U.S. patent number 3,818,508 [Application Number 05/317,966] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-25 for protective headgear.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. Invention is credited to Peter C. Lammers, Frank N. Stefan.
United States Patent |
3,818,508 |
Lammers , et al. |
June 25, 1974 |
PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR
Abstract
A protective headgear characterized by microporous semi-flexible
polyurethane outer shell and a soft, flexible cellular liner, the
outer shell having a density of about 30 to 42 pounds per cubic
foot and a deflection test (Z-90 impact) of one inch at about one
to 5 pound load and a temperature of 75.degree.F.
Inventors: |
Lammers; Peter C. (Doylestown,
OH), Stefan; Frank N. (Akron, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Company (Akron, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
23236041 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/317,966 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
2/412; 2/903 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A42B
3/121 (20130101); Y10S 2/903 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A42B
3/04 (20060101); A42B 3/12 (20060101); A42b
003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;2/3R,3A,3B,3C,5,6
;161/159,160,190 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Boler; James R.
Assistant Examiner: Chan; Wai M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Brunner; F. W. Wolfe; J. D.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A protective headgear adapted to protect the head, comprising a
microporous semi-flexible polyurethane outer shell, a
head-contacting liner within the shell of a soft, flexible cellular
material, said liner having means to adjust the liner to fit the
contour of the wearer's head, said outer shell having a density of
about 30 to 42 pounds per cubic foot and a deflection test (Z-90
impact) of 1 inch at about 1 to 5 pound load and a temperature of
75.degree.F.
2. The headgear of claim 1 in which the means to adjust the liner
comprises a band secured to the liner. 3. The headgear of claim 1
wherein a polystyrene foam head member of 90 percent or more
compression set is placed in the liner as the means to adjust the
liner to fit the contour of the wearer's head.
Description
This invention relates to a nonrigid protective headgear. More
particularly, it relates to helmets and the method of construction.
The term "protective headgear" has traditionally been used to cover
helmets and related protective devices for use in protecting
vehicular riders such as motorcycle, automobile and motor bike
riders. Also, it has been used to cover the devices used in sports,
such as baseball, football and hockey, and in the military service
for protecting people in the Air Force, Navy and Army. The
protective headgear traditionally has comprised these elements, the
first being a rigid outer shell; second, a soft head-contacting
liner therein, with a means such as a strap sling to adjust the
liner to fit the contour of the wearer's head; and third, an anchor
means for anchoring the outer shell with the inner strap sling
liner on the wearer's head, this being traditionally a chin strap
device.
Heretofore, the protective headgear has almost universally been
comprised of a rigid outer shell member and this rigid outer shell
member in some embodiments could extend outward over the face in a
bill-like projection or in other embodiments could extend down in
the back like a tail to protect the wearer's neck. In some
instances it has been desirable that some embodiments of the outer
shell be shaped to permit ear phones or like special apparatus to
be fitted in or on the shell.
Although the protective headgear has been used extensively for ages
it has had a number of drawbacks, one of the principal ones being
that the outer shell was rigid and had to depend on the inner sling
liner or undershell and the means for adjusting the sling liner to
distribute the impact to the wearer's head.
Also, the rigid outer shell was able to function as a sound
deadener or as an insulator from heat. Thus, where the helmet is to
be worn on a motorcycle or around aircraft it is very desirable
that the outer shell be able to act as a sound or noise
deadener.
An object of this invention is to provide a protective headgear
wherein the outer shell is nonrigid and is capable of acting as an
energy absorber through compression of itself as well as a noise
absorber and a heat insulating means. A further object is to
provide a protective headgear that is lighter in weight than that
normally obtained with the rigid outer shell member.
In the accompanying drawings wherein
FIG. 1 is a perspective view in side elevation with a portion cut
away to show one embodiment of the shell liner relationship and
FIG. 2 is a front view in elevation without the chin strap.
In the drawing, the outer shell 5 is shown as having an enlarged
area or flange 6 near the outer edge of the outer shell. This
enlarged rounded flange member functions in the capacity of
imparting greater strength to the outer shell and also, since it is
semi-flexible, permits the distribution of any unusual loads in
contact with the neck to be more readily distributed. Resting
within the outer shell is a head contacting liner which can be both
a flexible soft foam, cork, etc., liner and a strap means, viz., an
adjustable head band 8 for adjusting the fit of the liner to the
wearer's head and this means for adjusting the fit of the liner to
the wearer's head may be any of the well-known devices for
achieving this, such as straps or headbands. Also, it should be
noted that the means for anchoring the protective headgear on the
wearer is riveted or otherwise attached to or through the outer
shell and extends down and to a means such as a slip buckle 10 that
may be fastened or unfastened or adjusted whereby the protective
headgear can be fastened under the chin of the wearer.
The outer shell has been described as being nonrigid and
semi-flexible in nature. Also, the outer shell is usually smooth
but this smoothness may be varied to give a decorative or more
aesthetic design to the helmet as described above in regard to the
flange around the outer extremity. The outer shell may be formed by
pouring a liquid foamable polyurethane reaction mixture into a mold
having the contour of the outer shell to form a porous semi-rigid
outer shell member. This outer shell member may be removed from the
mold and the head contacting liner placed therein. The liner may be
secured to the outer shell in any of the well-known manners, for
instance, by riveting, bolting or adhesively adhering thereto.
The nature of this invention can more readily be appreciated and
understood by reference to the following exemplary and
representative examples where all parts and percentages are by
weight unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE I
A polyester fiberglass helmet shell mold of the helmet type shown
in FIG. 1 was assembled and given a coating of a polyethylene mold
release agent. Then the cavity of the shell mold was charged with
sufficient amount of a liquid foamable polyurethane reaction
mixture to fill the mold and preferably develop a slight positive
pressure, usually approximately 0.5 to 45 pounds per square inch
during the foaming of the mixture. The charge in the mold is let
stand until cured, usually about 15 to 60 minutes if at elevated
temperature, but if at room temperature a longer time may pass
before opening the mold and stripping out the semi-flexible
microporous shell.
The shell is desirably given a decorative coat of an elastomeric
paint to give the shell the desired color and appearance.
Alternately, the liquid foamable polyurethane mixture is dyed or
pigmented to eliminate the need to paint the shell. Also, the shell
can be bored or punched to provide the bolt or rivet holes 11.
The soft liner can be prepared by pouring a soft flexible
polyurethane reaction mixture in the liner mold and allowing it to
foam and cure. This liner is placed in the shell and preferably
adhered therein by use of a thin layer of the flexible polyurethane
reaction mixture as an adhesive. The soft liner can be made by the
use of any of the well-known soft flexible polyurethane reaction
mixtures that give a foam of about 2.5 to 20 pounds per cubic foot
in density and a compression set of 80 to 100 percent by ASTM
Method 2204.
The semi-flexible foam for the outer shell was made by mixing in an
Admiral Foam Machine the following recipe:
Preblended resin* 100 parts Triethylene diamine 0.07 part Dibutyl
tin dilaurate 0.10 part Quadrol 8.0 parts Water 0.35 part Quasi
Prepolymer, 30% Free NCO** 1.03 index * A blend of 88 parts of
acrylonitrile grafted polypropylene ether triol of 6400 molecular
weight, 10 parts diethylene glycol and 2 parts triisopropanol
amine. **An adduct of toluene diisocyanate (80/20 24,26 isomeric
mixture) and diethylene glycol. Foams of this type have a density
of about 30 to 55 pounds per cubic foot.
The soft, flexible helmet liner foams were made by mixing the
ingredients on an Admiral Foam Machine using the following
recipe:
Parts Resin * 100 Water 1.5 Calcium stearate 3.0 Triethylene
diamine 1.0 Stannous octoate 0.25 Mondur MRS ** 78.1 *85/15 percent
blend of a 4500 molecular weight ethylene oxide capped
polypropylene ether triol and 400 molecular weight polypropylene
oxide based sucrose polymer. **Mondur MRS is a crude polymeric
isocyanate of methane di(phenyl isocyanate) i.e. MDI of
approximately 40 percent 4,4-MDI, 10 percent 2,4-MDI and 50 percent
trifunctional higher analogues of 2,4- and 4,4-MDI
Polyurethane reaction mixtures that yield microporous polyurethanes
of about 30 to 42 pounds per cubic foot, Shore A hardness of 80 to
100, puncture resistance of 60 to 100 pounds, hammer cold crease
resistance to -40.degree.F. and exhibit a 1-inch deflection under
loads of about 1 to 5 pounds at 75.degree. F. and 5 to 10 pounds at
-14.degree.F. are satisfactory for the shell of this invention. The
puncture test measures the resistance in pounds to the penetration
of a push of one-eighth inch diameter flat head pin type through a
one-fourth inch thick sample. The hammer crease test is run at
decreasing cold temperature at 10.degree.F. intervals until the
sample fails under hammer impact. The deflection test (Z-90 impact)
is run usually at 75.degree.F. and -14.degree.F. and the amount of
deflection of a 1/4 inch .times. 1 inch .times. 6 inch strip when
suspended on a 4 inch span on a load is applied at the center to
effect a deflection which is recorded as the inches of deflection
at the specified load.
Referring to FIG. 1, it will be seen that in this embodiment a
polystyrene foam head member 12 is positioned inside the liners 7
to adjust the liner to the contour of the wearer's head. It is
preferred that this polystyrene foam head member have a compression
set of at least 90 to 100 percent. Also, the polystyrene foam head
member 12 is covered with a soil preventing member 13, usually of
fabric such as nylon, polyester or cellulose types. The soil
preventing member 13 can be used to give the helmet varying sizes
in the manner customarily achieved by stuffing behind a
headband.
Any of the well known polyurethane reaction mixtures that yield
microporous polyurethane or foams having compression set of 80 to
100 percent at 2.5 to 20 pounds per cubic foot can be used. Also,
it should be appreciated that the impact resistance of the
microporous polyurethane can be varied readily by use of a tri- to
hexa-functional crosslinker as the curative in about 0.5 to 1.0
mole per mole of excess organic polyisocyanate. The organic
polyisocyanate is used in excess relative to the polyester or
polyether and usually about 1.5 to 3.5 moles per mole. The
ingredients useful in making polyurethane reaction mixtures are
well illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,329.
While certain representative embodiments and details have been
shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be
apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and
modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit
or scope of the invention.
* * * * *