambient air and the oxygen. A valve 40 has one
inlet permitting the ambient air to enter the valve and is provided
with a fitting to which may be connected, through a suitable
constant pressure regulator valve 41, a tank of oxygen 42. The
valve 40 has a volume control which regulates the percentage of the
gas which is mixed with the air and the amount of either which will
be introduced to the humidifier. A specific embodiment of this
valve may be the valve illustrated in copending application Ser.
No. 25,986, filed Apr. 6, 1970 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,633,602. The
fluid drawn into the vaporizer-humidifier 16 may be preheated by a
heater 44 positioned within the conduit 39 between the valve 40 and
the inlet to the reservoir to control the humidity of the gas
entering the incubator. The temperature of the gas is set to a
predetermined temperature by a regulator 45, such as rheostat,
connected to the heater for controlling the amount of heat added to
fluid before it enters the humidifier. As the temperature of the
fluid entering the reservoir is increased the percentage of
relative humidity in the gas finally directed into the incubator
will be lowered while maintaining the same at a constant
temperature.
The control unit 34 is responsive to a thermistor 47 positioned in
the plenum 15 above the discharge side of the fan 17. The
thermistor 47 will sense the change in temperature of the warmed
moist gas entering the base 12. This thermistor 47 will thus
provide means to signal the control unit 34 to electronically
regulate the power supplied to the vaporizer heating means 29 and
30, to afford an effective control on the amount of steam vapor
generated from the vaporization chamber 21 which is mixed with the
air by the fan. A regulator 48 is provided to adjust the
temperature to be maintained by the control unit 34 for the gases
entering the incubator.
The vaporizer-humidifier 16 is capable of providing a supercooled
steam or a supersaturated atmosphere at any given temperature below
100.degree.C and one atmosphere pressure. The physical
characteristics of steam or pure H.sub.2 O gas under one atmosphere
are well known and tabulated in handbooks of physical chemistry.
The characteristics of steam are tabulated down to 100.degree.C or
the boiling point of H.sub.2 O. There have been none established
below 100.degree.C and one atmosphere because it has been unknown
to exist below this temperature except up to 100 percent saturation
at any given temperature.
This apparatus draws the stem or gaseous H.sub.2 O vapor off the
boiling water at 100.degree.C and immediately and thoroughly mixes
it with ambient air or other preferred gases, i.e., O.sub.2. This
is done so rapidly that the steam has no time to condense to liquid
H.sub.2 O nor does the H.sub.2 O have a particle to condense
around. This mixture of supercooled steam or supersaturated air is
immediately discharged from the apparatus.
With a highly efficient apparatus a negligable amount of steam will
be able to condense to H.sub.2 O liquid and release its heat of
condensation (540 Cal/gm H.sub.2 O). Calculations of "relative
humidity" will thus deal with only the specific heat of gaseous
H.sub.2 O (0.482 Cal/gm H.sub.2 O) and the specific heat of air
(0.243 Cal/gm H.sub.2 O). This permits the cooling of steam with
relatively small quantities of air or other gases to a safe
temperature or one which will not cause damaging burns to live
tissue. In brief, this vaporizer has taken the burn out of steam
and made it safe as a source of humidity for medical applications.
There may be many other applications other than in medicine for
such a vaporizer but only those in medicine will be mentioned here.
There is not known an apparatus in the prior art which provides
humidity in excess of 100 percent relative humidity at a given
temperature at one atmosphere. The closest apparatus is a nebulizer
but they merely suspend fine water particles in the atmosphere by
ultrasonic sound waves or by atomization ("cold" humidifier). These
particles of liquid H.sub.2 O may carry dangerous organisms,
allergens or mineral dust and therefore pose many medical hazards
not taken lightly in recent studies. Supercooled steam contains no
dangerous organisms, allergens or mineral dust. It does still
retain its heat of vaporization which is released slowly as
condensation occurs and does not pose a burn hazard, thus immediate
and obvious medical applications are with inhalation therapy and
humidification of medicinal gases (i.e., O.sub.2) for inhalation
purposes. The present invention combines the above applications
and, in addition, utilizes the inherent heat of condensation to
very efficiently and exactingly heat an infant
warmer-incubator.
The computations hereunder lend support to the statement that the
present invention does actually produce superaturated atmosphere or
supercooled steam at one atmosphere and at temperatures below
100.degree.C, although to date no prior apparatus has been
available and no physical properties are available in handbooks of
physics and chemistry relating thereto. These properties shall
undoubtedly be proven out and made available in the near
future.
The following sample computations are based on a machine where
there is no condensation and show the relative humidity of the
mixture at various temperatures and volumns of air required to cool
the steam to a given temperature, with the air originally at
72.degree.F (22.22.degree.C) 30 percent relative humidity and at
one atmosphere.
1. (Mw)(Cps)(.DELTA.t) = Cal. given up in cooling 1 molar volume of
steam from 100.degree.C.
2. (ma)(Cpa)(.DELTA.t) = Cal. taken up by 1 molar volume of air in
heating to desired temperature.
3. Calories given by steam/Calories taken up by air = moles of air
at given temperature required to cool 1 mole of steam. ##SPC1##
5. [Answer from (3) above + 1 mole steam] [grams H.sub.2 O/mole gas
at 100 percent R.H. and 100.degree.C] = grams of H.sub.2 O capacity
of gas at 100 percent R.H. for number of volumes of air and
steam.
6. (grams H.sub.2 O/mole) + (grams H.sub.2 O/mole of air at
72.degree.F and 30 percent R.H.)[moles of air from (3)] = grams of
H.sub.2 O actually present in mixture.
7. Grams of H.sub.2 O in mixture .times. 100/Grams of H.sub.2 O in
air at 100 percent R.H. = percent R.H. of mixture.
wherein:
Mw is - molecular weight of H.sub.2 O,
Ma is - molecular weight of air,
Cps is - specific heat of steam,
Cpa is - specific heat of air,
.DELTA.t is - change in temperature in degrees centigrade,
Cal. is - calories, and
R.h. is - relative humidity, however, by definition relative
humidity does not exceed 100 percent.
Computations for Relative Humidity of Gas Discharged From
Vaporizer-Humidifier:
I. At 99.6.degree.F or 37.56.degree.C.
1 (18.0) (0.482) (62.445.degree.c) = 541.773 cal.
2 (29.0) (0.243) (15.333.degree.C) = 108.054 Cal.
3 541.773 Cal. from steam/108.054 Cal. to air = 5.014 molar volume
of air at 72.degree.F required to cool 1 molar volume steam from
100.degree.C to 37.555.degree.C.
4 (24.2) (5.014) 30.7 = 3.952 volumes of air to cool 1 volume steam
from 100.degree.C to 37.555.degree.C.
5 (6.014) (1.1517) = grams H.sub.2 O (6.926) capacity with R.H. 100
percent for 6.014 molar volume of mixed steam and air.
6 18 + (0.143)(5.014) = 18.717 gram H.sub.2 O actually present in
the mixture.
7 18.717 gram H.sub.2 O .times. 100/6.926 gram H.sub.2 O capacity =
270.243 percent R.H.
II. At 85.degree.F or 29.degree.C.
1 (18)(0.482)(71.degree.c) = 616.0 cal. from steam.
2 (29)(0.213)(7.degree.C) = 49 Cal. required by air.
3 616.3/49 = 12.6 molar volume air to 1 molar volume steam.
4 (24.2)(12.6)/30.7 = 10.8 volume air to 1 volume steam.
5 (13.6)(0.7 gram H.sub.2 O) = 9.5 grams H.sub.2 O capacity at
29.degree.C and 100 percent R.H.
6 18 + (12.6)(0.143) = 19.8 grams H.sub.2 O actually present.
7 19.8/9.5 = 208 percent R.H.
III. At 80.degree.F or 26.66.degree.C.
1 (18.0)(0.482)(73.333.degree.c) = 636.237 cal. (steam).
2 (29.0)(0.243)(4.444.degree.C) = 31.320 Cal. received by air.
3 (6.36.237) Cal. (steam)/(31.32) Cal. (air) = 20.314 molar volume
air to cool 1 molar volume steam to 80.degree.F.
4 (24.2)(20.314)/30.7 = 16.007 volume air to cool 1 volume steam to
80.degree.F.
5 (21.314)(0.6186) = 13.185 gram H.sub.2 O capacity in mixture at
100percent R.H. at 80.degree.F.
6 18 + (0.143)(20.314) = 20.905 gram H.sub.2 O vapor actually
present in mixture
7 20.905 gram H.sub.2 O .times. 100 percent/13.185 gram H.sub.2 O =
158.551 percent R.H.
The plenum 15 as best illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5 is connected
generally centrally of the base 12. The gases entering the base
under the pressure of the fan 17 tend to be dispersed by a baffle
49 and by a pan 50 which is slidable from one end into the base and
supported by a suitable guide and support means on the bottom wall
51 of the base 12 such as the spacers or legs 52. The pan 50 serves
to collect any fluids excreted by the infant or otherwise dispelled
into the incubator during the nursing care or surgical treatment of
the infant. The pan 50 or its supports may also serve to support an
X-ray cassette to permit X-rays to be taken without removing the
infant from the incubator.
Side walls 55 and 56, as illustrated, are formed with
longitudinally extending rails or guides 57 which form guide means
for receiving the hood 14 and a frame 60 having a large central
opening over which is positioned a porous nonabsorbent material 61
which will form the hammock-type bed for the infant. Alternatively,
the walls 55 and 56 could be thicker. An example of a suitable
material from which to form this bed may be loosely woven fibers of
polypropylene forming a continuous porous water repellent,
non-absorbent fabric. This bed frame 60 may thus be made to be
disposable as a diaper during the time an infant is confined to the
incubator and may be furnished in sterilized form for
replacement.
The end wall 53 is formed as a hinged panel connected to the bottom
wall 51. This panel or end wall 53 permits ready access to the pan
50 allowing insertion and removal and insertion of the X-ray film
cassette as discussed above.
The guides 57 in the side walls have a shouldered area or are set
below the upper edge of the walls to form a ledge to receive a
generally rectangular hood 14 having an open bottom to mate with
the open upper side of the base and an open top. The hood 14
comprises an open rectangular frame and four converging walls to
form a smaller open top for the hood 14. The frame is formed by a
four narrow strips to form a plate 66 having a large central
opening. Around the outer periphery of the plate 66 are hinges 68
connecting four transparent trapezoidal panels 70, 71, 72 and 73
forming the walls which are normally disposed in a converging
relation from the base 12. The upper free edges of the panels
define an upper aperture 74 slightly smaller than the dimensions of
the hammock. The plate 66 is formed with a rib 75 which depends
therefrom and which fits inside the end walls 53 and 54 and the
side walls 55 and 56 of the base. The rib 75 and the plate 66
permit the frame 60 for the hammock to be easily inserted into the
incubator by lowering one wall 72 or 73. The converging panels 70,
71, 72 and 73 serve to apply back pressure to the gases within the
incubator, thus restricting air from entering the incubator through
the aperture 74, resulting thereby in generally unidirectional
(upward) flow of the warm, humidified, oxygen-abundant gases in the
incubator. This aperture 74 also permits easy access to the infant
on the frame 60. The panels may be moved individually to a position
near the walls 53-56 as illustratd in FIG. 5 to permit nursing care
or surgical treatment (i.e., endotracheal intubation) on the child.
The panels could all be lowered and a drape placed over the base 12
if necessary and the child would be maintained in a warm humid
environment.
In operation the desired environment is determined. If it is
desired that there be a large amount of vapor in the environmental
gas, at normal body temperature with an abundance of oxygen, the
valves 41 and 40 are adjusted for regulation of the amount and
mixture of gases. The control 34 will be set for the proper
temperature which will be maintained by the thermistor 47. The
vaporization chamber is heated to deliver the steam and the fan 17
will direct the gases into the plenum 15 to be distributed through
the incubator and later exhausted through the aperture 74.
The control of the heat to the vaporizer allows a constant
temperature condition to be maintained. The amount of fluid to be
mixed with the steam is preset and the temperature thereof is seto
provide a control for the humidity of the fluid delivered through
the plenum into the incubator. The baby may remain unclothed in the
incubator of this invention and will be easily observed by the
nurses such that they can grade the progress and condition of the
child.
All materials of which the incubator is formed may be radiolucent
materials so as not to interfere with X-ray or fluoroscopy
studies.
While this invention is directed to and describes a single
modification of the present invention, it will be understood that
certain changes may be made therein without departing from the
spirit or scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
One modification may be to provide the opening for the ingress of
the warm humidified gases at an end of the incubator rather than in
the bottom wall. While the air flow pattern may be more difficult
to regulate the bottom of the incubator may be more exposed for
purposes of fluoroscopy studies.
* * * * *